sounded as in English; or, in other words, is equivalent to kw; before e and i, it is pronounced like k, unless the u be marked with a diæresis, in which case it is like kw. (See table at the end of this Section.)

15. R is similar to the French, but is trilled more strongly. (See

XIX., 24.)

16. T is to be pronounced by putting the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth.

17. X is usually sounded like the Spanish j, which letter, according to the present mode of spelling, has been generally substituted for it; thus, instead of the old spelling, XIMENES, XUCAR, &c., we now see Jimenes, Jucar, &c. X, before a consonant, or before a vowel marked with this sign, is sounded as in English: Example-Exterior, Examinar.

18. Z is to be pronounced like th in thin.

The following table will, perhaps, serve to show more clearly the manner in which c, g, j, q, x, and z, are used in Spanish.

OBS. The Spanish language, as spoken in Mexico, differs, in some points, materially from the true Spanish. Thus, z and c, before e and i, instead of having the sound of th, are generally pronounced like s. Among the uneducated classes, ll is universally sounded like y; thus, villa is pronounced vee'-yå. It will be perceived that this is similar to the fashionable pronunciation of the liquid 7 in French. In most countries of South America, the Spanish tongue is spoken in greater purity, though the above-mentioned corruptions prevail, in some parts, to a greater or less extent.

SWEDISH.

XXVIII.

1. The vowels a, e, i, ä, and ō, are similar to the German.

2. Å sounds like the English o.

3. O, at the end of a syllable, is like our oo; in other cases, like o in not.

4. U appears to blend the sounds of short e and of oo, being somewhat similar to -oo. It has been represented, in the present work, by oo; this sound being the nearest to it of any in our language.

5. Y is the same as in Danish; or, in other words, is similar to the French u.

6. The Swedish consonants are for the most part pronounced like the English, with the exception of j, and g before e, i, ä, ö, and ü, which are equivalent to y consonant, and of z, which sounds like ts.

7. Kj sounds like the English ch; thus, Kjöping (written, also, simply Köping) is pronounced chop'-ing.

The following Table is intended to exhibit the striking discrepancy in the mode of writing the same geographical names, which occurs in the works of respectable authors. (See Preface, page xii., and Introduction, page 28.) Small capitals are used to denote the mode of spelling which occurs in the Gazetteer, and which the authors consi dered to be the preferable orthography.

An asterisk denotes that the pronunciation of the spelling to which it is appended is different from that of the others. But when a name occurs with two or more different spellings, not marked by an asterisk, it is to be understood that the pronunciation of all these is essentially the same.

If the reader will bear in mind that oo in English, ou in French, and u in Italian and German, have the same sound; that i in all the languages of continental Europe is similar to ee in English; that j, in two-thirds of the European lan guages, is like our y; that ch in French, and sch in German, is equivalent to our in, and that j (and g before e and i) in French is like our zh-or z in azure-and nearly like the German sch; a clue will be furnished to many of the perplexities with which geographical spelling and pronunciation so much abound. Some other difficulties are explained in the Table by reference to the Introduction: e.g. Habana, Havana; Xingu, Chingu. (App) placed after a name, indicates that it is to be found in the Appendix.

ABOOKEER, Aboukir.

ABOOSHEHR, Abuschehr, Abouchehr. Writ-
ten also Bushire (boo-sheer').
ABOOTIZH, Abootish, Abutisch, Aboutij,
Aboutige, Abutige.
Acheen, ATCHEEN.
Achmouneyn, OSHMOONEYN.
Aichstadt, EICHSTADT.

AKHMYM, Achmim, Ekmim.
ALEN TEJO, ALEM-TEJO.
Amarapoura, UMMERAPOORA.
AMASERA, Amasreh.

AMOO, Amu, Amou.
AMOOR, Amour, Amur.

AMRETSIR, Amretseer, Umritseer.

ANADEER, Anadir.

Anatolia. See NATOLIA.
ANDUJAR, Anduxar.

ANGORA, Engoor, *Enguri.

ANZOOAN, Anzouan, *Anjouan.

ARKEEKO, Arkiko.

ARGOON, Argoun, Argun.

ASSWAN, Assouan, Assuan.
ATCHEEN, Acheen.

ATFE, Atfih.

AXOOM, Axum, Axoum.

AYASOOLOOK, Áyasalouk, Ayasaluk.
Azor, Azoph, Azov.
Badakhshan, BUDUKHSHAN.
Bairout. See BEYROOT.

*BALFUROSHI, Balfroosh, Balfrouch.
Baschkirs, Bashkeers, (a race of Tartars,
dwelling south of the r. Irtish in Siberia.)
BASSORA, Bussora, Basrah, (XIX. 1 Obs.)
BEDOUIN, BEDOWEEN, Beduin.
BEYROOT, Bairout, Beirout, Berut.
BEREZOF, Berezow, Berezov.
BERMUDAS, Bermoothes. [the Euphrates.)
Bir, Beer, (a small town of Asia Minor, on
BIRMA, Burma.
BORNOO, Bornou.
BRAHMAPOOTRA,

Burrampooter.

BUDUKHSHAN, Badakhshan, (XIX. 1 Obs.)

Burma, BIRMA.

The cases in which C is interchanged with K are

CANTON, Quangtong. [mire, Kashmire.
CASHMERE, Cachemir, Kashmeer, Kache-
CATALONIA, Cataluña.

CATMANDOO, Khatmandu, Katmandou.
CAXOEIRA, Cachoeira.
Caubul. See CABOOL.

CELLE, Zelle, (XX. 18 and 30.)

Charkow, Kharkow, KHARKOF, Kharkov,
Chat-el-Arab, SHATT-EL-ARAB.

Cheboygan, SHEBOYGAN.

CHIENNE, Cheyenne, Shienne, (App.)

Chingu, XINGU, (XXVI. 11.)
COAHUILA, Cohahuila, (App.).

COMANCHE, Camanche, (App.)

CORDOVA, Cordoba, (XXVII. 4.)
CORUNNA, Corufia.

Courland, KOORLAND, Kurland.

DANTZIC, Danzig.

DARFOOR, Darfur, Darfour, Dar Foor.

DEZFOOL, Dezphoul, Dezfoul, Dezful.

Djidda or Djeeda. See JIDDA.

*DOURO, *Duero.

DOVREFIELD, Daavrefjeld, Dofrafield.

DROHOBICZ, Drohovitsch.

DRONTHEIM, Trondhiem, Trondjem.
DUNKIRK, Dunkerque.

Ebora, EVORA, (XXVII. 4.)
EDINBURGH, Edinborough.
EICHSTADT, Aichstadt.
*ELATMA, Yelatma, Iclatma.
EKATERINBURG, Iekaterinbourg.
ELISABETGRAD, Yelisavetgrad.

ERZROOM, Erzeroum, Erzrum, Ardzroom,
Arzerum, Arzeroum.
FERRO, *Hierro.
FIESOLE, Fesole.
FIJI, Feejee.

FONTARABIA, Fuenterabia.
GELDERS, Guelders.
GHEEZEH, Gizeh, *Jizeh.
GHENT, Gent, *Gand.
GLOUCESTER, Gloster.

GOOLDSHA, Guldscha, Gouldja, *Kuldsha.
GOTTINGEN, Goettingen, (XX. 8.)

Guelders, GELDERS.

HAARLEM, Haerlem, Harlem.

HAVANA, Habana, (XXVII. 4.)

HAWAII, Owhyhee.

[dostan.

HINDOSTAN, Hindustan, Hindoostan, *In

HINDOO, Hindu.

HIMALAYA, Himmaleh.

Jaroslav, Jaroslaw, YAROSLAF.

Indostan. See HINDOSTAN.

INNSPRUCK, Innsbruck.
IRKOOTSK, Irkoutsk, Irkutsk.
*Iskenderoon, SCANDEROON.

very numerous, especially in German, Russian, and Asia- IVICA, Ibiza, (XXVII. 4, 5.)

tic names.

Jakutsk or Iakoutsk. See YAKOUTSK.

TABLE OF DIFFERENT SPELLINGS.

MEXICO, Megico, Mejico, (XXVII. 9 & 17.) XINGU, Chingu, (XXVI. 11.)

OOROOMEEA, Urumiya, *Ourmiah, Urmia. Zahara, SAHARA.

EXPLANATION

OF THE

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, ETC., EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK.

1. The vowels a, e, i, o, marked with a point underneath (A ora, For e, &c.) have an obscure sound, similar to short u, thus, MERTON should be pronounced almost mur/-tun or mur/-t'n. (See Introduction, VIII.) 2. with two points underneath sounds like é.

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