province of Gujerat, and district of Puftun, on which account it is called Puttun Sumnaut, to distinguish it from the Temple of Somnauth, in the island of Diu. It is a place of considerable consequence, is defended by a stone citadel, and possesses a temple held in high estimation by the Hindoos. It has lately been conquered by the Rajpoot chief of Sorut. Long, 70. 23. E. Lat. 20. 57. N.

SUMNER, a post township of the United States, in Oxford county, Maine, 170 miles N. N. E. of Boston. Population 611.

SUMNER, a county of the United States, in the north side of West Tennessee. Population 13,792, including 3734 slaves. The chief town in Gallatin.

SUMNUM, a small town of Persia, in the western part of the province of Korassan. It is the capital of a rich district, containing fifty villages, and bounded on the north by Mount Elbourz, and on the south by the Great Salt desert.

SUMOOKGUR, an ancient fortress of Bengal, situated on the eastern bank of the Hoogly river, about 27 miles north of Calcutta, but now in ruins. There is no tradition by whom it was built.

SUMPTER, a district of South Carolina, east of the Santee. Population 19,054, including 11,538 slaves.

SUMRAH, a village of Syria, in the pachalic of Tripoli, the ancient Simysa, 18 miles N. E. of Tripoli.

SUMSKOE-OSTROG, a small town of the north-west of European Russia, in the government of Olonetz, at the mouth of the river Sura, 70 miles S. by E. of Kemi. Population 1100.

SUMTERSVILLE, a post village of the United States, in Claremont county, South Carolina.

SUMY, a large town in the interior of European Russia, in the government of Charkov, on the river Psol. It is surrounded with a wall and ditch, and farther defended by an old citadel. Like other Russian towns, it is built chiefly of wood, and wretchedly paved; but it contains several charitable institutions, and public depots and warehouses, is the chief place of a circle, and has 11,000 inhabitants. Agriculture, in one shape or another, whether gardening, til lage, or pasturage, forms the chief employment of the inhabitants of this town and neighbourhood, for the only manufacture is the distilling of spirits. The traffic of the place is considerable, but transactions on a large scale are, in a great measure, confined to four annual fairs, where a number both of Greek and Russian merchants attend for the disposal of foreign commodities. 90 niles N. W. of Charkov. Long. 35. 6. E. Lat. 50. 54. N.

SUNAPEE, a lake of the United States, in New Hampshire, in the townships of Fisherfield, Wendell, and New London. It is 11 miles long, and 11 broad. Little Sunapee, 2 miles long, lies north-east of it, in New London.

SUNAPEE, a mountain of the United States, in New Hampshire, south of Sunapee lake.

SUNART, LOCH, a navigable inlet of the sea, between the counties of Argyle and Inverness, in Scotland, about 20 miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles broad. It is also the name given to the district bordering on the loch.

SUNBINGEN TARN, or LAKE, a small lake of England, in Westmoreland, which abounds with eels, and in which are bred vast quantities of red trout, like char. The adjoining moors abound with grouse and moor game.

SUNBURY, a parish of England, in Middlesex, situated on the banks of the Thames, 18 miles W. S. W. of St Paul's, London. Population 1655.

SUNBURY, a borough and post township of the United States, and capital of Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehannah, I mile below the junction of the east and west branches. It is regularly laid out, and contains a court-house, a jail, and a Presbyterian and Lutheran church. Population 790. 122 miles N. W. by W. of Philadelphia.

SUNBURY, a seaport and post township of the United States, in Liberty county, Georgia, at the head of St Catharine's sound. 42 miles S. S. W. of Savannah. The harbour is safe and commodious, and the situation of the town is pleasant and healthy. It contains an academy, and is the resort of planters from the adjacent country during the sickly season.

SUNCHULI, & mountain of the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, in the district of Laricaxas, celebrated as having been the situation of a gold mine, which was discovered in 1709, and was worked with immense profit till 1756, when it was inundated by a spring which suddenly burst into it.

SUNCOOK, a river of the United States, in New Hampshire, which runs south-west into the Merrimack, 7 miles below Concord.

SUNDA, STRAITS OF, the arm of the sea which separates the large islands of Sumatra and Java. It is known to Europeans by this name; by the Malays it is termed Sunda Kalapa. The length of this channel taken from the flat point to Varkens or Hog point, is about 70 miles, and on the opposite coast, from Java head to Bantam point, about 90. In the mouth of the straits lies Prince's island, by the situation, of which two passages are formed; one bes

tween Prince's island and Java, which is made use of, for the most part, by ships which have to pass the straits during the south-east monsoon, in order that, sailing close in with the Java shore, they may soon get within anchoring depth, and escape all danger of being driven to sea with the currents, which at that time of the year set strongly out of the straits to the westward. The other passage, which is called by seamen the Great Channel, sometimes also serves as an entrance to the straits during the southeast monsoon, but it is with the greatest difficulty, and after continual struggling with the south-easterly winds and the current, that this can be effected. In the narrowest part of the straits, and opposite to Hog's point, on Sumatra, lies an island, that, on account of its situation, has been called Thwart the Way, or Middle isle. A strong current runs through the passage on both sides of this island during the whole year, setting with the prevailing easterly or westerly winds, either to the north-east or south-west. The chief islands in the straits of Sunda are Prince's isle, Krakatau, Thwart the Way, and Pulo Baby. The others are very small and insignificant, mostly level, founded on beds of coral, and covered with trees. A few have steep naked sides, and at a little distance resemble old castles, mouldering into ruins, but, on a nearer view, appear to be of volcanic origin. The Dutch East India company claim an absolute sovereignty over the straits of Sunda, but it never has been, in any respect, enforced. These pretensions originate from the circumstance of their superiority over the land on each side; Bantam on the Java shore, and Lampong on that of Sumatra.

SUNDAY ISLAND, a small island on the east coast of New Holland, discovered by captain Bligh in 1789. Lat. 11. 58. S.

SUNDBURG, a fortress in the south-west of Sweden, in the province of Bahus, on the Swynesund, a bay to the north of Gottenburg.

SUNDEELA, a town of Hindostan, province of Oude, and district of Lucknow. Long. 80. 30. E. Lat. 27. 5. N.

SUNDEEP, an island of Bengal, situated at the mouth of the eastern or great branch of the river Ganges. It is about 20 miles in length by 10 in breadth. The soil is fertile, and affords excellent pasture for cattle, and might easily be rendered of much more value than it is at present; but the same reasons which have hitherto induced the British not to cultivate Sagur, apply equally to this island, and it is chiefly used as the station of one of the government factories in the manufacture of sea salt, being an appendage of the Chittagong agency. Ships

may safely approach it on all sides but the north, where the passage between it and Boming is reckoned dangerous. The town is situated on the north bank of a river or creek called Sittal, and stands about a mile from the western shore. The entrance to the river is safe, and at the distance of a mile inland has four fathoms water even at ebb tide. It possesses also good anchorage, where ships might remain in safety during the adverse monsoon; but the climate is unfavourable to Europeans. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, a number of Portuguese were settled on the coasts of Arracan and Chittagong. Many of these had entered into the service of the native princes, and from their knowledge of maritime affairs, and desperate bravery, had risen to considerable commands, and had obtained extensive grants of land both on the continent and adjacent islands. The turbulent or treacherous conduct of these adventurers having, in the year 1607, given offence to the rajah of Arracan, he determined to extirpate them from his dominions. Many were in consequence put to death, but a number of them escaped in their vessels, to the islands at the mouth of the Ganges, where for some time they lived by piracy, and having elected a person named Sebastian Gonzales to be their chief, took possession of the island of Sundeep. His countrymen, and some converts to Christianity, joined his standard, and in a few years he had collected an army of 3000 men, and 80 small vessels of war, with which force he took possession of all the neighbouring islands. After a turbulent career of nine years, he was defeated by the rajah of Arracan, who took possession of the island, and retained it till the year 1666, when it was conquered by a Mogul army sent from Dacca by the nabob Shaista Khan, and, with the rest of the province, came into possession of the British. The town is situated in Long. 91. 36. E. Lat. 22. 25. N.

SUNDERBERG, Or SONDERBORG, a small town of Denmark, in the island of Alsen. It has a castle and an hospital, and contains a population of 2700. Its harbour is accounted one of the best in Denmark, and has belonging to it about 60 vessels, great and small. In the castle at this place Christian II. king of Denmark, was confined as a prisoner for 13 years. 16 miles E. N. E. of Flensborg. Long. 9. 49. E. Lat. 54. 56. N.

SUNDERBUNDS, or CHUNDERBUND, an ex◄ tensive and woody district of Bengal, situated in the Delta of the Ganges, and intersected by innumerable rivers or creeks, all of which are salt, and through the whole track nothing but brackish water is to be found. It is therefore, generally speaking, uninhabited, except by deer and tigers: even

the birds seem to have abandoned this inhospitable territory, as not one is to be seen till you approach one of the few scattered villages which are mostly situated at the junction of two of the most frequented rivers, and are supplied with fresh water by the passing boats. The navigation through the Sunderbunds is, however, extremely romantic, and well worth seeing once. There are pilots who are well acquainted with all its intricacies, and who conduct the boats through with great safety. Instances have occurred of tigers jumping into, or swimming to boats, and carrying off some of the crew, but they are very rare. This route is seldom taken as a matter of choice; but boats coming down the country to Calcutta in the hot season, are obliged to come through the Sunderbunds. The boats also from Chittagong and Arracan come through them in all seasons of the year; and during the dry weather salt-makers and wood-cutters reside here, and follow their respective occupations, though at the great risk of their lives. It is observable, that none of the trees are of a great size, nor afford valuable timber. They are, however, extremely use ful to Calcutta and other European towns on the Bhaggarutty river, by yielding them an inexhaustible supply of firewood. Some attempts have been made to bring parts of the Sunderbunds into cultivation, but with little success, as the want of fresh water must always prove a great obstacle. In a political point of view the Sunderbunds are esteemed of much utility, as forming a strong barrier towards the south, there being only three of the rivers accessible by ships.

SUNDERBURGER-SUND. See Alsingsund, SUNDERLAND, a large and populous market town and seaport of England, in the county of Durham. It is situated near the mouth of the Wear, on the south bank of the river. It is joined to the town of Monk Wearmouth, on the opposite side, by the famous iron bridge; so that the whole, including Bishop Wearmouth, forms one connected town, which extends about a mile and a half in length, and about one mile (the river Wear included) in breadth. The High-street is spacious, and tolerably handsome, especially the central part, which rises with a considerable ascent. Some of the other streets which branch off from this are narrow and dirty; but of late years many improvements have been made, in widening, repairing, and lighting the streets; and the general appearance of the town has in consequence been greatly improved. Of its public buildings, the church is a spacious and handsome edifice. The east end has a very light and elegant appearance, the altar being placed in a circu

lar recess, surmounted by a dome. This building proving too small for the increas ing population of the town, a spacious and elegant chapel of ease was erected in 1769; and the town contains, besides, a large and handsome chapel for the Methodists, and meeting-houses for the Presbyterians, Independents, Baptists, Quakers, and Unitarians. Several benevolent institutions exist in different parts of the town, particularly a dispensary established in 1794; a humane society, begun about the year 1790; a charity for decayed seamen and seamen's widows; a school for girls, founded about the year 1778; and a blue-coat school for boys. For the latter, a new school-house has been erected by subscription. The expence of education is chiefly defrayed by the money collected from communicants at the times of administering the sacrament. Here is also a charity school for boys, on the Lancasterian plan, and another at Bishop Wearmouth, on Bell's system. The exchange at Sunderland is a handsome building; and here is also an excellent public library, a large assembly-room, and a neat theatre. During the last war, very exten sive and commodious barracks were erected on the moor on the east of the town. Ata short distance to the south was formerly a chalybeate spring, said to be scarcely less powerful than that of Harrowgate; but by the encroachment of the sea on the Townmoor, where it was situated, this has been entirely washed away. The harbour of Sunderland is formed by two piers, situat ed on the south and north sides of the river. That on the south side is of long standing, and has undergone several repairs, having been much damaged by the high flood in November 1771. The other has been constructed since the year 1788, and forms a capital improvement in the harbour. Before this period, the navigation of the river was much impeded for want of a sufficient depth of water to admit ships of large burden with their cargoes, so that they were obliged to take in part of their lading in the open road. This inconvenience is now in a great measure removed. The northern pier, by narrowing the river, gives the ebbing tide greater force to clear away the bar of sand which is apt to form at the entrance of the harbour. The tide now flows 16 feet, and admits vessels of 300 or 400 tons burden. Near the extre mity of the northern pier an elegant lighthouse has been erected, which was finished in 1802. The iron bridge of Sunderland is justly regarded as the greatest curiosity in this part of the country, and is deserving of attention, both as a magnificent work of art, and as being among the first of the kind ever erected. It consists of an arch of

iron frame-work, thrown over the river, 237 feet span, and rising 100 feet above the level of the water; so that ships even of 400 tons can sail under it, by only striking their top-gallant masts. The trade of Sunderland has been long on the increase, and during the last half century in particular, has advanced with great rapidity. Its im ports are chiefly flour, wines, spirituous liquors, timber, tar, deals, flax, iron, &c. Coal is the staple article of export, and the coal trade furnishes employment for nearly 600 vessels, besides nearly 500 keels, which convey the coals from the coal-wharfs to the ships. The whole quantity of coals exported from Sunderland in the year 1820, was 421,061 Newcastle chaldrons. The number of persons dependent on this trade is very great, and cannot be estimated at less than 20,000 or 30,000. Most of the coals go to the metropolis, and to different places along the eastern coast. Considerable quantities are also sent to the Baltic, and in time of peace to France and Holland. The other articles of export are lime, glass, bottles, grindstones, and copperas. The lime is sent chiefly to the coasts of Yorkshire and Scotland. In the year 1814, no fewer than 8000 vessels cleared out from this port. The manufac tures of Sunderland are chiefly those of flint and bottle glass, earthenware, copperas, coal, tar, patent ropes, &c. Ship-building is carried on to a great extent, and a greater number of vessels have been launched here of late years, than at any other part in the kingdom. Sunderland is a borough by prescription. In the year 1634, the burgesses and inhabitants were incorporated by the title of mayor, 12 aldermen, and commonalty; but through the destruction and confusion incident to the civil wars which immediately followed, the charter was suffered to expire, no mayor or aldermen having ever been chosen to replace the first nominees. It sends no member to parliament. Population in 1811, 25,180; in this return sea-faring men, and persons serving in the army, or old militia, were not included. The real population at present, including these, will not be short of 35,000. Market on Friday. 13 miles N. E. of Durham, and 268 N. of London. Long. 0. 40. E. Lat. 54. 55. N. SUNDERLAND, a village of England, in Cumberland, near Cockermouth.

SUNDERLAND, a township of the United States, in Franklin county, Massuchusetts, east of the Connecticut, 90 miles W. of Boston. Population 551.

SUNDERLAND BRIDGE, a hamlet of EngJand, county of Durham, 3 miles S. S. W. of Durham.

SUNDERLAND FORT, a fort of the island

of Barbadoes, 1 mile N. of Speights Town.

SUNDERLAND, NORTH, a township of England, in Northumberland, 6 miles E.S. E. of Belford. Population 528.

SUNDERLAND WICK, a hamlet of England, East Riding of Yorkshire, 2 miles S. S. W. of Great Driffield.

SUNDHAUSEN, a village of the east of France, in the department of the Lower Rhine, with 1000 inhabitants.

SUNDI, or SOONDI, a district of Congo, in Africa, on the upper part of the bank of the Zaire. It is rocky and barren.

SUNDON, a parish of England, in Bedfordshire, 5 miles N. W. by N. of Luton. SUNDRISH, OF SUNDRIDGE, a parish of England, in Kent, 3 miles W. by N. of Seven Oaks. Population 854.

SUNDSWALL, a small town of Middle Sweden, in the province of Medelpedia, on the gulf of Bothnia, surrounded by high hills. It is the only town in the province, consists of one broad street, but has a population of only 1500. The harbour is large and convenient. The chief trade is in timber and tar; also in linen. 20 miles S. of Hernosand, and 185 N. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 16. 30. E. Lat. 62. 22.30. N.

SUNDWICH, or SUNDWIG, a village of Prussian Westphalia, in the county of Mark, with manufactures of iron and brasswire. 2 miles from Iserlohn.

SUNERAMPORE, a town of Bengal, district of Dacca. It is advantageously situated on the eastern branch of the Megna river, and carries on a considerable trade. Long. 91. E. Lat. 24. 5. N.-There are several other places of this name in Hindostan, but none of consequence.

SUNERGONG. See Soonergong.

SUNFISH CREEK, a river of the United States, in Ohio, which runs into the Ohio, 22 miles below Indian Wheeling.

SUNFLEET POINT, a cape on the south coast of New Holland, in Spalding Cove, Port Lincoln.

It is

SUNGEI TENANG, a country in the interior of Sumatra, situated between the 2d and 3d degrees of south latitude. The access to this territory is extremely difficult, on account of the different ranges of high mountains, covered with forest trees and thick jungle, that intervene. bounded on the north-west by Korinchi and Serampei; on the west and south-west by the Anak Sungei, or Mocomoco and Ypu district; on the south by Laboon, and on the east by Batang Asei and Pakalangjaibu.

The general produce of the country is maize, padi, potatoes, sweet potatoes, tobacco, and sugar-cane; and the vallies on the whole are well cultivated. The prin

dipal part of the dothing is procured from the eastern part of the island. It is practice with many individuals among these people (as with mountaineers in some parts of Europe) to leave their country, in order to seek employment where they can find it, and at the end of three or four years revisit their native soil, bringing with them the produce of their labours. If they happen to be successful, they become itinerant merchants, and travel to almost all parts of the island, particularly where fairs are held, or else purchase a matchlock-gun, and become soldiers of fortune, hiring themselves to whoever will pay them, but always ready to come forward in defence of their country and families. They are a thick, stout, dark race of people, something resembling the Acheenese; and in general they are addicted to smoking opium. The men are very fantastical in their dress. They commonly carry charms about their persons, to preserve them from accidents; one of which was shewn to Mr Marsden, printed (at Batavia or Samarang in Java) in Dutch, Portuguese, and French. It purported that the writer was acquainted with the occult sciences, and that whoever possessed one of the papers impressed with his mark (which was the figure of a haud, with the thumb and fingers extended) was invulnerable and free from all kinds of harm. It desired the people to be very cautious of taking any such, printed in London (where, certainly, none were ever priated), as the English would endeavour to counterfeit them, and to impose on the purchasers, being all cheats. The houses are all built on posts. Every village has a town-hall about 120 feet long, and broad in proportion, the wood-work of which is neatly carved. The dwelling-houses contain five, six, or seven families each, and the country is populous.

SUNIUM, the cape or promontory forming the southern extremity of Attica. Its bay is insignificant, and the chief curiosity is a ruined temple of Minerva, once adorned with exquisite sculpture, of which 15 columns are still standing. Its present name is Cape Colonna.

SUNNINGHILL, a very pleasant village and parish of England, in Berkshire, situated in the most delightful part of Windsor forest. Here are many handsome villas, and some mineral wells in the neighbourhood, which are much frequented in summer, and are reckoned efficacious in paralytie cases. Population 913. 6 miles S. S. W. of New Windsor.

SUNNINGWELL, a parish of England, situated on the opposite banks of the Thames, in Berkshire and Oxfordshire, the two parts

being connected by a wooden bridge. 2 miles N. of Abingdon.

SUNTA BEDNORE, a town of the south of India, province of Mysore. It is defended by a mud wall and a bound hedge; but was burnt by the Mahrattas in 1792. Long. 76. 5. E. Lat. 14. 8. N.

SUPERGA, a mountain of the north of Italy, in the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, about 5 miles from Turin, remarkable for its picturesque scenery, and for the elegance of a church which crowns its summit. This edifice; built by Victor Amadeus, is of a circular form, supported by pillars of beautiful marble, and surmounted by a dome. The altars are decorated with basreliefs, and the pavement is of variegated marble. It is the burial-place of the royal family, is seen from the surrounding country to a considerable distance, and commands, in return, a most delightful view.

SUPERIOR, LAKE, a lake of North America, and the largest body of fresh water which has yet been discovered. It is the most western of the great American lakes, and may be considered the head reservoir from which the St Lawrence derives its ample stream. This immense lake, unequalled in magnitude by any collection of fresh water upon the globe, is almost of a triangular form; its greatest length is 381, its breadth 161, and its circumference little less than 1152 miles; and is remarkable for the unrivalled transparency of its waters, as for its extraordinary depth. Its northern coast, indented with many extensive bays, is high and rocky; but on the southern shore the land is generally low and level. A sea almost of itself, it is subject to many vicissitudes of that element; for here the storm rages, and the billows break with a violence scarcely surpassed by the tempests of the ocean. In the distant range of mountains that form the land's height beyond its northern and western shores, several considerable rivers, and numerous small ones, have their rise, which being increased in their course by many small lakes, finally discharge themselves into Lake Superior. To the southward also there is another lofty range, dividing the waters that find their way to the gulf of Mexico through the channel of the Mississippi, from those that take a northern course into the great lake; so that its vastness is increased by the tributary streams of more than 30 rivers. On its north and north-east sides there are several islands, of which one called Isle Royale is the largest, being 100 miles long and 40 broad. Out of the south-east angle of Lake Superior a very rapid current, interrupted and broken by many small islands,