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1857, Town conveyed the undivided half of the premises, with warranty, to one McCoid, who, on the 16th of October, 1857, quitclaimed the premises to one Coleman. On the 25th of May, 1858, Coleman conveyed them, with warranty, to Mrs. Ruth A. Town. On the 27th of April, 1859, Joseph I. Town and Ruth A. Town conveyed them, with warranty, to one Boin, who, on the 30th of May, 1861, quitclaimed them to one McBride; and McBride, on the 30th of September, 1861, quitclaimed them to one Schoville. Schoville having died, his widow and heirs quitclaimed them to the plaintiff, on the 22d of March, 1888. On the 9th of March, 1888, Still quitclaimed the other undivided half of the premises to Lyman H. Town, who, on the 28th of March, 1888, conveyed the same to the plaintiff. In each of the deeds made by those several parties the premises were described as lot 4, in fractional section 21, township 75 N., range 44 W., of the fifth principal meridian, and the deeds were duly recorded in the registry of Pottawattamie county, Iowa, in which county the premises were situated. About the time of the original entry of lot 4 by Edmund Jefferis, new land was formed along and against the whole length of the north line thereof, and from that time continued to form until 1870; so that in that year, at a distance of 20 chains and more from the original meander line before described, and within the lines of the lot on the east and west running north and south, a tract of 40 acres and more had been formed by accretion to the lot, and ever since had been and now is a part thereof. The said land was so formed by natural causes and imperceptible degrees,—that is to say, by the operation of the current and waters of the river, washing and depositing earth, sand, and other material against and upon the north line of the lot; and the waters and current of the river receded therefrom, so that the new land so formed became high and dry, above the usual highwater mark, and the river made for itself its main course far north of the original meander line. Such process, begun in 1853 and continued until 1870, went on so slowly that it could not be observed in its progress; but, at intervals of not less than hree or four months, it could be discerned by the eye that additions greater or less had been made to the shore. In 1877 the river, at a point more than a mile south of the north line of the lot, suddenly cut through its bank, and made for itself a course through the same, leaving all of section 21 north of its bank. A plat, marked "Exhibit B," is annexed, upon which is delineated the river both before and after such sudden change. The river is and always has been navigable for steamers of large tonnage. The United States never claimed any interest in the lands so formed by accretion to lot 4. The plaintiff submits that by such several mesne conveyances, whereby the title to lot 4 has come to it, it has become seised in fee, not only of the land included within the boundaries of the lot at the time of such survey, but also of the land so formed by accretion thereto, so that the east and west boundaries of the lot are formed by the protraction of the east and west lines

north to the left bank of the river as the same was in 1877, when the river suddenly changed its course, and the north boundary of the lot is the said left bank at that time.

When the plaintiff became seised of the land, it entered into the same, and made large and valuable improvements thereon; and it has projected the enterprise of redeeming the land and other land adjoining it, of improving the same so that the whole will be available for railroad and manufacturing purposes, of building railroad tracks, station-houses, depots, warehouses, and manufacturing establishments, and selling parcels of the land to others for such purposes, and has expended more than $20,000, and has in hand $100,000 which it purposes to expend in grading, and in building roads, bridges, etc. In 1888 one Counzeman and others, without any authority of law, entered upon the land so formed by accretion, and for a time occu pied it, but afterwards abandoned it. Recently, Counzeman has made to the defendant a deed of quitclaim. purporting to convey a certain parcel of the land so formed by accretion to lot 4. The south line of the land so conveyed to the defendant is about 200 feet north of the original meander line of lot 4, as that line was so run, marked, and platted by the United States surveyors; and the deed purports to convey about 20 acres, which are within the above-recited boundaries of the land formed by accretion to lot 4. When Counzeman entered upon the land, and when he made the deed to the defendant, each of them well knew of the plaintiff's plan and purposes in respect thereof, and that they had no right so to enter; and the defendant threatens to, and, unless restrained by injunction, will, dispossess the plaintiff and seriously interfere with its plans and purposes. The defendant is insolvent, and unable to answer for the damage to which he will subject the plaintiff by entering into the premises and dispossessing the plaintiff.

The bill waives an answer on oath, and prays for an injunction restraining the defendant from entering into, taking possession of, or intermeddling with, any part of the premises conveyed to him by Counzeman, and for a decree declaring that the land so formed against lot 4, including that conveyed to the defendant, became and was a part of lot 4, and included within its description; that the title to it has become and is vested in the plaintiff; that the deed made to the defendant be delivered up to be canceled, that he be perpetually enjoined from asserting the same, or any title or interest thereunder, against the plaintiff; and for general relief. The defendant interposed a general demurrer to the bill for want of equity.

The case was heard before Mr. Justice BREWER, then circuit judge, who filed an opinion on the 1st of March, 1889, directing that the demurrer be sustained. 40 Fed. Rep. 386. On a petition for a rehearing, which was heard by the same judge, he filed an opinion (Id. 390) directing that the demurrer be overruled. Thereupon a decree was entered, on the 13th of November, 1889, overruling the demurrer; grant

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accretion. (2) Taking the allegations of the bill most strongly against the plaintiff, it must be assumed that some area, however narrow, had formed between the time when the survey was made, in 1851, and the time when the land was entered by the patentee, in October, 1853. (3) The patentee, by the deed made by him to Still and Joseph I. Town, conveyed only "lot 4;" and, while the successive grantees held the title to that lot, accretions were formed of greater or less extent, which were never conveyed to the plaintiff, the deeds to it calling only for lot 4. The substance of this contention is that, as the conveyance by the patentee to Still and Joseph I. Town described the land simply as "lot 4," it passed the title to that lot as it was at the date of the survey in 1851, and not at the date of the deed, in 1856 and thereby excluded the new land formed after the survey of 1851; and that, as accretions of greater or less extent were formed while the several successive grantees held the title, such accretions did not pass by their respective deeds, and the title hereto has not come to the plaintiff.

ing a perpetual injunction restraining the defendant from entering into, taking possession of, or in any manner intermeddling with, the premises, and from asserting any right or interest therein; and declaring that the land in question was formed by process of accretion and imperceptible degrees against the premises known and described as lot 4 of section 21, in township 75 N., of range 44 W., of the fifth principal meridian, in the state of Iowa, as the same was originally surveyed and platted by the surveyors of the United States, and became, by such accretion, a part of said lot, and was included within such description, and the title thereto passed by such description from the original patentee of the United States to the plaintiff, by divers mesne conveyances, and is now vested in the plaintiff. It was further decreed that the deed made to the defendant by Counzeman, purporting to convey the premises be delivered up to the plaintiff, to be canceled, and that the plaintiff recover its costs to be taxed. The premises upon which the decree operated were described in it as follows: Beginning at a point 1,520 feet north of the south-west corner of lot 4, in section 21, township 75 N., range 44 W., of the fifth principal meridian; runningly purchased by the patentee from the thence, north 660 feet; thence east 1,320 feet to the extension due north of the east boundary line of said lot 4, as originally surveyed and platted by the United States; thence south, on that line, 660 feet; and thence west to the place of beginning, -containing 20 acres. The decree further states that the defendant prayed an appeal to this court, and that it was allowed.

"The grounds upon which the circuit court proceeded in overruling the demurrer to the bill are stated by it in its opinion to be these: (1) It being alleged in the bill that the added land was formed by "imperceptible degrees," although the increase was great, resulting in the addition of many acres, yet the time during which it was made was nearly 20 years, and an increase might have been going on, imperceptible from day to day and from week to week, which, during the lapse of so many years, might result in the addition of all the land; and hence the averment of the bill cannot be overthrown, notwithstanding what is known of the character of the Missouri river, and of the soil through which it flows, and of the rapid changes in its banks which are constantly going on. (2) Where a water line is the boundary of a given lot, that line, no matter how it shifts, remains the boundary, and a deed describing the lot by number or name conveys the land up to such shifting water-line, exactly as it does up to the fixed side lines; so that, as long as the doctrine of accretion applies, the water-line, no matter how much it may shift, if named as the boundary, continues to be the boundary, and a deed of the lot carries all the land up to the water-line.

The propositions contended for by the defendant are these: (1) Taking the allegations of the bill, with those facts in relation to the Missouri river of which the court will take judicial notice, it appears that the formation in question was not

*It is distinctly alleged in the bill that the new land is an accretion to that original

United States. The rule of law applicable to such a state of facts is thus stated by this court in New Orleans v. U. S., 10 Pet. 662, 717: "The question is well settled at common law, that the person whose land is bounded by a stream of water which changes its course gradually, by alluvial formations, shall still hold by the same boundary, including the accumulated soil. No other rule can be applied, on just principles. Every proprietor whose land is thus bounded is subject to loss by the same means which may add to his territory; and, as he is without remedy for his loss in this way, he cannot be held accountable for his gain." And in Banks v. Ogden, 2 Wall. 57, 67, it is said: "The rule governing additions made to land bounded by a river, lake, or sea, has been much discussed and variously settled by usage and by positive law. Almost all jurists and legislators, however, both ancient and modern, have agreed that the owner of the land thus bounded is entitled to these additions. By some, the rule has been vindicated on the principle of natural justice, that he who sustains the burden of losses and of repairs, imposed by the contiguity of waters, ought to receive whatever benefits they may bring by accretion; by others, it is derived from the principle of public policy, that it is the interest of the community that all land should have an owner, and most convenient that insensible additions to the shore should follow the title to the shore itself."

It is contended by the defendant that this well-settled rule is not applicable to land which borders on the Missouri river, because of the peculiar character of that stream and of the soil through which it flows, the course of the river being tortuous, the current rapid, and the soil a soft, sandy loam, not protected from the action of water either by rocks or the roots of trees; the effect being that the river cuts away its banks, sometimes in a large body,

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applicable to the Missouri river as it is to the Mississippi, whether the principle on which it rests be that the riparian owner is entitled to the addition to his land because he must bear without compensation the loss of land caused by the action of the water and any consequent expense of repair to the shore, or whether that principle be one of public policy, in that it is to the interest of the community that all lands should have an owner, and most convenient that insensible additions to the shore should follow the title to the shore. In the present case, the land in question is described in the bill as a tract of 40 acres and more. How much, if any of it, was formed between the date of the original survey, in 1851, and the time of the entry in October, 1853, cannot be told; nor how much was formed between 1853 and 1856, while the patentee owned the lot; and so in regard to the time when it was owned by each successive owner. There can be, in the nature of things, no determinate record, as to time, of the steps of the changes. Human memory cannot be relied on to fix them. The very fact of the great changes in result, caused by imperceptible accretion, in the case of the Missouri river, makes even more imperative the application to that river of the law of accretion.

and makes for itself a new course, while the earth thus removed is almost simultaneously deposited elsewhere, and new land is formed almost as rapidly as the former bank was carried away. But it has been held by this court that the general law of accretion is applicable to land on the Mississippi river; and, that being so, although the changes on the Missouri river are greater and more rapid than on the Mississippi, the difference does not constitute such a difference in principle as to render inapplicable to the Missouri river the general rule of law. In Jones v. Soulard, 24 How. 41, it was held that a riparian proprietor on the Mississippi river at St. Louis was entitled, as such, to all accretions as far out as the middle thread of the stream; and that the rule well established as to fresh-water rivers generally was not varied by the circumstance that the Mississippi at St. Louis is a great and public watercourse. The court said that from the days of Sir Matthew Hale all grants of land bounded by fresh-water rivers, where the expressions designating the water-line were general, conferred the proprietorship on the grantee to the middle thread of the stream, and entitled him to the accretions; that the land to which the accretion attached in that case was an irregular piece of 79 acres, and had nothing peculiar in it to form an exemption from the rule; that The bill must be held to state a fact, in the rule applied to such a public water- stating that the land in question was course as the Mississippi was at the city of formed by "imperceptible degrees," and St Louis; and that the doctrine that, on that the process, begun in 1853 and cop rivers where the tide ebbs and flows, grants tinued until 1870, resulting*in the producof land are bounded by ordinary high- tion by accretion of the tract of 40 acres water mark, had no application to the and more," went on so slowly that it could case, nor did the size of the river alter the not be observed in its progress, but at inrule. In Saulet v. Shepherd, 4 Wall. 502, tervals of not less than three or more the doctrine of accretion was applied in re- months it could be discerned by the eye that spect of a lot of alluvion or batture in the additions greater or less had been made Mississippi river fronting the city of New to the shore." The fact, as thus stated, is Orleans, in favor of the riparian proprie- that the land was formed by imperceptible tor; and it was held that the right to the degrees, within the meaning of the rule of alluvion depended upon the fact of the con- law on the subject, and it is not capable tiguity of the estate to the river, and that, of any construction which would result in where the accretion was made to a strip of the conclusion that the land was not land which bordered on the river, the ac- formed by imperceptible degrees. In the cretion belonged to such strip, and not to Roman law it was said, in the Institutes the larger parcel behind it, from which the of Gaius, (book 2, § 70:) "Alluvion is an strip, when sold, was separated. In Coun- addition of soil to land by a river, so gradty of St Clair v. Lovingston, 23 Wall. 46, ual that in short periods the change is imthe same doctrine was applied to a piece perceptible; or, to use a common expresof land situated on the east bank of the sion, a latent addition." Justinian says, Mississippi river opposite St. Louis. It (Inst. bk. 2, tit. 1, § 20:) "That is added by was there held that where a survey began alluvion which is added so gradually that "on the bank of the river, "*and was car- no one can perceive how much is added at ried thence "to a point in the river," the any one moment of time. The same rule river bank being straight, and running ac- was introduced into English jurisprudence. cording to such line, the track surveyed Bracton says, (book 2, c. 2:) "Alluvion is was bounded by the river; that alluvion a latent increase, and that is said to be meant the addition to riparian land, grad- added by alluvion, whatever is so added ually and imperceptibly made, through by degrees, that it cannot be perceived at causes, either natural or artificial, by the what moment of time it is added; for, alwater to which the land was contiguous; though you fix your eye-sight upon it for that the test of what was gradual and im- a whole day, the infirmity of sight cannot perceptible was that, although the wit-appreciate such subtle increments, as may nesses might see from time to time that be seen in the case of a gourd, and such progress had been made, they could not perceive it while the process was going on; and that it was alluvion whether the addition was made on a stream which overflowed its banks, or on one which did not. The authorities on the subject are collected in the opinion in that case. The rule is as

like."
Blackstone says, (2 Comm. 262:)
"And as to lands gained from the sea,
either by alluvion, by the washing up of
sand and earth, so as in time to make
terra firma; or by dereliction, as when the
sea shrinks back below the usual water-
mark,-in these cases the law is held to

very opposite of an imperceptible accretion.

We come now to consider the question of what passed by the description in the patent of the land as lot 4, containing 37.24 acres, according to the official plat of the survey of the land, returned to the general land-office by the surveyor general. The bill alleges that in 1851, when the township was surveyed, the meander line of the river, as marked on the plat, ran along the bank of the river, and that at the time of the entry, in 1853, the meander line of the left bank of the river was the same, or nearly the same, as that shown by the field-notes, and on the plat made, returned, and approved in 1851. On these facts it is contended for the defendant that the title to any new land which may have been made between 1851 and 1853, by accretion, did not pass to the patentee by the grant of lot 4 in the patent, but remained in the United States. The plaintiff, on the other hand, contends that the description in the patent of the land as lot 4 in effect made the river the boundary on the north, and passed the title of the United States to any new land that might have been formed before that time. The bill states that the register's certificate and the patent described the land as lot 4, in fractional section 21, in township 75 N., range 44 W., of the fifth principal meridian, containing 37.24 acres, according to the official plat of the survey of said land returned to the general land-office by the surveyor general. That plat, of which a copy is annexed to the bill and marked "Exhibit A," shows the Missouri river as the north boundary of lot 4, and that lot is marked on the plat as containing 37.24 acres. It is a familiar rule of law that, where a plat is referred to in a deed as containing a description of land, the courses,*distances, and other particulars* appearing upon the plat are to be as much regarded, in ascertaining the true description of the land and the intent of the parties, as if they had been expressly enumerated in the deed. Fox v. Sugar Refinery, 109 Mass. 292. This rule is applicable to government lands bounded by the Missou

be that if this gain be by little and little, by small and imperceptible degrees, it shall go to the owner of the land adjoining. For de minimis non curat lex; and, besides, these owners being often losers by the breaking in of the sea, or at charges to keep it out, this possible gain is therefore a reciprocal consideration for such possible charge or loss." The whole subject was fully considered in England in the case of Rex v. Lord Yarborough, 3 Barn. & C. 91, in the King's Bench, same case, in the house of lords, 2 Bligh, (N. S.) 147, and 1 Dow & C. 178; same case, sub. nom. Gifford v. Lord Yarborough, 5 Bing. 163, in the house of lords, where it was decided, in effect, that in cases of alternate accretion and decretion the riparian proprietors had movable freeholds; that is, moving into the river with the soil as it was imperceptibly formed, and then again receding, when by attrition it was worn away. Lord Yarborough owned lands immediately adjoining the sea, to prevent the encroachment of which upon his lands he built sea walls on two sides. The ooze, sand, and soil from the sea were gradually deposited outside of and against these walls, until, by the accretion, some 450 acres of land were made in a short time, which the crown claimed against him. But the court of king's bench held, and the decision was affirmed by the house of lords, that, the land being formed by the gradual and imperceptible action of the sea, Lord Yarborough, and not the crown, was entitled to it. See, also, In re Railway Co., 5 Mees. & W. 327; Scratton v. Brown, 4 Barn. & C. 485. The doctrine of the English cases is that accretion is an addition to land coterminous with the water, which is formed so slowly that its progress cannot be perceived, and does not admit of the view that, in order to be accretion, the formation must be one not discernible by comparison at two distinct points of time. In New Orleans v. U. S., supra, the accretion was 140 feet in width, formed in 22 years. In County of St. Clair v. Lovingston, supra, the court says: "In the light of the authorities, alluvion may be defined as an addition to riparian land, gradually and impercepti-ri river, as the same are surveyed and platbly made by the water to which the land is contiguous. The test as to what is gradual and imperceptible, in the sense of the rule, is that though the witnesses may see from time to time that progress has been made, they could not perceive it while the process was going on." To the same effect are Jones v. Johnston, 18 How. 150; Jones v. Soulard, 24 How. 41; Schools v. Risley, 10 Wall 91; Halsey v. McCormick, 18 N. Y. 147; Mulry v. Norton, 100 N. Y. 424, 3 N. E. Rep. 581; Academy v. Dickinson, 9 Cush. 544; Land Co. v. Lippincott, 45 N. J. Law, 405. * The accretion set forth in the bill is alleged to have taken place between 1853 and 1870, and it is not alleged that the sudden change in the course of the river in 1877 caused any accretion. There is no suggestion in the bill that the land made by the accretion can be identified as having been previously the land of any particular person.

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ted under the acts of congress; and the patent passed the title of the United States to lot 4, not only as it was at the time of the survey in 1851, but as it was at the date of the patent in 1855, so that the United States did not retain any interest in any accretion formed between the survey in 1851 and the date of the patent.

No different rule is established by the acts of congress which provide for the survey and sale of the public lands. The provisions found in section 2395 et seq. of the Revised Statutes, in regard to the survey of the public lands, are re-enactments of statutes passed in 1796, 1800, 1805, 1820, and 1832. According to these provisions, section 21 being a fractional section, because the river cut through it on its north side, the east and west side lines of lot 4 were to be run north to the river. No provision was made for running the north boundary line of lot 4, but the river formed such north boundary without the running of any line there. The statute provided that

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where the course of a navigable river rendered it impracticable to form a full township of six miles square, and in those portions of fractional townships where no opposite corresponding corners could be fixed, to which to run straight lines from established corners, the boundary lines should be ascertained by running from the established corners, due north and south or east and west lines, as the case might be, to the water-course, Indian boundary line, or other external boundary of such fractional township. In the present case the plat was made in accordance with the statute, showing the river as the northern boundary of fractional section 21, and of lot 4 therein; and as the patent referred to the official plat of the survey, and thus made that a part of the description of lot 4, that description made the river the boundary of lot 4 on the north. In Railroad Co. v. Schurmeir, 7 Wall. 272, this court said: "Meander lines are run in surveying fractional portions of the public lands bordering upon navigable rivers, not as boundaries of the tract, but for the purpose of defining the sinuosities of the banks of the stream, and as the means of ascertaining the quantity of the land in the fraction subject to sale, and which is to be paid for by the purchaser. In preparing the official plat from the field-notes, the meander line is represented as the border line of the stream, and shows, to a demonstration, that the water-course, and not the meander line, as actually run on the land, is the boundary." We are therefore of opinion that the patent of June 15, 1855, which described the land conveyed as lot 4, according to the official plat of the survey, of which a copy is annexed to the bill, marked "Exhibit A, "conveyed to the patentee the title to all accretion which had been formed up to that date.

The case of Jones v. Johnston, 18 How. 150, is cited by the defendant as holding that a grantee can acquire by his deed only the land described in it by metes and bounds, and cannot acquire, by way of appurtenance, land outside of such description. But that case holds that a water-line, which is a shifting line, and may gradually and imperceptibly change, is just as fixed a boundary in the eye of the law as a permanent object, such as a street or a wall; and it justifies the view announced by the circuit court in its opinion, that where a water-line is the boundary of a given lot, that line, no matter how it shifts, remains the boundary, and a deed describing the lot by number or name conveys the land up to such shifting line exactly as it does up to a fixed side line. See, also, Lamb v. Rickets, 11 Ohio, 311; Giraud's Lessee v. Hughes, 1 Gill. & J. 249; Kraut v. Crawford, 18 Iowa, 549.

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ing the patentee, described the land in their successive deeds as lot 4. It is contended by the defendant that this description conveys the land as it was at the date of the entry, or, at most, at the date of the patent; that as, from the allegations in the bill, it must be intended that some accretion was formed between July 14, 1856, the date of the deed by the patentee, and September 21, 1857, the date of the deed by Joseph I. Town to McCoid, the description of the land as lot 4 in the latter deed was not adequate to pass to the grantee the new land, and therefore all the land which was formed afterwards belonged to Still and Joseph I. Town, and not to McCoid; also that if, in point of fact, there was no accretion between July, 1856, and September, 1857, there must have been accretion subsequently, while some of the successive grantees held the title, prior to 1870.

But we think that in all the deeds the accretion passed by the description of the land as lot 4. In making every deed the grantor described the land simply as lot 4, and did not, by his deed, nor does it appear that he has since or otherwise, set up any claim to any accretion. It must be held, therefore, that each grantor, by his deed, conveyed all claim, not only to what was originally lot 4, but to all accretion thereto. When McCoid, in 1854, conveyed his interest in the premises by the description of lot 4, as he had taken a deed of the undivided half of the premises by the same description from Joseph I. Town, in September, 1857, and had title thereby up to the river, his north line was the river, which was gradually adding land to his land. How much was added during the time he owned his undivided half he could not tell, and he conveyed his interest to Coleman without any reservation. The same is the case with each successive grantor, and each must be held to have passed by his deed his title to all the land up to the river, as the river was at the date of his deed. When each successive owner took his title, lot 4 was a water lot, having the rights of wharfage, landing, and accretion; and, although new land was formed during his ownership, yet when he conveyed the premises he conveyed them by the same description by which he* had received the valuable rights referred to. The decree of the circuit court is affirmed.

MILLER, J., did not take any part in the decision of this case.

(134 U. S. 117)

KENADAY v. EDWARDS et al.

GREEN V. SAME
(March 3, 1890.)

APPEAL JURISDICTIONAL AMOUNT-TRUSTEES"

SALES.

These views result in the conclusion that the side lines of lot 4 are to be extended to the river, not as the river ran at the time of the survey in 1851, but as it ran at the date of the patent in 1855, and that all the land which existed at the latter date, between the side lines so extended and between the line of the lot on the south and the river on the north, was conveyed by the patent. All the grantors in the deeds 2. On petition to set aside a previous order, made subsequently to the patent, includ-made at the same term, confirming a trustee's sale,

1. On appeal from a decree setting aside a trustee's sale, removing the trustee, and denying him commissions, by the trustee and the purchaser the value of the property determines the jurisdiction of the supreme court, as to both appellants, though there are funds in the registry of the trial court which can be paid over to the purchaser if the decree is affirmed.

$197

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