ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.

ROANE, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., on the Tennessee and Clinch rivers. Pop. 10,948. Co. t. Kingston.

Ro-ANNE', a t. of France, in the dep. of Loire, on the r. Loire. Lat. 46° 2' N., Lon. 4° 4' E. Pop. 9,334. (M.)

RO-AN-OKE, a r. which rises in the southern part of Va., and, flowing in a general south-easterly direction, passes into N. C., and falls into Albemarle Sound, near 36° N. Lat., and 76° 40′ W. Lon.

ROANOKE, a co. in the S. S. W. part of Va., E. of the Great Kanawha r. Pop. 5,499.

ROB-ERT-SON, & Co. on the N. border of Tenn., N. of Nashville. Pop. 13,801. Co. t. Springfield.

ROB-E-SON, a co. near the S. extremity of N. C., bordering on S. C. Pop. 10,370. Co. t. Lumberton.

RocH-DALE, a manufacturing t. of England, in Lancashire, on the Roch, an affluent of the Irwell, 11 m. N. N. E. of Manchester. Pop. about 25,000.

ROCHE-FORT or rosh`-forꞌ,a fortified t. and naval port of France, in the dep. of Lower Charente, on the r. Charente, about 12 m. (by water) from its mouth. The harbour is formed by the river, which, though not large, affords at all times sufficient depth of water to float the largest vessels. The arsenal is one of the most extensive and finest in the kingdom. There is without the town a naval hospital, which ranks among the most extensive establishments of the kind in Europe. Lat. 45° 56' N., Lon. 0° 58′ W. Pop. 14,000. (B.)

ROCHELLE, LA, lå ro`-shell', a fortified seaport t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Lower Charente, on the Atlantic, 93 m. N. N. W. of Bordeaux. It is the centre of an extensive commerce. Rochelle is remarkable in history for the celebrated siege which it underwent during the reign of Louis XIII., and the ministry of Richelieu, which resulted in the demolition of the last refuge of the Huguenots, and the ruin of their party. The conquest is said to have cost France 40,000,000 francs. Lat. 46° 9′ N., Lon. 1° 10' W. Pop. 15,000. (B.)

ROCH-ES-TER, an ancient city of England, in Kent, on the Medway, 28 m. E. by S. from London. Pop., including 4 parishes, 11,743.

A

ROCHESTER, a flourishing city and port of entry of N. Y., cap. of Monroe co., on the Genesee r., 7 m. from Lake Ontario. The Erie Canal, and the Albany and Buffalo Railroad, pass through the town. Another railroad communicates with Port Genesee, on L. Ontario. sloop navigation extends from the lake up the Genesee r. to within 2 m. of the city. With these advantages, Rochester possesses a very active and extensive trade, of which the immense quantities of flour manufactured in its numerous mills, form, perhaps, the most important article. The site of Rochester was a wilderness in the early part of the present century, the first settlement having been made in 1812; in 1820 the population was only 1,502, but since the opening of the Erie canal, in 1824, the town has increased with astonishing rapidity; in 1830 the population was 9,269, and in 1840 it had amounted to 20,191; and, with its increased facilities of intercourse with other important

Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, mêt; pine or pine, pîn; nỏ, nôt; ŏŏ as in good; places, we may expect that its future advancement will not be less rapid than the past. There are several falls in the Genesee, near Rochester: the principal one is immediately below the town, where the river is precipitated over a ledge of rocks about 95 ft. in perpendicular height. Lat. 43° 8' N., Lon. 77° 51′ W.

ROCK, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Ill. Pop. 1,701. Co. t. Rockport.

ROCK RIVER, a r. which rises in Wisconsin, and, flowing southerly into Ill., falls into the Mississippi, near 41° 30′ N. Lat., and 90° 30 W. Lon.

Rock'-bridge, a co. in the S. W. central part of Va., on the head waters of James r. Pop. 14,284. Co. t. Lexington. It derives its name from the natural bridge of rock over Cedar creek, in this county. The bridge, which extends across a fearful chasm, 200 ft. in depth, is about 80 ft. in breadth, and covered with soil and trees.

ROCK-CAS-TLE, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ky., on a river of the same name, an affluent of the Cumberland. Pop. 3,409. Co. t Mount Vernon.

ROCK-ING-HAM, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of N. H. Pop. 45,771. Co. towns, Portsmouth and Exeter.

ROCKINGHAM, a co. in the N. E. central part of Va., on the headwaters of the Shenandoah. Pop. 17,344. Co. t. Harrisonburg.

ROCKINGHAM, a co. in the N. N. W. part of N. C., bordering on Va. Pop. 13,442. Co. t. Wentworth.

ROCK ISLAND, a co, in the N. W. part of Ill., at the mouth of Rock r. Pop. 2,610. Co. t. Stephenson.

ROCK ISLAND is also the name of a little island, in the above river, at its entrance into the Mississippi.

ROCK-LAND, a co. near the S. E. extremity of N. Y., W. of, and bordering on the Hudson. Pop. 11,975. Co. t. Clarkstown.

ROCKY MOUNTAINS, called also the CHIP-PE-WY-AN MOUNTAINS, & chain in the western part of N. America, which commences in the N. part of Mexico, and runs, nearly N. N. W., through the whole extent of the continent. This chain, though forming a part of the vast mountain system, which extends through the whole length of America, is not, as was formerly supposed, continuous with the Cordilleras of Mexico. With a large part of the Rocky Mountains we are but very imperfectly acquainted. Mount Brown and Mount Hooper, situated near 53° Ñ. Lat., and between 115° and 117° W. Lon., are the highest of this chain that have yet been measured, the former having an elevation of near 16,000 ft., the latter of 15,690 ft. (P. C.)* Between 42° and 42° 40′ N. Lat., and near 110° W. Lon., there is a break in this mountain chain, called the South Pass, or Fremont's Pass, through

*The Rev. Mr. Parker states, that some of the highest mountain peaks [near the South Pass?] have been found, by measurement, to be 18,000 ft. above the level of the sea. (See Parker's "Exploring Tour beyond the Rocky Moun tains," page 72.)

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. which there is an easy road, the ascent and descent being so gradual that it is scarcely preceived.

ROERMONDE, TOOR/-mond'-deh, (Fr. Ruremonde, ruRe-mond'), a fortified t. of Holland, in the prov. of Limburg, on the Meuse, where it is joined by the Roer (rooR). Lat. 51° 12' N., Lon. 5° 59′ E. Pop. 4,500. (B.)

ROMANS, ro-måN', a t. in the S. of France, in the dep. of Drôme, 12 m. N. E. of Valence. Pop. in 1831, 7,677. (P. C.)

ROME (Latin and Italian, Roma, ro'-må), the most celebrated city of the world, either in ancient or modern times, the cap. of the Papal state, and the ecclesiastical metropolis of Catholic Christendom, is situated chiefly on the E. or left bank of the Tiber, about 16 m. from its mouth. It is enclosed by walls which are generally understood to occupy the site of those constructed by Aurelian. They describe a polygon, of which the longest diameter (i. e. from N. W. to S. E.) is 3 m. The whole circuit is between 14 m. and 15 m.; but not half of the space included is occupied with houses. That portion of the city which is situated on the left bank of the Tiber, constitutes Rome Proper: the other is called Transtevere* (trâns-tà/-và-rà, i. e. "beyond the Tiber"): in this part are the palace of the Vatican and the church of St. Peter. These two divisions of the town are connected by three bridges. Of the 15 gates of Rome the Porta del Popolo (por/-tå del pol-po-lo) on the N., and the Porta Maggiore (måd-jo'-rå) on the E., are the most remarkable for their beauty. At the head of the edifices of modern Rome, stands the celebrated Cathedral of St. Peter, which is not only the largest and most beautiful church that has ever been erected, but is, without exception, the noblest work of architecture ever produced by the hands of man. There is some diversity in the statements of its dimensions, given by different authors; but, it appears from the best authorities to which we have access, that its length considerably exceeds 600 ft., and that its greatest breadth is near 500 ft.: the height, from the cross to the floor (which covers an area of nearly 5 acres), is about 460 ft. The whole expense of constructing this vast edifice is estimated at above $60,000,000! The work was begun in 1506, and finished in 1614, with the exception of the colonnade, which was added in 1655-67. The celebrated dome,t which may be regarded as the boldest and most astonishing effort of human architecture, was chiefly constructed by Michael Angelo. Near the great Cathedral is the palace of the Vatican, containing above 4,000 different apartments; it

This name is also, and perhaps most frequently, applied to a subdivision of Transtiberine Rome.

† Byron, apostrophizing this unrivalled structure, says—

Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, met; plne or pine, pin; nò, nôt; Ŏõ, as in good; is the largest palace in Europe, but is not remarkable for architectural beauty. There are in Rome above 300 churches, many of which are noble and venerable structures, but there is none which merits to be named by the side of St. Peter's. Our limits will not permit us to mention even the principal among the multitude of magnificent ruins, which, to the traveller, constitute the great attraction of Rome: we must not, however, leave the Coliseum (or Colosseum) without a passing notice. This structure, called also the Flavian Amphitheatre, which was the wonder of ancient Rome, and is now the most august and imposing ruin in the world, consists of a vast ellipse, 620 ft. in length, and 513 ft. in its greatest breadth. In the centre is an open elliptical space or arena, about 290 ft. in length, and 180 ft. in breadth. Around this arena are the seats of the spectators, which rise, tier above tier, the higher ones still receding, till they almost reach the top of the outer wall, which is about 160 ft. in height. This immense amphitheatre is said to have had seats for above 80,000 spectators, and standing room for 20,000 more. Rome possesses a great number of literary institutions, among which we may name the University, one of the oldest in Europe, and the Roman College, founded by the Jesuits, which may be regarded as another university; to it are annexed a rich library, a collection of antiquities, of specimens in natural history, etc. The Observatory, connected with the Roman College, is in 41° 53′ 52" N. Lat., and 12° 29′ 40′′ E. Lon. Pop. above 154,000. (B.)

ROO-ME-LI-A or ROOM/-E-LEE' (Rum-Ili), the name of an eyalet of European Turkey, comprehending Albania, Macedonia, and Thessaly. The pasha of Roomelia ranks above all the other pashas of Turkey in Europe.

ROOS-TCHOOK (Rustchuk or Rutchouk), a fortified city of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, on the Danube. It is the residence of a Greek archbishop. Lat. 43° 50′ N., Lon. about 26° E. Pop. estimated at 30,000. (B.)

ROSBACH, ros/-båк, a village of Prussian Saxony, 16 m. S. of Halle, celebrated as the scene of a great victory gained by Frederic the Great over the French and imperialists, November, 1757.

ROS-COM-MON, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ireland, prov. of Connaught, on the r. Shannon. Pop. 249,613. (P. C.)

ROSCOMMON, the cap. of the above co., situated 78 m. W. by N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 3,306. (P. C.)

ROSCOMMON (Mickenauk), a co. in the N. central part of Mich. N. W. of Saginaw Bay.

ROSCREA, ros-crà', a t. in the S. central part of Ireland, about 70 m. W. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 5,512. (M.)

RO-SET-TA (Arab. Er Rå-sheed'), one of the most important towns of Lower Egypt, on the W. branch of the Nile, 36 m. E. N. E. of Alexan dria. It is said to have been founded by a son of the celebrated Ha-roon-er-Rasheed (Haroun-al-Raschid), in about 875 A. D. The pop., which was formerly estimated at 40,000, is now reduced to about 15,000. (B.) Lat. 31° 25′ N., Lon. 30° 28′ E.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.

Ross and CROM/-AR-TY, two counties in the N. of Scotland, intimately connected as respects situation, and also under the same sheriff. Their united territory extends from one side of Scotland to the other, besides including a part of the island of Lewis. Pop. 78,685.

Ross, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, intersected by the Scioto r. Pop. 27,460. Co. t. Chillicothe.

Ros'-TOCK, a seaport and important commercial t. of N. Germany, in the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Warnow (WaR/nov), about 9 m. above its mouth in the Baltic. It was formerly a member of the Hanseatic League, and for a long time ranked next to Lübeck among the ports of the Baltic. The dukes of Mecklenburg granted it great privileges, many of which it still enjoys, such as the right of choosing its own magistrates, of taxing itself, and of coining money. It is now the largest and most commercial town in the grandduchy. It possesses a university, founded in 1419, and attended by about 110 students, with a library of above 80,000 vols. Lat. 54° 5′ N., Lon. 12° 17′ E. Pop. about 19,000. (B.)

Ro-THEN-BURG (Ger. pron. rol-ten-boŎRG'), a t. of Bavaria, on the Tauber (tou/-ber), an affluent of the Main. Lat. 49° 25′ N., Lon. 10° 14 E. Pop. 6,000. (B.)

ROTHERHAM, TOTн'-er-um, a small manufacturing t. of England, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 6 m. E. N. E. of Sheffield.

ROTHESAY, roth'-så, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of Buteshire, on the N. E. coast of the island of Bute. Lat. 55° 51' N., Lon. 5° 2′ W. Pop. 5,789.

ROT-TER-DAM', a celebrated commercial t. of Holland, next to Amsterdam the most important in the kingdom, situated on the N. or right bank of the Meuse (Maas), 35 m. S. S. W. of that city. The numerous deep canals by which it is intersected, allow the largest merchantmen to come into the middle of the town, and unload at the very doors of the warehouses. Among its scientific and literary institutions, may be mentioned the Academy of Natural Sciences, and the Public Library. Rotterdam is remarkable as the birth-place of the celebrated Erasmus. The name of this city appears to be derived from a dam of the Rotte (rot'-tch), a little river which runs through the city, and falls into the Meuse at this place. Lat. 51° 55' N., Lon. 4° 39′ E. Pop. in 1840, 78,098. (P. C.)

ROUBAIX, Too-bal, a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, 7 m. N. E. of Lille. Pop. 13,426. (M.)

ROVEN, rool-en, (Fr. pron. RwåN; Anc. Rothom/agus or Rotomagus, afterwards Rotomum or Rodomum); an archiepiscopal and noted city of France, cap. of the dep. of Lower Seine, and formerly of the prov. of Normandy, on the river Seine, 70 m. N. W. of Paris. The river here is crossed by a bridge of boats, and another of stone, which connect the town with its suburb, St. Sever (sev-air/). Rouen has been styled "the Manchester of France," from its being the great centre of the cotton manufactures of that country. Among its literary institu