vation gradually diminishes towards the west by a ridge of steep rocks, and is interrupted at the distance of a mile by an immense crevice, which descends towards the gulf of Cariaco. Beyond this two enormons peaks arise, the northernmost of which, named the Cucurucho of Tumiriquiri, is more than 6500 feet in height, surpassing that of the Brigantin, with which it is connected. These peaks are covered with mahogany, javillo, and cedar trees, of an enormous size, whose shades are frequented by tigers and other wild beasts, which are hunted now and then for the sake of their beautiful skins. The view from the summit of this mountain is very fine; the chain which extends from west to east is seen in all its forms: its ridges running parallel to each other at short distances, form longitudinal vallies, intersected by crevices worn by the waters in their passage to the Orinoco or the sea. The sea bounds the prospect on the north, and the immeasurable plains form its horizon on the south.

TUMLOOK, a town of Bengal, situated on the south-west side of the Roopnarain river. It is a flourishing town, although all the houses are thatched. It formerly possessed a fort, and is the station of the superintendant of the salt manufacture of the district. This article is made on the banks of the Hoogly river, which are covered by the sea during the spring tides. The mud is afterwards collected and boiled. The Tumlook salt is highly esteemed on account of the sanctity of the river on which it is made. The country in the vicinity of the town is very low, and requires strong embankments to preserve it from being overflowed by the rivers during the rainy season. Long. 88. 2. E. Lat. 22. 17. N.

TUMMEL, a large river of Scotland, in Perthshire, which issues from Loch Rannoch, and, taking an easterly course through the district of Athol, falls into the Tay at Logierait. About the middle of its course it expands into a lake of the same name, in which is a small island, partly artificial, with an old fortress or castle, formerly the residence of the chief of the Robertsons. Here king Robert Bruce retired for some time after his defeat at Methven, where he was hospitably entertained by the chief of that clan. The course of the Tummel is rapid and furious, forming everywhere the most romantic and picturesque cascades. One of its falls, near its junction with the Garry, is particularly grand. The river precipitates its waters over the broken rocks with a fury and noise that astonishes and almost terrifies the spectator. The accompanying scenery is particularly fine; rugged rocks, wooded almost to the summit,

but rearing their bald heads to the clouds, with distant mountains of the most pictu resque forms, compose a view in which every thing that a painter can desire is con tained. A little below the falls the Tums mel unites with the Garry, after which its stream, meandering through a fine valley, becomes quite tranquil.

TUNA, a small island of Lower Egypt, in Lake Menzaleh, 8 miles S. E. of Tennis. TUNA, a harbour on the eastern coast of Egypt, upon the Red sea. It affords good shelter against the north-west winds, but is much narrowed by shoals and rocks. 59 miles S. S. E. of Cosseir.

TUNA, a small river of Brazil, in the province of Pernambuco, which runs east, and falls into the sea between the rivers Ilheos and Piratuninga.

TUNBRIDGE, a market town of England, in the county of Kent, situated on the ri ver Tun, which forms one of the five branches into which the Medway here divides itself, and over each of which there is a stone bridge. The town consists chiefly of one long and wide street, which is kept very clean, though ill paved, and the houses indifferently built. At the entrance from London is a stone causeway, the gift of John Wilford of London in 1528. The principal bridge was erected in 1775, from a design by Mr Milne: its expence was L.1100. Near it is a wharf for the recep tion of timber brought hither from the Weald, and afterwards sent down the Med way. The church is a large and handsome fabric, dedicated to St Peter and St Paul It was new hewed and ornamented, from a bequest of L.500, made by the late John Hooker, Esq. It contains some good mo numents of different families. The free grammar school is a capacious structure, at the north end of the town, which wa founded and endowed by sir Andrew Tudde knight, a native of Tunbridge, and lord mayor of London in the 5th year of Ed ward VI. The skinners' company of Lon don, who are the governors of the school pay a visit to it every year in May, at a great expence; and attended, as the statutes direct, by some eminent clergymen to examine the school, and distribute pre miums to the scholars. The masters have in general been men eminent for abilities. Though the funds are great, the number of boys educated are but few. Many other charitable bequests have been made to the town by different persons. The remains of Tunbridge castle stand on the south-west side of the town. They consist principally of an entrance gateway, flanked by round towers, and tolerably perfect, and the ar tificial mount on which the keep stood. It was surrounded by three moats, within the

compass of the outermost of which the then ancient town was principally confined. The ruins are picturesque, though much of venerable remains was dilapidated by the late proprietor, Mr Hooker, to build a residence attached to the entrance, in a style by no means corresponding with the original. The grounds are pleasant; the outer walls inclosed an extent of six acres. This castle was built by Richard de Tunbridge, other wise Fitzgilbert, and afterwards earl of Clare, a kinsman of William the Conqueror, who, for his services at the battle of Hastings, had numerous lordships granted to him, and became one of the most puissant barons in England. It afterwards became a place of great importance, and under its protection the town arose. At a small distance from the castle was a priory of Austin canons, founded by Richard de Clare, in the reign of Henry I. In 1811, Tunbridge contained 964 houses, and 5932 inhabitants. Market on Friday, and one on the first Tuesday of every month for live cattle. 14 miles S. S. W. of Maidstone, and 30 S. E. by S. of London.

TUNBRIDGE, a post township of the United States, in Orange county, Vermont, 32 miles S. of Montpelier. Population 1640. TUNBRIDGE WELLS, a town of England, win the county of Kent, or rather the appellation given to a series of scattered villages or dwellings within five or six miles from the town of Tunbridge, immediately bordering on Sussex, and which owe their origin and importance to the celebrated mineral waters in the vicinity. They are situated in the three parishes of Tunbridge, Frant, and Speldhurst, and consist of four divisions; Mount Ephraim, Mount Pleasant, Mount Sion, and the Wells properly so called. The air of this district is very pure and salubrious, and aids powerfully the medicinal qualities of the waters. The general appearance of the country is inviting, and the aspect of the villages is picturesque, appearing like a large town in a wood, interspersed with rich meadows, and inclosing a large common, in which are walks, rides, handsome rows of trees, and other objects of variety. The village is nearly two miles in length by one in breadth, and of late years the buildings have been rapidly increasing, many persons of rank and respectability having houses here for occasional or constant residence. The accommodations for visitants have been much improved, and the population is decidedly on the increase. During the last two reigns, the wells were frequently visited by different branches of the royal family. That part, by way of distinction, called the Wells, is the centre of business and amusement, as it is here that all the public places

are situated; the springs, public parades, assembly rooms, the chapel, and the marketplace. The discovery of the springs is generally ascribed to Dudley, lord North, a distinguished courtier in the reign of James I., who having, when a young man, retired to the country for the recovery of his health, happened accidentally, as he was returning to London, to notice something peculiar in the waters; and having examined them, and consulted with his physicians, he returned to try their effects, which soon restored him to health; and he afterwards lived to the age of eighty-five. The reputation of the waters being established, the resort of invalids quickly followed; and lord Abergavenny having an estate in the vicinity, made exertions to provide proper accommodations for the visitants; the springs were cleared out and secured; and during the summer season, the town of Tunbridge, about six miles distant, was crowded. Buildings, however, soon arose in the immediate vicinity of the wells, and other improvements were introduced for the public accommodation, since which period the place has been gradually improving. The springs are of the chalybeate kind; such springs are common in the district; but only the two first discovered are held in particular estimation. The new bath-house is a handsome edifice, lately erected over the wells, and containing hot and cold baths of the water. The water at the fountain head is extremely clear and pellucid; it has little smell, but the taste is strongly impregnated with iron. The component parts of the water are steely particles, marine salts, and oily matter, an ochreous substance, a volatile vitriolic spirit, too subtile for analysis, and a simple fluid. The waters are considered to be of great use in removing complaints arising from sedentary occupations, weak digestion, and nervous and chronical disorders. Their utility in cases of barrenness is also stated to be very great. The parades, usually called the upper and lower walks, run parallel to each other, and are much frequented. In 1793 the former was paved by subscription, with Purbeck stone, at an expence of more than L.700. The lower walk is chiefly used for servants and country people. A portico, supported by wooden Tuscan pillars, runs the entire length of the principal walk, and affords an agreeable shelter from the sun and rain. A row of luxuriant limes contributes also to the amenity of the place; and under their shade the company meet together during the hours of general resort. On the right stands one set of the public rooms, opposite to which a new orchestra was built by the lady of the manor, in which a baud of

music plays during the season, three times a day; and also the libraries, &c. with many neat little shops for the sale of jewellery, perfumery, and Tunbridge ware. On the left is the theatre, the lower set of assembly rooms, with several lodging-houses. There are three principal taverns in the place, each of which furnishes excellent accommodation. The chapel was erected by subscription, and the clergyman has no other endowment but the voluntary subscription of the company during summer, and of the fixed inhabitants during winter. The chapel is large and commodious, and adjoining to it is a charity school for boys and girls. The boys' school is now on the Madras system, and contains 80 scholars. A girls' school, called the school of industry, for 100 girls, has been established by subscription on the same system. The rides in the neighbourhood of the wells include a variety of interesting and picturesque scenes. The high rocks, about a mile and a half south-westward of the wells, on the Sussex side, are much celebrated, and certainly form. a very striking and romantic picture, though still much inferior to the rich scenery of Matlock. The trade of Tunbridge Wells is similar to that of the Spa in Germany, and consists chiefly in the manufacture of a variety of toys in wood of different kinds. The goods manufactured are well known by the name of Tuubridge ware, and consist of tea-chests, dressingboxes of different kinds, children's toys, punch-ladles, snuff-boxes, and other articles.

TUNDERGARTH, a parish of Scotland, in Dumfries-shire, in the district of Annandale, about 14 miles in length, and 1 in breadth. Population 522.

TUNGURAGUA, a very high mountain of Quito, in the province of Riobamba, of a conical figure, regularly sloped on all sides, and rising far above the line of perpetual snows. It is volcanic, and often bursts forth into the most violent eruptions, by one of which the town of Riobamba was destroyed. The lower parts of the mountain are covered with a thick wood. Some hot springs gush out through crevices in its sides, which has caused warm baths to be erected for the accommodation of invalids. Tunguragua is 16,500 feet above the level of the sea. 7 leagues N. of Riobam

ba. Lat. 1. 29. S.

TUNGURAGUA, a large river of South America, which has its rise in Peru, in the province of Tarma, in the Lake Lauricocha, near the city of Guanuco, in Lat. 11. S. and flows through Peru to Bracamoros, where passing by Jaen, it turns to the east, and pours itself, after intersecting the Andes at the Pongo de Manscriche, into the

Amazons by an immense mouth, below the village of St Regis. The Tunguragua receives many large tributary streams in the kingdom of Peru, one of which, the Guallaga, rising in the Southern Andes, east of Guamanga, is, at its conflux with the Lauricocha, 450 yards wide, and 34 fathoms deep.

TUNGUSES, a wandering native race of Asiatic Russia, who cover nearly the whole south-eastern portion of that vast territory. They are first found on the banks of the Yenisei, whence they extend all the way eastward to the sea of Okhotsk. In the more southerly districts, however, they are mixed with the Mongols and Burats. Although a few also reach to the borders of the northern ocean, yet in general they give place there to the Yakoutes and Samoyedes. To the west of the Yenisei, a few are mixed with the Tartars and Ostiaks; but in general the province of Irkoutsk proper is that of which they may be considered as the denizens. The Tunguses are of a middle size, of a robust constitution, and endowed with the greatest agility. Their countenance bears a considerable resemblance to that of the Mongols, though it is larger, and still more flattened. They have small eyes, and a smiling physiognomy. They have long black hair, which they allow to hang freely over their shoulders. They are subject to few diseases; yet from the severity of the climate, and the laborious life which they lead, they seldom reach a very advanced age. From time to time also the small pox makes terrible ravages among them. They employ themselves solely in hunting and fishing. They have no permanent abodes, but range through the woods and along the rivers, seldom remaining more than six days at a time in one spot. Their tents are formed of a few spars, put together in a conical shape, and covered with skins, or with willow bark, which, after being exposed for some time to the vapour of boiling water, becomes equally flexible. In pursuing their occupation of hunting, they distinguish themselves by bravery and activity. Their arms are bows and arrows, with which they will attack the fiercest animals, and even bears. The delicacy of their sight and smell on such occasions is almost incredible. They trace the game by the light mark which its steps leave on the grass or on the moss. They know every tree, every rock, in the regions which they traverse; they can point out clearly to travellers a road of a hundred miles, by the stones and trees which are found upon it. In winter they use light wooden shoes, five feet long, with which they are able to walk over the deepest snow without sinking. The most

Juable of the animals which they pursue the sable, whose fur is so delicate as to be xiled by the least wound or hurt. They ursue it therefore till the animal is driven seek shelter at the top of a tree, when the unter spreads his nets at the foot, and indles a fire, the smoke of which cannot e endured by the sable, who drops down nd is caught. In their wanderings they ollect numerous berries, which being mixed with moss and lichen, are made into little akes, that are dried in the sun, and kept or winter provision. The Tunguses clothe hemselves with the skins of rein-deer and wild sheep, having the hair or wool turned nward during winter; in summer they year the same skins tanned. This rude apparel, however, is ornamented as copiously s their means will allow, with beads and Lass. The moral character of the Tunzuses is the subject of considerable praise. They are a brave, honest people, frank, open, and sincere. They hold lying in lerestation, and refuse to make an oath, thinking that their word ought to be sufIcient. Theft and fraud are unknown Long them. The females are in general irtuous, though a custom prevails, as mong some other nomadic tribes, of lendng their daughters as temporary wives to isitants or travellers. The women have he care of the household, dry the fish, and repare all the winter provisions. They work the skins, and prepare all the clothes. Till a certain age they are in general handsome, but the old women are hideous. There are three species of Tunguses, who take a peculiar character from the regions which they inhabit, and the tribes on which they border. These are the rein-deer Tunguses, the nomadic races of the north, called also the wood or hunting Tunguses; the dog Tunguses, who live upon the sea of Okhotsk, and in the neighbourhood of Kamtchatka; these are called also Lamoutes, and 600 of them were inscribed in the last enumeration, for the payment of taxes; and the riding Tunguses, who being mixed with the Burats and Mongols, have to a certain extent adopted their habits, and even employ themselves a little in agriculture. Their religion, like that of all the other nomadic tribes in this part of the world, consists in a species of Shamanism, formed by a mixture of the creed of the Lamas with their own original superstitious habits. According to the last enumeration, the Tunguses in the government of Irkoutsk amounted to 13,264 males, and 11,014 females; but their wandering mode of life probably enables many of them to escape a census made with a view to taxation. In the government of Tobolsk, the number reported amounted to 19,193.

TUNGUSKA, the name of three large rivers of Asiatic Russia, all tributaries to the Yenisei. The first, called the Lower Tunguska, is the most northerly of the three, and has the longest course. It rises in the northern part of the government of Irkoutsk, and after running for a considerable space parallel to the Lena, turns gradually to the westward, and falls into the Yenisei, near Turuchansk. Its entire course cannot be estimated at less than 1000 miles.

The Middle Tunguska rises also in the district of Irkoutsk, not far from the source of the Lower Tunguska, and after a course of between five and six hundred miles through the district of Yeniseisk, falls into the Yenisei, in Lat. 62. N.

The Upper Tunguska rolls a greater mass of water than either of the above streams, and might even rival the Lower Tunguska in length of course, if counted from the commencement of its stream. It bursts from the northern part of the lake or sea of Baikal, through a broken and rocky channel. It bears the name of Angara in all the first part of its course, and till after being joined by the Ilim, when it receives the name of Tunguska. It then flows westward, and joins the Yenisei, in Lat. 59. N.

TUNIECHODY, a village in the east of Boheinia, to the north of Chrudim. It has some silk manufactures.

TUNIS, a considerable territory of Northern Africa, forming one of the most powerful of the Barbary states. It consists chiefly of a large peninsula, stretching into the Mediterranean in a north-easterly direction, and coming within less than a hundred miles of the coast of Sicily. Beginning at Cape Jerbi, the frontier point of Tripoli, the coast extends northerly with a slight declination to the east; but after turning Cape Bon, its general direction is easterly, with a slight declination to the south. It terminates at Cape Roux, in Lat. 37. N. and the whole extent is about 500 miles. The cultivated part reaches from 200 to 250 miles into the interior, till it terminates with the chain of Atlas, and the vast dry plains of the Bled el Jereede. There are few countries more highly favoured as to natural beauty and fertility. It is watered by the noble river Mejerdan, celebrated by the ancients under the name of Bagrada, and which contains on its banks many towns and large villages, with from 5000 to 15,000 inhabitants. banks, and the country to the eastward, are the best cultivated parts of the regency. That on the west side being exposed to the inroads of the Algerines, is more thinly inhabited, and in many places almost a desert. The tracks to the south called Bled el Jercede, or the country of dates, though

Its

not presenting the same rich and verdant aspect as those on the sea coast, yield in plenty, not only the date, but grain of different kinds, and contain a number of large villages. The inhabitants are almost exclusively governed by chiefs of their own, the Tunisians merely sending once a year a flying column, to collect the tribute, rather in the form of military exaction, than of voluntary gift. The mountains near Tunis contain mines of silver, copper, and lead; and there is one of quicksilver near Porto Tarina; but these sources of national wealth are not turned to any account.

The territory of Tunis, from the manner in which it projects into the Mediterranean, is peculiarly favourable for carrying on the trade of that sea, and comes also into closer contact with the European powers than any other of the Barbary states. Upon these advantages were founded the rise of Carthage, the first commercial state of antiquity, and the rival of Rome itself in the pursuit of universal empire. This city, situated in the close vicinity of Tunis, presents now no trace of its ancient grandeur. "The dreadful imprecations of their eternal enemy the Romans," says a celebrated Journal,have been strictly fulfilled against this devoted city. In vain does the inquisitive traveller seek in the neighbourhood of Tunis for the triple wall, with its lofty towers, whose capacious chambers contained stalls for 300 elephants, and stables for 4000 horses, with lodgings for a numerous army-in vain does he look for those safe harbours and sheltered receptacles-for those 2000 ships of war, and 3000 transports, which carried Hamilcar and his warriors against Syracuse a few remains of the public cisterns, and the common sewers, are all that is left to point out the spot whereCarthage, with its 700,000 inhabitants, once stood." Though the city of Carthage, however, was razed to the ground, the Romans made its territory the centre of their African dominion, and covered it with magnificent monuments of their taste and wealth. In the irruption of the barbarous nations upon Rome, the Vandals were the first who seized upon Africa, where Genseric erected a powerful piratical dominion, whose flects on one occasion took and sacked the capital of the Roman empire. All other occupants, however, were destined to give way before the torrent of Saracen conquest. In the 7th century, Sidi Occuba, a lieutenant of the caliph Othman, conguered all this part of Africa, and erected it into a kingdom, of which Kairwan, or Cairoan, was the capital. After many revolutions, in the end of the 12th century, the dynasty of the Almohades was estalished in Morocco, and Tunis was go

verned by a viceroy. Under Charles V. this city was the theatre of contention between the troops of that emperor and Barbarossa, the celebrated pirate. The Spanish expe dition was completely successful; and a treaty was concluded, stipulating for a g neral liberation of the captives, and for free intercourse between Tunis and the European states. This continued till 1574, when the expedition sent by sultan Selim, under Sinan Basha, drove the Spanish gar rison out of the Goletta, and annexed Tunis to the Turkish empire. It was governed for some time by its viceroys, called deys; but the people, or rather the soldiery, soOD acquired the privilege of electing their own dey; and that officer may now be consi dered entirely independent of the Porte. The chief danger of the Tunisian state arises at present from the Algerines, whe in the course of the last century, have wrested from it the fine province of Costantina, and aim at subduing the whole kingdom.

TUNIS, a large city of Barbary, capital of the territory of the same name. It is sitaated at the bottom of a bay, about ten miles south-west from the site of the an cient Carthage, of which it may properly be considered as the successor. It is sitated on a plain, surrounded on all sides, except the east, by considerable heights, but is so encircled by lakes and marshes, that in such a climate it might be expected to be very unhealthy; yet from some caus not fully ascertained, this effect does not take place. The city is large, being sup posed to contain 12,000 houses, and 130,000 inhabitants. Of these, 30,000 are Jews, and about 1500 Christians, of whom 1000 cou der themselves the subjects of France; the rest, with the exception of the consuls a their suite, are ci-devant inhabitants of Ta barca, who were driven out, when the Ge noese republic became annexed to France Tunis is built in the most irregular manner, and the streets so extremely narrow and filthy, that they can with difficulty be passed through. Only, therefore, a peenliar salubrity of climate could prevent the prevalence of contagious diseases. Though large sums have been spent in the construction of forts, and in surrounding the city with a high wall, it is by no means a strong place. The citadel, called El Gaspe begun by Charles V., and finished by John of Austria, is much out of repair, and commanded by the neighbouring heights there is also a rising ground on the north of the town, which commands both it and El Bardo, the fortified palace of the bey, two miles west of Tunis. This city is by means distinguished by magnificent edifices: there is, however, one great

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