Pan American Union so that it may bring them to the attention of the other American Nations; without prejudice, however, to the data and information which the International Labor Office may have gathered on the subject in response to the Resolution of Santiago de Chile;

2. These studies shall be added to those of Geneva and shall be used to prepare draft conventions and recommendations as bases for bilateral labor treaties; taking into account, however, as far as possible the distinction between spontaneous immigration and directed immigration between the European and American States to the extent deemed convenient;

3. That within these limits the Conference recommends to the Governments that the preparation of appropriate standard treaties be put in charge of a committee of experts of the American countries, which shall meet as soon as possible so that their conclusions may be considered by the next Pan American Conference to be held at Lima;

4. Besides the above mentioned investigations the said Committee shall consider, as far as possible, the conclusions of the First International Conference of Immigration and Emigration of Havana of 1928; those submitted by the Carnegie Institute of Washington in accordance with the Second Meeting of the Pan American Institute of Geography and History, and those of the Labor Conference of the American States held at Santiago de Chile in 1936.

5. That, in view of the program of work proposed for the Conference on Higher Learning to be held at Paris in 1937, organized by the Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, it is recommended that the American countries prepare memoranda and other reports on the immigration problem and on the distribution of raw materials so that they may be taken up at the above mentioned meeting.

(The Delegation of the United States of America abstains from voting).

(Approved December 21, 1936).

Appendix 72

XLVI. RESTRICTIONS ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE CONSIDERING:

That the development of international trade unquestionably contributes to the progress and well-being of nations;

That closer commercial relationships contribute to drawing peoples together and create bonds of greater solidarity between the countries which maintain them; and that one of the most justifiable desires of the American Republics has always been to strengthen in every way the bonds of peace which unite them;

That the greater the interchange, the greater also will be the possibility for each country to specialize in those collective activities which will assure to it a maximum return with a minimum effort;

That this trade is being impeded by a great number of excessive or unreasonable restrictions and prohibitions, which have considerably diminished its volume;

That such restrictions and prohibitions give rise to discontent and uncertainty as well as to fear and disputes among all countries;

That it is essential, at this time, as a preliminary step toward eliminating and gradually reducing said prohibitions and restrictions, to prevent increase in the osbtacles which hinder international trade and render it more difficult; and

Having in mind the recommendations approved in the International Economic Conference held under the auspices of the League of Nations in 1927, and the conclusions of the subsequent Conferences of that organization; especially with respect to the effects of the "clearing" agreements as established by the Economic Committee of Geneva in 1935; and ratifying the declaration of principles approved in the Inter-American Conference of Montevideo in 1933 and the resolution adopted in the Pan American Commercial Conference of Buenos Aires in 1935;

The Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace

RECOMMENDS:

1. That the American States abstain, so far as possible, from raising or augmenting tariff barriers and every other kind of restrictions which directly or indirectly hinder international trade and resulting payments;

2. That immediately, and to the extent that the several national economies permit, a policy of abolishing and gradually reducing the said excessive or unreasonable prohibitions and restrictions upon international commerce be undertaken and carried forward by each of the said States, through the conclusion or revision of bilateral economic or commercial Agreements and Treaties and through unilateral action by each country;

3. That these recommendations become effective as early as possible in order that the Eighth Inter-American Conference to be held soon in Lima, and the Economic Financial Conference, which is to be held in Santiago, Chile, may mark a definite step towards a system of greater freedom in international commerce; and

RESOLVES:

4. To invite all Governments which do not partipate in this Conference to follow the policy proposed in the present recommendation. (With the reservation by El Salvador to the effect that due to its special geographic and economic situation it cannot comply immedi

ately with the doctrine contained in the above recommendation while the factors obtain which require it to maintain the existing dispositions and organization. See minutes of the Fifth Committee, meeting of December 17, published in the Diario of the Conference December 21, 1936).

(Approved December 21, 1936).

Appendix 73

XLVII. INTER-AMERICAN MARITIME COMMUNICATIONS

Whereas, the establishment of a special steamship service, facilitating transportation and increasing inter-American commerce through its promotion of economic relations and a more intimate knowledge between the peoples of this Continent, constitutes one of the most valuable means for maintaining and developing between them a deep spirit of cooperation and solidarity;

Taking into account that the adoption of some of the decisions concerning a Pan American merchant marine, voted by the Pan American Commercial Conference of Buenos Aires, 1935, would constitute a practical and highly useful measure, which would permit beginning or intensifying the transport of products of each American country to the other consuming markets of the American Continent; and

There do not now exist direct, frequent and regular maritime communications between all the American countries,

The Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace

RECOMMENDS:

1. a) That the American States interested in the development of Inter-American maritime communications, commence negotiations with a view to concluding bilateral or multilateral conventions destined to organize a shipping service meeting the conditions set forth in Article 2 of this recommendation;

b) That the American States, in order to assist the promotion of said services, should grant to such ships maximum administrative facilities and advantages with regard to port dues and other levies affecting navigation, to the extent permitted by the treaties and internal legislation of each country. Such facilities might be conceded spontaneously or at the request of the countries which may sign conventions of said character; and

c) That the American countries which may be interested in attracting such ships to their ports, should agree among themselves on the granting of subsidies, taking into account the volume of their mutual import and export trade.

2. As a basis for such treaties, the following principles are recommended for adoption:

a) The ships in question must maintain regular navigation services. No country can have more than two ships. The ships must be registered in one of the Contracting States and, to that effect, they shall comply with the requirements established in that State for the granting of the right to fly the national flag. Nevertheless, these requirements may be fulfilled either by nationals of one of the High Contracting Parties or, by previous special agreement by a consortium of nationals of different Contracting States interested in a given navigation line. In this last case, however, the maximum number of ships which may receive such special benefits should be two for any consortium of the States whose nationals own or operate the ships. The capacity and character of the ships will be determined by the State or group of States to which they belong but in addition to the facilities for the transportation, loading and unloading of merchandise, they must possess to a reasonable degree facilities for the transportation of commercial agents or passengers.

b) The minimum requirements for the service of these ships as to ports and frequency of voyages, shall be fixed by the interested States; but it should be obligatory to call, without transshipment, at the ports of at least three American nations. The calls at the various ports shall be alternating, so that the different lines shall call at ports of different States signatories of bilateral or multilateral treaties established in the terms fixed by this article.

c) Ships receiving such benefits shall accept samples of products of the States signatories to said conventions, so that such products may be exhibited for commercial advertising. On such ships the transportation of merchandise of national origin, on indefinite consignment when accompanied by the respective commercial agent, may be permitted. These goods may be sold, in whole or part, in the ports of call, in accordance with the facilities which the laws provide for consular and custom house clearance.

(Approved December 21, 1936).

Appendix 74

XLVIII. TRANSPORTATION BY AIR

Whereas, the reduction in the cost of rates, fares, and freight charges would considerably increase the use of airplanes, which is at present one of the most effective means of communication and interchange of ideas between men; and

Recognizing that the development of air-transport contributes to a better knowledge and understanding among the American peoples, and aids in the maintenance of a lasting peace,

The Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace

RECOMMENDS:

1.-That the American Governments study and, in so far as possible, apply measures tending toward a reduction in the cost of airtransport, and the simplification of present administrative formalities. 2.-That, to the same end and with the intention that this matter be considered in the Conference on Aviation, to be held in Lima in 1937, the Governments investigate carefully the charges, taxes, and fees falling upon air-transportation of persons, mail and freight, between the American Republics, and which affect the cost and development of such service.

(Approved December 21, 1936).

Appendix 75

XLIX. STANDARD OF LIVING

The Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace

RECOMMENDS:

That the Governments represented carry out, as soon as possible, a careful survey of the standards of living and the economic indices of the various regions within their territories.

The Pan American Union shall be charged with the responsibility to determine the outlines which these surveys shall follow, and to coordinate the results on a basis to make them so far as possible, open to study and comparison. These studies shall be carried on without affecting those undertaken by the International Labor Office, and shall be additional to those of Geneva.

(Approved December 21, 1936).

Appendix 76

L. BOY SCOUTS AND GIRL SCOUTS AND INTER-AMERICAN FRIENDSHIP

Whereas, youth without distinction of race, of intellectual culture or of fortune, must be the strongest support for the maintenance of peace between peoples; and