watered by several streams, and behind which rises a chain of lofty mountains, alled by the Turks Kazdaghi, but which atirely correspond to the Gargarus and da of Homer. Every trace of the ancient roy being confessedly obliterated, its site only be guessed by the relative position the natural objects alluded to by Homer. these, in this level track, the most conicuous are the rivers; and upon them efly the grand controversy has hinged. he most considerable is the Mender or ender Sou, which rises about 40 miles to e southward, amid the steeps of Ida, ence it is precipitated in a lofty cascade. traverses the plain in a northern direcn, with a certain declination westward, falls into the mouth of the Hellespont place called Koum Kale. Notwithading the different direction in which researches of Chevalier long turned the ention of the learned, it seems now unially agreed that this must be the Scander. Its very name is of considerable ht; for those of natural objects very ally survive the original language; and Mender has a farther claim, as being edly the largest river of the plain. des, the scene of Homer's battles is rly fixed in a great plain to the east of Scamander. Such a plain exists to the of the Mender, and in no other posiThis river is, after all, only a great intain torrent, which, in the heat of toer, is nearly or altogether dry; but en filled with the winter rains, it is at 300 yards wide, deep, and rapid; inuch that Dr Clarke and Mr Gell in red considerable danger in fording it. only stream which the Mender receives the western side, is the rivulet flowing the springs of Bonarbashi, situated ut ten miles from the sea, and only at a le distance from the Mender itself. This alet is the Scamander of Chevalier, who ds his hypothesis chiefly on its springs, ich are supposed to be the two menred by Homer, one hot, and the other d, situated near Troy, connected with, as has sometimes been supposed, formthe sources of the Scamander. It has sufficiently proved, however, that the enomena of these springs do not coincide h the description of Homer; that the ght of Bonarbashi could not be that in ach Troy was situated; and that the Mencould not, as Chevalier supposes, be the mois. On the eastern side the Mender ceives a rivulet called the Callifat Os ack, rising in the lower heights of Ida, ad joining the Mender about four miles efore its falling into the sea. The course this rivulet is about 15 miles, and its tream not generally rapid, though its depth

is such that it can be crossed only at a ford. This river Dr Clarke conceived to be the Simois, traversing the Simoisian plain, on which were fought all the great battles narrated in the Iliad. There is, however, a much larger river, second only to the Scamander, among those which traverse the plain of Troy, called the Thymbrek. It flows much farther eastward, leaving a wide interval between it and the Scamander, which it joins only at its mouth. The name strongly suggests the Thymbrius, a river mentioned only once by Homer, and not the scene of any great achievements. Chandler, however, supposed it to be the Simois; and this opinion has been supported with great ingenuity in a late number of the Edinburgh Magazine (March 1820). It is maintained, that no other river is of sufficient importance to be the Simois, and that no other leaves between it and the Mender that ample plain which would have been necessary to enable 50,000 men to deploy themselves in battle. On the whole, a recent traveller, Mr Turner, observes, that mountain torrents bursting through this alluvial plain, which they frequently overflow, are extremely liable to alter their course.

We have now to consider the human structures by which this plain is distinguish, ed. Among these, the most remarkable are the ruins near Palaio Callifat, first discovered and pointed out by Dr Clarke, and clearly proved by him to occupy the site of the New Ilium of Strabo. They are situated about three miles from the sea, and nearly midway between the Mender and the Thymbrek. The remains of a citadel could be clearly traced, and Turks were employed raising enormous blocks of marble from the foundations surrounding the eminence on which it was situated. The appearance of the structure exhibited that colossal and massive style of architecture which characterised the early ages of Greece. All the inclosure is covered with broken pottery, and presents numerous medals, the legends of which plainly shew the people by whom they were fabricated. These cir cumstances, compared with the text of Strabo, seem clearly to fix this as New Ilium.

Indeed during the time of that writer, the people on the spot believed it to occupy the exact situation of Troy. Strabo himself, however, following Demetrius of Scepsis, placed old Troy three miles and a half farther to the west. This carries us to the village of Tchiblack, where were notised very considerable remains of ancient architecture, but in such a state of disorder and ruin, that no precise description of them could be given. The most remarkable are on the top of a hill, nearly a mile from the

place called Beyan Mezaley, in the midst of a beautiful grove of oak trees. Here the ruins of a Doric temple of white marble lay heaped together in the most striking manner, mixed with very large fragments of broken pillars. Upon the data of Strabo this may be Troy (which, however, stands opposed by the fact stated by Mr Turner, that it has no view over the plain), or it may be the hill called Callicolone; and Tchiblack may occupy the site of Troy. The writer in the Edinburgh Magazine, however, ingeniously supports the opinion, that Troy really was at New Ilium, according to the opinion of the inhabitants of that city. He urges that the Greeks, in one battle, twice measured over the space between their ships and Troy, which, with the general tenor of the Iliad, seems to mark that this space was sinall; whereas, if Troy were at or near Tchiblack, it could not be less than seven miles from the Grecian camp.

Besides the ruins already described, there are those of Halil Elly, a village beyond the Thymbrek. They appear to be rather the remains of ten temples than of one. The earth, to a very considerable extent, is covered with broken columns of marble and granite; while Doric, lonic, and Corinthian capitals, some very beautiful, lie dispersed in all directions. Dr Clarke found also on the banks of the Califat Osmack, some ruins, consisting chiefly of Doric capitals. The principal inhabited spots on this plain are Tchiblack and Thymbrek; but both are mere villages, the inhabitants of which are said to be so ferocious, that scarcely a year passes without several persons being killed in their quarrels.

A characteristic feature of this plain consists in a considerable number of tumuli or mounds, which are named by the natives with the appellation tepe, supposed a corruption of tuphos, tomb, and which may fairly be judged the remains of those erected in honour of the Grecian and Trojan heroes. Among the most remarkable is the Aianteum or tomb of Ajax, situated upon the ancient Rhetean promontory on the coast of the Hellespont. The shrine on the top still remains in a state of remarkable preservation; and Dr Clarke conceives, that of all the remains of former ages, there are few objects more powerfully calculated to affect the mind by local enthusiasm. A striking view is here afforded of the Hellespont and the plain of Troy. Another tumulus is found in the middle of the Simoisian plain, and on the top of a natural mound, from which circumstances Dr Clarke supposes it to be the tomb of Ilus. There are a considerable number of other famuli,

particularly on the sea coast, but which it is difficult to identify.

In ascending to the source of the Mende in the Idæan chain, Dr Clarke passed firs through rugged rocky passes, resembling som parts of the Tyrol, and inhabited by a ra of rude mountaineers. He came then t the village of Ene, the Eneia of Strabe and the name of which strongly suggest the kingdom said to be erected here by Æneas, after the capture of Troy. Thes open into a beautiful plain, appearing one of the happiest territories in nature cultivated like a garden, regularly inclosed and surrounded by mountains. Amid th is Beyramitch, the present capital of al Troas, and a large well built town. It contains numerous fragments of antiquity brought from Kushunlu Tepe, a la conical mountain, forming one of the fr steeps of Gargarus. In this place, accord ingly, are found the inarks of several in mense temples; but only their area c now be traced, filled with fragments of terra cotta and other materials; the co lumns and ornaments having been almos entirely carried off. At the top is a smal oblong area of rude stone, inclosed within a grove of oaks, which is surrounded by loose stones, as in Druidical circles The ascent of Gargarus is very steep and rugged, and its declivities filled with a tories of hermits, who, in the fourth c tury, were impelled by mistaken pietu to seclude themselves from the world. Snow and ice cover the summit during th greatest part of the year. The view fr it is most extensive; all Asia Minor, the greater part of European Turkey, sp pearing spread out as in a map. T source of the Scamander is in the north west side, in a most sublime natural ampl theatre. Huge craggy rocks rise perpen cularly to an immense height, whose side and fissures, to the very clouds, concealing their tops, are covered with pines. Ener mous plane trees wave their vast branche above the torrent. The flood is said t continue magnificent in all seasons of the year.

At the southern extremity of the plain Troy, nearly opposite to Tenedos, app on a height the remains of Alexandr Troas. This was once a splendid city, buil by Antigonus, and improved by Lysima chus, who, in honour of his master, ga to it the name of Alexandria. Although it has served for many ages as a magazin of architectural ornaments to Constanti nople, and all the surrounding country, th monuments which remain are still sa prising. The aqueduct of Herodes Atticus formed of enormous masses of hewn stone the walls of the city in the same colossa

are chiefly employed in making toys of wood and stone. It is best known for its Greek monastery, commonly called the convent of the Holy Trinity, founded in the 14th century. This monastery contains in general above 1000 monks, is regularly for tified according to the ancient plan, and has nine chapels. In times of commotion or danger it has afforded a refuge to the czars, among others to Peter I. when he put an end to the administration of his sister Sophia. It is the richest monastery in the empire.

TROJA, a small town of Italy, in the east part of the kingdom of Naples, in the Capitanata. It forms, along with the town of Biccari, the see of a bishop, and stands on the small river Chilare, 33 miles S. W. of Manfredonia, and 60 N. E. of Naples.

TROJA, a petty island of the Mediterranean, off the coast of Tuscany, in the province of Sienna.

TROJANOW, a small town in the south west of European Russia, in the government of Volhynia, not far from Vlodzi

mirzetz.

TROKI, a small town in the west of European Russia, in Lithuania, and the government of Grodno. It stands on a projecting point of land in a small lake, and contains about 3500 inhabitants. It was built in 1321 by the great duke of Lithuania, and was the residence of his successors till they removed to Wilna. 20 miles W. of Wilna, and 180 E. of Konigsberg.

TROKI, NEW, another small town of Russian Lithuania, 18 miles W. of Wilna. It stands at the north extremity of a lake, and is situated on an eminence surrounded by forests chiefly of oak.

TROLLHETTA, a village of Sweden, in West Gothland, 15 miles E. S. E. of Uddevalla. Here is a celebrated cataract in the river Gotha-Elf, not far from the place where it issues from the lake Wenner. The river, which is very wide before reaching the falls, is confined by the rocks within a narrow channel, and its course is still more confined by several rocky islands in the middle of the stream. The whole descent is estimated at 100 feet, but as the falls are four in number, each is only 25 feet, and the bottom slopes, so that the water runs as in a spout. Its rapidity is very great; the noise is heard at the distance of a league around, and the falls are covered with foam. The Swedish government was long desirous to dig a canal parallel to the river, that boats coming from the lake or the sea might avoid the falls; but these attempts failed till undertaken by a private association in 1793, and terminated in 1800. This canal is a quarter of a Swedish mile

in length, 22 feet wide, and 7 feet deep, with nine locks. The number of boats that pass it annually is very considerable.

TROMPERWICK, GULF OF, a bay, but by no means a safe one, on the east coast of the island of Usedoin, in the Baltic. Long, 13. 40. E. Lat. 54. 40. N.

TROMPETAS, a large and abundant river of Brazil, which runs south, and enters the Amazons on the north shore, near the strait of Pauxis, in Lat. 1. 50. S.

TROMPEUR, CAPE, DEL ENGANNA, FALSE CAPE, is the easternmost point of the island of St Domingo. Long. 68. 33. W. Lat. 18. 25. N.

TROMPIA, a valley of Austrian Italy, in the Milanese delegation of Brescia. It a surrounded with mountains, and s good pasturage, but little corn. It in remarkable chiefly for its extensive irum works. It is divided into 19 communes, and contains above 13,000 inhabitants.

TROMSOE, an island on the north-we coast of Norway, which, though extensive contains only from 3000 to 4000 inhabi ants. The interior is hilly and rocky, several of its elevations rise above the La of perpetual snow, which, in this high titude, is so low as 1200 feet above th sea. Corn does not succeed here, and ev for pasturage, the only suitable track is narrow strip of land along the coast. The is here a good harbour at a small town Lat. 69. 38. N.); and the Danish gove ment endeavoured, in the course of century, to render it a place of trade, f which vessels proceeding to the whale fis ery, or to the Loffoden isles, might be abled to sail with their cargoes to the so of Europe, but the attempt did not s ceed.

TROND, ST, or ST TROIJEN, an inla town of the Netherlands, in the provi of Limburg, with a population of 7300. has a considerable manufactory of fire-an and is remarkable for an abbey founded early as the 7th century. It was forme a place of some strength, but its w were razed in 1675. A sanguinary act (see Neer-winden) took place in neighbourhood, between the French Austrians, in March 1793. 18 miles N. of Liege, and 20 W. of Maestricht.

TRONDA, OF TRONDRAY, a small isl of Shetland, lying opposite to the vill of Scalloway. It is about 3 miles la and 2 broad.

TRONE, a hamlet of England, in the rish of Wantage, Berkshire.

TRONEKEN, a village of the Pruss province of the Lower Rhine, in the Hu ruck, 12 miles S. S. E. of Traarbach, and E. of Treves.

TRONQUIERE, a petty town in the sout

of Franec, department of the Lot, with 1100 inhabitants. It stands on the small river Bave, 14 miles N. of Figeac.

TRONTO, a river of Italy, in the States of the Church, which rises in the Appennines, and flowing along the border of the Neapolitan dominions, discharges itself into the Adriatic.

TRONTO, CASTEL DEL, a strong castle of Italy, in the north-east part of the kingdom of Naples, province of Abruzza Ultra, ituated on a lofty rock.

TRONZZANO, a small town in the north west of Italy, in Piedmont, province of Ver elli, with 2500 inhabitants.

TROO, a small town in the central part France, department of the Loire and her, with 1100 inhabitants, partly emloyed in the manufacture of woollen stuffs. miles S. W. of Vendome.

TROOLIE, an island of Dutch Guiana, ituated at the mouth of the Essequebo. TROON, a promontory of Scotland, in yrshire, in the parish of Dundonald, proeting about a mile into the frith of lyde. This place possesses one of the est natural harbours in the frith of yde. 5 miles S. of Irvine, and 7 N. of r. Long. 4. 36. W. Lat. 55. 36. N. TROONGOOMBA, a small walled village of ntral Africa, 12 miles S. W. of Be

TROPEA, a small town in the south-west the kingdom of Naples, in Calabria ra, the see of a bishop, with about 4000 abitants. It has manufactures of linen damask. Porcelain earth is found in neighbourhood. In 1783 it suffered atly from an earthquake. 37 miles N. E. of Reggio.

TROPES, ST, a small seaport in the south of France, department of the Var. It 3700 inhabitants, employed for the part in the tunny and pilchard fishery, in the coasting trade. It has a citadel; a navigation school; but is most rerkable as the place where Bonaparte emked for Elba in the beginning of May 14. 30 miles E. by N. of Toulon. Long. 35. 44. E. Lat. 43. 16. 27. N. TROPIC KEYS, small islands or shoals ong the Virgin islands, between Great sage island and the east coast of Porto 20. They are so named from their unding in birds called tropicos. TROPPAU, or OPPAW, the capital of Ausan Silesia, till lately the residence of the geney, and still the seat of a high court justice. It stands at the confluence of Oppa and Mohe, is still surrounded ith a wall, and has two public squares. contains the ancient palace of the princes, free churches, several convents, a college, nd a museum erected so late as 1814, con

sisting of a library, and collections of na> tural history, machines, models, coins and medals. The number of inhabitants is nearly 10,000: part are employed in the manufacture of woollens and soap. In 1758 the greatest part of this place was burned down. 87 miles S. S. E. of Breslau, and 162 E. of Prague. Long. 17. 50. 45. E. Lat. 49. 50. 1. N.

TROPPAU, a principality of Silesia, bounded on the north by the principality of Oppeln, on the east by Ratibor and Teschen, and on the south and west by Moravia. It is a fertile track, and was erected into a principality in 1254. At the peace of Berlin in 1742, the part to the north of the Oppa was ceded to Prussia, but the remainder is still subject to Austria. The whole belongs in property to prince Lichtenstein.

TROPPAU, a circle of Austrian Silesia, containing several lordships, and the parts of the principalities of Troppau, Jagerndorf, and Neisse, that were retained by Austria, when the rest of Silesia was ceded to Frederick II. Its area is 1080 square miles; its population somewhat below 200,000.

TROQUES, a bay at the south extremity of Lake Huron, separated from Matchudock bay on the north-east by a broad promontory.

TROQUIRE, a parish of Scotland, in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, lying on the river Nith, opposite the parish of Dumfries, and connected with it by a handsome bridge. Population 3409.

TROSA, a seaport of the middle part of Sweden, in Sudermanland, on the Baltic. Population only 500. Its harbour is small but secure.

TROSACHS, certain rugged and stupendous mountains of Scotland, in Perthshire, which have been greatly visited since they have been made the scene of the adventures of the Lady of the Lake. In entering the Trosachs the mind is impressed with a feeling of wildness' and of rude grandeur. It seems as if a whole mountain had been torn in pieces, and frittered down by a convulsion of the earth, and the huge fragments of rocks, woods, and hills, scattered in confusion into the east end, and on the sides of Loch Catherine. The access to the lake is through a narrow pass of half a mile in length. The rocks are of stupend dous height, and seem ready to close above the traveller's head, and to fall down and bury him in their ruins. A huge column of these rocks was some years ago torn with thunder, and lies in very large blocks near the road. Where there is any soil, their sides are covered with aged weeping birches, which hang down their venerable