SEEKS REFUGE IN ENGLAND. - HIS SUCCESS THERE DUE TO ENGLISH SYMPATHY
WITH THE REBELLION. HIS MALIGNITY TOWARDS THE UNION. — SOUTHERN
CHARACTER. ITS STRONG POINTS AND ITS WEAK POINTS.-CONDUCT OF CON-
FEDERATE CONGRESS. THEIR INFLAMMATORY ADDRESS. ITS EXTRAVAGANCE
AND ABSURDITY. - JEFFERSON DAVIS'S ADDRESS TO CONGRESS. HIS LACK OF
MORAL COURAGE. — DISBANDMENT OF UNION ARMY, 1,000,516 MEN. — ANOTHER
MILLION GONE BEFORE. - Self-Support AND SELF-ADJUSTMENT. - COMPARISON
WITH THE ARMY OF THE REVOLUTION. — UNION OFFICERS ALL YOUNG MEN.
- AGES OF OFFICERS IN OTHER WARS. - AGES OF REGULAR ARMY OFFICERS.
- OF VOLUNTEER OFFICERS. - HARMONY OF THE TWO. - SPECIAL EFFICIENCY
OF THE VOLUNTEERS.—MAGNITUDE OF THE UNION ARMY. THE INFANTRY,
CAVALRY, ARTILLERY.— NUMBER OF GENERALS. — NUMBER OF REGIMENTS. -
MILITARY RESOURCES OF THE Republic. - ITS SECURITY IN TIME OF Danger,

CHAPTER III.

THE RECONSTRUCTION PROBLEM-THE PRESIDENT'S PUBLIC ADDRESSES. — TIME FOR ACTION ARRIVED. PROCLAMATION DECLARING HOSTILITIES CEASED. — MANNER OF Dealing with INSURRECTIONARY STATES. - MR. LINCOLN'S FIRST EFFORTS AT RECONSTRUCTION. — ELECTION IN LOUISIANA. - FLANDERS AND HAHN. - MR. LINCOLN'S NOTE TO GENERAL SHEPLEY.-TO CUTHBERT BULLETT. MR. LINCOLN'S DEFINITE PLAN. -"ONE-TENTH" OF VOTERS TO ORGANIZE LOYAL STATE GOVERNMENT. - Free-State CONVENTION IN LOUISIANA. MICHAEL HAHN ELECTED GOVERNOR. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. MR. LINCOLN'S CONGRATULATIONS. - SIMILAR ACTION IN ARKANSAS. — ISAAC MURPHY ELECTED GOVEernor. — REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS DENIED TO THESE STATES. MR. SUMNER'S RESOLUTION. —ADOPTED BY SENATE.-SIMILAR ACTION IN HOUSE. CONFLICT BETWEEN THE PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS. - CONGRESSIONAL PLAN OF RECONSTRUCTION. THREE FUNdamental CONDITIONS. BILL PASSED JULY 4, 1864.- NOT APPROVED BY THE PRESIDENT. HIS REASONS GIVEN IN A PUBLIC PROCLAMATION. —Senator Wade and H. WINTER DAVIS CRITICISE THE PROCLAMATION. THEIR PROTEST. — SUBSEQUENT RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS. THE PRESIDENT'S REPLY TO IT. - MR. LINCOLN'S PROBABLE COURSE ON THE SUBJECT OF RECONSTRUCTION.-RECONSTRUCTION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF TENNESSEE. - THE QUICK PROCESS OF - RATIFIED BY POPULAR VOTE, 25,293 TO 48.-PARSON BROWNLOW CHOSEN GOVERNOR. — PATTERSON AND FOWLER ELECTED SENATORS. — JOHNSON'S INAUGURATION AS VICE-PRESIDENT. - HIS SPEECH. — WERE THE Rebel STATES OUT OF THE UNION? - JOHNSON'S VIEWS.-MR. LINCOLN'S VIEWS. RADICAL AND CONSERVATIVE. - EXTRA SESSION DEBATED.-ADVERSE DECISION.-ILL-LUCK OF EXTRA SESSIONS.

DOING.

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PAGE

PRESIDENT JOHNSON AND The Cabinet. - EFFECT OF VICE-PRESIDENT'S ACCESSION. -EXAMPLE OF TYLER IN 1841 AND FILLMORE IN 1850.-A VICE-PRESIDENT'S DIFFICULT POSITION. PERSONNEL OF CABINET IN 1865. ITS NEARLY EVEN DIVISION ON RECONSTRUCTION ISSUES. - PRESUMED POSITION OF EACH MEMBER. - STANTON, HARLAN, AND DENNISON RADICAL. WELLES, McCulloch, and SPEED CONSERVATIVE. — MR. SEWARD'S RELATION TO THE PRESIDENT. HIS POSITION EXPLAINED. - MR. Seward reGAINS HIS HEALTH. - DISPLAY OF HIS PERSONAL POWER. - CHARACTERISTICS OF MR. SEWARD. - SUPERIORITY OF HIS MIND. TENDENCY OF THE PRESIDENT'S MIND. SOCIAL INFLuences at WORK UPON HIM. HIS RADICAL CHANGE OF POSITION. - PRESIDENT'S PROOLAMATION MAY 29.- AMNESTY AND PARDON TO REBELS.-THIRTEEN EXCEPTED

18

34

CLASSES.-THE "TWENTY-THOUSAND-DOLLAR" DISABILITY.-WARMLY OPPOSED
BY MR. SEWARD. CLEMENCY PROMISED TO EXCEPTED CLASSES. PARDONS
applied for. - FOURTEEN THOUSAND GRANTED IN NINE MONTHS. — ANOTHER
PROCLAMATION OF SAME DATE. - PROVISIONAL GOVERNORS APPOINTED. — -FIRST
FOR NORTH CAROLINA.-EXISTING GOVERNMENTS IN VIRGINIA, LOUISIANA,
ARKANSAS, AND Tennessee RECOGNIZED. - PRESIDENT'S RECONSTRUCTION POL-
ICY. NOW FULLY DISCLOSED. OATH OF ALLEGIANCE PRESCRIBED. — PROVIS-
IONAL GOVERNORS TO ASSEMBLE CONVENTIONS. THE CONVENTIONS TO FORM
CONSTITUTIONS. — LEGISLATURES THEN TO ASSEMBle. - WHOLE MACHINERY OF
GOVERNMENT IN MOTION.-REBELS IN POSSESSION OF STATE GOVERNMENTS.—
COLORED MEN EXCLUDED FROM ALL PARTICIPATION. -SUFFRAGE left to thE
STATES. PRESIDENT'S PERSONAL POSITION ON SUFFRAGE. — RECONSTRUCTION
SCHEME COMPlete in July. - THE PREsident and tHE REPUBLICAN PARTY.
- HIS BELIEF THAT THE PARTY WOULD FOLLOW HIM. HIS HOSTILITY TO
RADICALS.- PRESIDENT DEPENDS ON CONDUCT OF THE SOUTH.- PUBLIC IN-
TEREST TRANSFERRED TO THAT SECTION

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56

CHAPTER V.

GREAT OPPORTUNITY GIVEN TO THE SOUTH.-THEIR RESPONSE TO THE PRESIDENT'S TREATMENT. NORTHERN DESIRE FOR RESTORATION OF THE UNION. SOUTH DOES NOT RESPOND TO IT.- - SOUTHERN RECONSTRUCTION CONVENTIONS. INCOMPLETE AND ILL-DIGESTED PROCEEDINGS. — REBELS APPLY FOR SEATS IN CONGRESS. · IRON-CLAD OATH IN THEIR WAY. - THEY DENOUNCE IT AS UNCONSTITUTIONAL.-COURSE OF ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS. SOUTHERN FEELING TOWARDS THE UNION. THEIR CONVENTIONS EXHIBIT HATRED. - HOSTILE MANIFESTATIONS. — EXPRESSIONS OF PRESS AND STUMP ORATORS. — LEADING REBELS NOMINATED FOR OFFICE. SOUTH DESCRIBED BY MR. FESSENDEN'S COMMITTEE. SOUTH MISLED BY NORTHERN DEMOCRACY IN 1865. — FORMER CALAMITY FROM SAME CAUSE IN 1861.- WHAT CONGRESS WOULD DEMAND OF THE SOUTH.-THREE INDISPENSABLE REQUIREMENTS. SOUTHERN LEGISLATURES DEFIANTLY RESIST.- · CHARACTER OF THOSE LEGISLATURES. - PRACTICAL RE-ENACTMENT OF THE SLAVE-CODE. - CRUELTY OF ALABAMA STATUTES. — FRAUDULENT IN THEIR Nature. COURSE OF THE CITY OF MOBILE. — STATUTES OF FLORIDA STILL WORSE. - UNFAIR TAXATION. - POLL-TAX OF THREE DOLLARS. A LIEN UPON THE NEGRO'S LABOR.- OPPRESSION OF THE NEGRO. -ENACTMENTS IN SOUTH CAROLINA. - CHARACTERIZED BY RANK INJUSTICE. -PENAL ENACTMENTS IN MISSISSIPPI. ATROCIOUS PROVISIONS.-LAWS OF LOUISIANA WORST OF ALL. - CAPITATION TAX IN THE SOUTH. ITS UNJUST EFFECT. SCHOOL LAWS. EDUCATION PRACTICALLY DENIED TO THE NEGRO. - HE IS TAXED FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE WHITES. - DISPROPORTION OF BURDENS PLACED UPON HIM.-REVIEW OF THE BLACK CODE. SOME DETAILS OF ITS PROVISIONS. INCREDIBLY CRUEL. THE SOUTH WITHOUT EXCUSE FOR ITS ENACTMENT. — THEIR DeterminatioN TO VINDICATE SLAVERY. - TO BRING REPROACH ON THE NORTH. INFLUENCE OF THESE PROCEEDINGS ON MR. SEWARD. HIS MODE OF SELF-JUSTIFICATION. - SEVERELY CENSURED BY HIS OLD SUPPORTERS. — MISLED BY THE COURSE OF EVENTS. - HIS Loss OF POPU

MEETING OF THE THIRTY-NINTH CONGRESS. - RE-ELECTION OF SPEAKER COLFAX.HIS ADDRESS ON TAKING THE CHAIR. -THADDEUS STEVENS MOVES FOR A COMMITTEE OF RECONSTRUCTION. - RESISTED BY DEMOCRATS.-REBEL CONTESTANTS DENIED ADMISSION TO THE FLOOR. MUCH Feeling on THE QUESTION. - PRO

CEEDINGS OF THE SENATE. — PROPOSITIONS OF MR. SUMNER. — ANNUAL MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT. - OUTLINE OF ITS CONTENTS.- Apparently CONSERVATIVE IN TONE.NOT PERSONALLY AGGRESSIVE.-LEADING MEN OF THE THIRTYNINTH CONGRESS.- Death of Both VERMONT SENATORS. - NEW SENATORS. NEW MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE. SKETCHES OF PROMINENT SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES. - PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S PATRONAGE. UNPRECEDENTED VOLUME OF IT DUE LARGELY TO THE WAR. - Danger of ITS USE AGAINST REPUBLICANS. APPREHENSIONS OF REPUBLICANS.- RECONSTRUCTION RESOLUTION IN THE SENATE. - AMENDED IN THAT BODY.-CONCURRENCE OF HOUSE. - APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEE. STRONG CHARACTER OF ITS MEMBERS. HOUSE RESOLUTIONS. DEBATE ON RECONSTRUCTION. - LONGEST DEBATE IN THE HISTORY OF CONGRESS. OPENED BY MR. STEVENS. - VERY RADICAL IN ITS TONE. HE SKETCHES CHANGED BASIS OF REPRESENTAtion. -GIVES OFFENSE TO THE ADMINISTRATION. MR. HENRY J. RAYMOND. - HIS REPLY TO MR. STEVENS. HIS STRONG ATTACHMENT TO MR. Seward. - THEORY OF DEAD STATES. - SPEECH OF MR. SPALDING. MR. SHELLABARGER REPLIES TO MR. RAYMOND. EXHAUSTIVE SPEECH. GAVE HIM A LEADING PLACE IN THE HOUSE. SEVERE ATTACK ON THE SOUTH.-RESOLUTIONS OF MR. VOORHEES SUSTAINING ADMINISTRATION. SPEECH IN SUPPORT OF THEM. - MR. BINGHAM'S REPLY. HOUSE REFUSES TO INDORSE the ADMINISTRATION. - Two RepubliCANS JOIN DEMOCRATIC VOTE.-DISAPPOINTMENT OF MR. RAYMOND. — THINKS DEMOCRATIC SUPPORT A MISFORTUNE. CHARACTER OF MR. RAYMOND. - HIS GREAT ABILITY. HIS LIFE shortened.-Died at FORTY-NINE.

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111

SENATE DEBATE ON RECONSTRUCTION.
THE PRO-SLAVERY STATUTES OF SOUTHERN STATES. REPLY OF REVERDY
JOHNSON. MR. SUMNER SUSTAINS MR. WILSON. SPEECHES OF WILLARD
SAULSBURY AND MR. COWAN. EARNEST DEBATE BEFORE HOLIDAYS.-EM-
BARRASSMENT OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. - THE PRESIDENT'S PRESUMED
STRENGTH. POSITION OF COMMERCIAL MEN. FIRMNESS OF REPUBLICAN
MEMBERS OF CONGRESS. - Contrasted with CONDUCT OF WHIGS IN 1841.-
RESOLUTION OF MR. COWAN. - MR. SUMNER'S AMENDMENT. — REPORTS OF
COVODE AND SCHURZ CALLED FOR. - PRESIDENT'S SPECIAL MESSAGE.SENDS
REPORT OF MR. SCHURZ AND LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT. - CALLS SPECIAL
ATTENTION TO GENERAL GRANT'S REPORT. ― REPORT APPARENTLY SUSTAINS
THE ADMINISTRATION. - MR. SUMNER DENOUNCES PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. —
COMPARES JOHNSON TO PIERCE. - MR. SCHURZ'S REPORT SUBMITTED. — HIS
PICTURE OF THE SOUTHERN CONDITION.-HIS RECOMMENDATIONS. - FAVORS
NEGRO SUFFRAGE.- How MR. SCHURZ WAS SELECTED. EXTENT OF HIS TOUR
IN THE SOUTH.-HOW GENERAL GRANT WAS SELECTED. EXTENT OF HIS
TOUR IN THE SOUTH.-DIVERGENT CONCLUSIONS OF THE TWO.- SUBSEQUENT
CHANGE OF POSITION OF BOTH. INTERESTING CASE IN THE UNITED-STATES
SENATE. JOHN P. STOCKTON SWORN IN AS SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY.-
PROTEST AGAINST HIS RIGHT TO A SEAT. — JUDICIARY COMMITTEE REPORT IN
HIS FAVOR.- DEBATE IN THE SENATE. MR. CLARKE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
-ABLE SPEECH OF MR. FESSENDEN. HE EXAMINES THE CONSTITUTIONAL
GROUND. HIS CONCLUSIVE REASONING. LONG DEBATE. DECISION AGAINST
MR. STOCKTON. — IMPORTANT RESULTS FLOWING FROM IT.-
- CONGRESS REGU-
LATES TIME AND MANNER OF ELECTING SENATORS. CHANGE FROM STATE
CONTROL TO NATIONAL CONTROL · ALEXANDER G. CATTELL SUCCEEDS MR.
STOCKTON.DEATH OF MR. WRIGHT.-FREDERICK T. FRELINGHUYSEN SUC-
CEEDS HIM.