Fate, får, fall, fat; mẻ, met; pine or pine, pln; nò, nỗt; õõ, as in good;

Mediterranean, in a situation rendered unhealthy by the neighbouring marshes. It is small, but very populous and well fortified. This city has been celebrated from remote antiquity. Strabo calls it AKE (Ax). Another appellation is, St. Jean D'Acre, which it probably acquired from the knights of St. John, so distinguished for their valour against the Mahometans. It is 23 m. N. N. W. of Jerusalem. Lat. 32° 54' N., Lon. 35° 6' E. Pop. estimated at near 20,000. (B.) A-DAIR', a co. in the S. central part of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 8,466. Co. t. Columbia.

ADAIR, a co. in the N. part of Mo., near the border of Iowa.

ADALIA, å-då/-le-å, or SATALIA, a seaport and commercial t. of Asiatic Turkey, on the Mediterranean. Lat. 36° 53′ N., Lon. 30° 45′ E. Pop. variously estimated from 8,000 to 30,000. (B.)

AD-AME, a co. in the most westerly part of Ill., on the Mississippi r. Pop. 14,476. Co. t. Quincy.

ADAMS, a co. in the E. part of Ind., a little S. of the Maumee r. Pop. 2,264. Co. t. Decatur.

ADAMS, a co. in the S. W. part of Miss., on the Mississippi r. Pop. 19,434. Co. t. Natchez.

ADAMS, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, on the Ohio r. Pop. 13,183. Co. t. West Union.

ADAMS, a co. in the S. part of Pa., a little W. of the Susquehanna r. and bordering on Md. Pop. 23,044. Co. t. Gettysburg.

ADANA, ål-då-nå, a t. of Asiatic Turkey in Caramania, on a river of the same name. Lat. 36° 59' N., Lon. 35° 6' E. Pop. estimated by M. Kinneir at near 30,000; but during the heat of summer it is almost deserted. (B.)

ADDA, åd/-da, a river of Italy, which runs through the Valtellina into Lake Como, and joins the Po near Cremona.

AD-DI-SON, a co. of Vermont, bordering on Lake Champlain. Pop. 23,583. Co. t. Middlebury.

ADEL, å-del', a territory of Africa, immediately S. E. of Abyssinia. Zeila is the chief town.

ADEN, å/-dẹn or à-den, a seaport t. of Arabia, on a gulf at the S. extremity of the Indian Ocean, to which it gives its name. The pop. of this place, said to have been 30,000 in the 17th century, had become reduced a few years since to about 800 (M.), when it was taken possession of by the British, and made a commercial depot, and a station for the steamers running from Suez to Bombay. It is now represented as being in a very flourishing state, the pop. being estimated at between 10,000 and 20,000. Lat. 12° 45′ N., Lon. about 45° E.

ADIGE, ad-e-je, *(It. pron. &-de-jà; Ger. Etsch; Anc. Ath/esis;) a r. of N. Italy, which rises in the country of the Grisons, on the borders of Tyrol, and flows into the Gulf of Venice, near the mouths of the Po. It is a rapid stream, and navigated with difficulty.

Like him wayworn

And lost, who by the foaming ADIGE,

Descending from the Tyrol

ROGERS's Italy, Part first, VIII.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.

ADIRBEITZAN. See AZERBAIJAN.

AD-I-RON-LACK, a name recently given to a cluster of mountains in N. Y., S. W. of L. Champlain. The highest summit, Mt. Marcy, has an elevation of about 5,460 feet above the sea.

Adlerberg, å'-dlẹr-bễRG or arl/-beRG, one of the largest mountains of Suabia, properly a branch of the Tyrolese Alps, which separates Suabia from the Tyrol.

AD-MI-RAL-TY, a large island on the W. coast of North America. Lat. 58° N., Lon. about 134° W. About 180 m. in circuit.

ADOUR, åd'-OOR', a r. in the S. W. of France, which rises in the Pyrenees, and runs into the Bay of Biscay near Bayonne.

ADOWAH, &-do-wah or å/-do-vå, the cap. of Tigré, in Abyssinia, and the place of the greatest trade in all that country. (B.) Pop. 8,000. Lat. 14° 12' N., Lon. 39° 5′ E.

ADRAMITI, åd-rå-mee/-te, (Anc. Adramyt/tium), a t. of Natolia, near the E. extremity of a gulf of the same name. Lat. 39° 34' N., Lon. 26° 50′ E.

ADRIA, ål-dre-å (Anc. Had/ria or Atria), a t. of Italy, 30 m. S. S. W. of Venice. It was an important commercial city, and a station for the Roman fleet under the emperors, but is now greatly reduced, and, in consequence of the sea having receded, is situated about 20 m. inland. Lat. 45° 3′ N., Lon. 12° 4′ E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)

ADRIANOPLE, ad-dre-an-o'-p'l, (Anc. Adrianopolis, i. e. the "city of Adrian;" Turk. Ed/ren-ch), the second city of European Turkey on the Maritza, in a rich plain, 135 m. N. W. of Constantinople. It was the seat of the Turkish dominion in Europe from the year 1366 to 1453, when the residence of the Sultans was transferred to Constantinople. Adrianople is the residence of a grand mollah and of a Greek archbishop. It contains some interesting Roman antiquities and several remarkable Moslem buildings, among which may be mentioned the mosque of Selim II., regarded as the most magnificent edifice of the kind that has ever been erected. Its dome is said to be even higher than that of St. Sophia's, at Constantinople. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 100,000. Lat. 41° 41' N., Lon. 26° 40′ E.

AD-RI-AT-IC SEA, or GULF OF VENICE, (Anc. Mare Adriaticum, or Mare Su/perum,) a great arm of the Mediterranean, extending in a N. W. direction between the coasts of Italy on the W., left, and Albania and Illyria on the right. It lies between 39° 40′ and 45° 50′ N. Lat., and 12° 10′ and 19° 40′ E. Lon. Length about 500 m.; greatest breadth 130 m. The Adriatic derives its name from the once important seaport t. of Adria.

E-GE-AN SEA is that portion of the Mediterranean which lies between Asia Minor and Greece.

EROE, -rö-e, a Danish island S. of Funen, about 14 m. long, with an area of 32 sq. m., and above 7000 inhab. (P. C.)

ET-NA or ETNA, a celebrated volcanic mountain of Sicily, situated near the S. E. coast. Height 10,873 feet. Lat. 37° 37' N., Lon. 15°

Fåte, får, fåll, fät; mẻ, met; pine or pine, pin; nô, nôt; õõ, as in good;

AFGHANISTAN, åf-gån`-is-tån', called also the KINGDOM OF CABOOL, a kingdom of S. Asia, between 28° and 36° N.Lat., and 59° and 72° E. Lon. Bounded on the N. by Toorkistan, E. by the kingdom of Lahore, S. by Beloochistan, and W. by Persia. Its actual limits, however, are very uncertain. The area is estimated by Balbi at near 150,000 sq. m.; the pop. at 4,200,000. A large portion of the country is mountainous, or consists of high table land. In character the Afghans resemble the Arabs; they are hospitable, brave, rapacious, and revengeful. Mahometanism is the prevailing religion. Cabool is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. AFGHAN, af-ghån/, or AF-GHAUN.

AFIUM-KARA-HISSAR. See KARA-HISSAR.

AFRAGOLA, åf-rå-go'-lå, a t. of Naples, 5 m. N. E. of the capital, remarkable for its manufacture of hats. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (B.) AF-RI-C, one of the five grand divisions of the globe; bounded on the W. by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediterranean, E. by the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, while its S. touches the great Southern Ocean. Its most northern point, Ras el Kroon, or "Cape Horn," is in about 37° 21' N. Lat.; its most southern, Cape Agulhas (å-gool/-yås), or Cape Needles, is about 34° 50′ S. Lat. The distance between these two points is nearly 5,000 m. Cape Guardafui, in Lon. 51° 22' E., is the most eastern point of Africa; and Cape Verde, in Lon. 17° 32′ W., the most western. The distance between these capes is above 4,500 m. It contains an area of about 11,650,000 sq. m. (Hassel.) On the whole, Africa seems to be less liberally supplied with moisture than either of the other great divisions of the globe. But while in some parts it has immense tracts of burning desert, in others it is marshy and flooded with water. In those regions which are exempt from these extremes, animal and vegetable life appear in remarkable variety and luxuriance. Of the central portion of this continent, little or nothing is known. -Adj. and inhab. Ar-RIC-AN.

AGDE, ågd (Anc. Agatha), a t. of France, in the dep. of Herault, 28 m. S. W. of Montpellier. Lat. 43° 19′ N., Lon. 3° 28′ E. Pop. 7,200. AGEN, å`-zhân/* (Anc. Agin/num), a t. of France; cap. of the dep. of Lot and Garonne, on the river Garonne, 75 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. Lat. 44° 12' N., Lon. 0° 37′ E. Pop. 12,000. (B.)

AGGERSHUUS, åg-gers-hoos', a dist. in the S. part of Norway. Christiana is the capital.

AGNONE, ån-yo'-nå, a t. of Naples, celebrated for its copper manufac tures, which are considered the best in the kingdom. Lat. 41° 44′ N., Lon. 14° 20′ E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)

AGOSTA, å-gos'tå, or AUGUS1-TA, a fortified seaport t. of Sicily, on the E. coast, 12 m. N. of Syracuse. Lat. 37° 14' N., Lon. 15° 24′ E. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.)

AGRA, al-gra, an extensive prov. of Hindostan, bounded on the N. by

This is a rare exception in which en, not preceded by i, has the sound of the French in. (See Int. XIX, 20 and 21.)

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. the province of Delhi, S. by Malwah, E. by Oude and Allahabad, and W. by Ajmeer, being about 250 m. in length and 180 in breadth. It lies between 25° 35′ and 28° 18′ N. Lat.

AGRA, called also AK-BAR-A-BAD', the cap. of the above prov., and formerly the imperial seat of the Mogul government. Three miles from this city is a superb mausoleum, probably the finest in the world, built by Shah Jehan, as the cemetery of his favourite wife. It is kept in excellent order by the British government, together with its beautiful garden of trees and flowering shrubs. The town itself is in a ruinous state. Lat. 27° 12′ N., Lon. 78° 5′ E.

AGRAM, Ŏg-rom', an important t. of Croatia, on the r. Save. It is the residence of the ban or viceroy of Croatia, and has an academy, which may be regarded as a sort of university. Lat. 45° 50′ N., Lon. 16° E. Pop., including that of its environs, 17,000. (B.)

AHANTA, å-han/ta, a kingdom on the Gold Coast of Africa, extending from Ancobra to the Chama; bounded on the W. by Apollonia, and on the E. by the Fantee territories. It is the richest, and in every respect, the most improved district on this coast. (E. G.) It is now, like the whole of the Gold Coast, subject to the kingdom of Ashantee.

AHMEDABAD, '-med-a-båd, an ancient city and fortress of Hindostan, in the prov. of Guzerat. Lat. about 23° N., Lon, 72° 40′ E. Estimated pop. 100,000. (P. C.)

AH-MED-NUG-GUR, a strongly fortified city of Hindostan, in the prov. of Aurungabad. Lat. 19° 5' N., Lon. 74° 50′ E. Pop. about 20,000, exclusive of the garrison. (M.)

AJACCIO, -yach/-cho, or AJAzzo, å-yåt/-so, the chief t. of Corsica, remarkable for having been the birth place of Napoleon. Lat 41° 55' N., Lon. 8° 44' E. Pop. 9,000. (B.)

AICHSTADT. See EICHSTADT.

AJAN, à-jan' or å-zhản', the name of the E. coast of Africa from Cape Guardafui to Magadoxa.

AIN, ân, a small r. in the S. E. part of France, which flows into the

Rhone.

AIN, a dep. in the S. E. part of France, bordering on Savoy and Switzerland. Pop. 346,188. (B.) Capital, Bourg.

AINTAB, ine'-tåb', a flourishing and well built t. of Syria, 60 m. N. of Aleppo. Pop. about 20,000. (B.)

AISNE, åne, a r. in the N. of France, which flows into the Oise. AISNE, a dep. in the N. of France, intersected by the above river. Pop. 527,095. (B.) Capital, Laon.

Arx, aix, (Anc. A'quæ Sex/tiæ, named from C. Sextius Calvinus, a Roman proconsul, by whom it was founded, 123 B. C.,) a handsome archiepiscopal city of France, formerly cap. of Provence, now in the dep. of the mouths of the Rhone, 17 m. N. of Marseilles. It has an acadé mie universitaire, a public library of 80,000 volumes, and other literary institutions. The name of Aix is a corruption of the Latin Aquæ, which was given to the place on account of its warm medicinal springs. Lat. 43° 32 N., Lon. 5° 27′ E. Pop. 23,000. (B.)

Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, mêt; plne or pine, pln; nỏ, nôt; õò, as in good ;

Aix, a small t. of Savoy, celebrated for its warm baths, 12 m. N. of Chambery. Lat. 45° 40' N., Lon. 5° 48′ E. Pop. about 2,000.

AIX LA CHAPELLE, aix lå shå`-pell', (the Aachen, åå/-κẹn, of the Germans, and Aquisgranum of the ancient Romans,) a t. of the Prussian states, in the grand duchy of the Lower Rhine. It was the second cap. of the empire of Charlemagne, and its name is derived from his having built a chapel there, which was frequently resorted to for his own devotions. Its baths, seven in number, are much celebrated. It now belongs to Prussia. Distant 25 m. N. E. of Liege. Lat. 50° 47' N., Lon. 6° 5' E. Pop. 37,000. (B.)

AKERMAN, å/-ker-mån`, a t. and fortress of European Russia, on the Black Sea, at the mouth of the Dniester, important on account of its port, its commerce, and extensive salt works. Lat. 46° 12′ N., Lon. 30° 23′ E. Pop. estimated at 13,000. (P. C.)

AKHISSAR, åk`-his-sar', (i. e. "white castle,") a t. of Asiatic Turkey, on the site of the ancient Thyati/ra. Lat. 38° 50′ N., Lon. 27° 55′ Ě. Pop. estimated at 5,000. (M.)

AKIMYM OF EKнмIм, аK-meem', (Anc. Chem'mis and Panop/olis,) a 1. of Upper Egypt, on the E. bank of the Nile. Lat. 26° 40′ N., Lon. 31° 50 E. Pop. about 10,000. (B.)

AKSHEHR, åk'-shaih'r', (i. e. "white city,") an archiepiscopal t. of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, situated on the eastern base of the mountain Akshehr, from which the waters descend so as to form a rivulet in almost every street. From this town are exported to Smyrna, fine carpets, wool, wax, gum tragacanth, and galls. Lat. about 38° 20′ N., Lon. 31° 40′ E. Kinneir estimates the number of houses at 15,000. (B.) AL-A-BAM-A, one of the U. S., between 30° 10′ and 35° N. Lat., and 85° and 88° 30′ W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Tennessee, E. by Georgia, S. by Florida, and the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Mississippi; and divided into 50 counties. Length from N. to S. about 330 m.; greatest breadth from E. to W. about 300 m. Area estimated at above 51,000 sq. m. Pop. 590,756, of whom 335,185 are whites, 2,039 free coloured persons, and 253,532 slaves. Alabama was admitted into the Union in 1819. Tuscaloosa is the seat of government.

ALABAMA, a r. in Ala. formed by the union of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, and, flowing S. S. W., unites with the Tombigbee, to form the Mobile r.

AL-ACH-U-A, a co. in the N. eastern part of Florida, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 2,282. Co. t. Newnansville.

ALAND, /-land, (Sw. ALAND, o'-land,) an island of the Baltic, belonging to Russia, situated near the point of meeting of the Gulfs of Both

See Observation 2, pages 51 and 52.

Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour. Benton, Bibb, Blount, Butler, Chambers, Cherokee, Clair, St., Clarke, Coffee, Conecuh, Coosa, Covington, Dale, Dallas, De Kalb, Fayette, Franklin, Greene, Henry, Jackson, Jefferson, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Limestone, Lowndes, Macon, Madison, Marengo, Marion, Marshall, Mobile, Monroe. Montgomery. Morgan, Perry, Pickens, Pike, Randolph, Russell, Shelby Sumter, Talladega, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, Walker, Washington, Wilcox.