oder örtlichen Umstånden; archive, größtentheils den Ort, und zuweilen die Sache, stets mit dem Staate in Verbindung stehend.

Every place of antiquity has its records of the different circumstances which have been connected with its rise and progress, and the various changes it has experienced; in public registers we find accounts of families, and of their various connections and fluctuations; in archives we find all legal deeds and instruments which involve the interests of the nation, both in its internal and external economy.

Here were usually kept the records of the family, or those of any public office that had been filled by the owner: on one side of this saloon, if we may so call it, was often a dining room. (Bulwer's Pompeii.)

In commencing his history of the Milesian or Scoting monarchs, by far the most trustworthy of the Irish annalists informs us, that all the records of the Scots, before the time of king Kimbaoth, are uncertain. (Th. Moore's Ireland.)

This island, as appeareth by faithful registers of those times, had ships of great content. (Bacon.) I shall now only look a little into the Mosaic archives, to observe what they furnish us with upon this subject. (Woodward.)

1. RECOVERY, 2. RESTORATION.

1. Wiedererlangung; 2. Wiedergabe, Wiederherstellung. Das erste Hauptwort bezeichnet unsere eigene Handlung; das zweite die Handlung eines Andern. We recover the thing we have lost; it is restored to us by another; a king recovers his crown by force of arms, from the hands of a usurper; his crown is restored to him by the aid of his people; the recovery of property is good fortune; the restoration of property an act of justice.

Beide Hauptworter werden auch in Bezug auf unsere Gesundheit ges braucht: das erste bedeutet dann bloß Wiedergenesung, das zweite steht in Bezug auf das Werkzeug oder Mittel, durch welches die Wiederherstellung bewerkstelligt worden ist: the recovery of his health is an object of the first importance to every man; the restoration of one's health seldomer depends upon the efficacy of medecine, than the benignant operations of nature.

Let us study to improve the assistance which this revelation affords to the restoration of our nature, and the recovery of our felicity.

(Blair.)

After the pages which have been already devoted to enumerate the services rendered by Leo X. to all liberal studies, by the establishment of learned seminaries, by the recovery of the works of the ancient writers, and the publication of them by means of the press, by promoting the knowledge of the Greek and Latin languages, and by the munificent encouragement bestowed by him on the professors of every branch of science, of literature, and of art, it would surely be as superfluous to recapitulate his claims, as it would be unjust to deny his pretensions to an eminent degree of positive merit. (Roscoe's Leo X.)

I left you both in France, and in two years after, I went to Italy, for the recovery of my health. (Sterne's Mem.) By the valour and conduct of his great general Gonsalvo, he had obtained the peaceful sovereignty of the kingdom of Naples, and thereby restored to the legitimate branch of the house of Aragon, their long asserted rights. (Roscoe's Leo X.) Say what you will of its ministerial errors, of its factious agitations, the Restoration was a period of improvement, was a mighty epoch. (H. Bulwer's France.)

He is now on the eve of visiting foreign parts; a ship of war is commissioned by its Royal Master to carry the Author of Waverley to climates in which he may possibly obtain such a restoration of health as may serve him to spin his thread to an end in his own country. (W. Scott's Castle dang.)

1. To REDEEM, 2. RANSOM.

1. Durch Lösegeld frei machen, auslösen, erlösen, retten; 2. auslösen, loskaufen.

Das erste Zeitwort ist ein Ausdruck, der allgemein auf Personen und Dinge und auch uneigentlich angewendet wird, das zweite wird nur bei besondern Gelegenheiten von Personen und im eigentlichen Sinne gebraucht.

We may redeem by labour, or any thing which supplies an equivalent to money; we redeem a watch, or whatever has been given in pawn ;. we may redeem our character, redeem our life, or redeem our honour; our Saviour redeems repentant sinners. We ransom property with money only; we ransom a captive; those who are ransomed only recover their bodily liberty.

They have succeeded in redeeming whole parishes from pauperism.
(Bulwer's Engl.)

My species up in arms! not one exempt!
Yet for the foulest of the foul he dies?
Most joy'd for the redeem'd from deepest guilt!

(Young's N. Th.)

Thus in her crime her confidence she placed,
And with new treasons would redeem the past.

(Dryden.)

A third tax was paid by vassals to the king, to ransom him if he should happen to be taken prisoner.

(Robertson.)

the gift were cruel,

(Th. Campbell's Poems.)

Ransom'd, yet if reft of thee.

1. To REDUCE, 2. LOWER.

1. Versezen, bringen, vermindern; 2. herabsehen, vermindern. Das erste Zeitwort wird in dem Sinne von to lessen, vermindern, ge= braucht, wenn es auf zahl, Menge, Preis angewendet wird, bei Fållen, die sowohl Umstände als Personen betreffen; das zweite Zeitwort wird in der= selben Bedeutung gebraucht, wenn von Preisen, Forderungen, Bedingungen die Rede ist, bei welchen bloß Personen einwirken. Wenn es moralische Eigenschaften betrifft, ist reduce ein stärkerer Ausdruck als lower.

The price of corn is reduced by means of importation; a person lowers his price or his demand when he finds them too high. This man is reduced to an abject condition, that is, lowered in the estimation of others; to be reduced to a state of slavery; to be lowered in his own eyes.

The regular metres then in use may be reduced, I think, to four.

(Tyrwhitt.)

That the present laws of settlement must be simplified and reduced every one grants. (Bulwers' England.)

They have succeeded in reducing the rates in an incredibly short time, to a third of their former amount, (Bulwer's England.)

He was once worth fifty thousand pounds, and had actually agreed for the purchase of an estate in the West, in order to realize his money; but he quarelled with the proprietor about the repair of the garden-wall, and so returned to town to follow his own trade of stock-jobbing a little longer; when an unlucky fluctuation of stock, in which he was engaged to an immense extent, reduced him at once to poverty and to madness.

(Mackenzie's Man of feeling.)

It would be a matter of astonishment to me, that any critic should be found proof against the beauties of Agamemnon as to lower its author to a comparison with Sophocles or Euripides. (Cumberland.)

1. To REFER, 2. RELATE, 3. RESPECT, 4. REGARD.

1. Verweisen, sich beziehen; 2. sich beziehen; 3. sich beziehen; 4. an= gehen, betreffen.

To refer ift eine willkührliche Handlung, sie hångt von dem Willen eines Individuums ab: we may refer a person to any part of a volume, or to any work we please; to relate ist eine bedingte Handlung, sie hångt von der Art der Dinge ab; eine Sache bezieht sich, relates, auf eine andere, wenn irgend eine Uebereinstimmung zwischen ihnen vorhanden ist: orthography relates to grammar, by being a part of the grammatical science. Daher wird refer, wenn von Dingen die Rede ist, gewöhnlich bei solchen Umständen gebraucht, welche auf Ereignisse oder Verhältnisse zurückführen; relate, bei Dingen, die eine natürliche Verbindung haben: the religious festivals and ceremonies of the Roman Catholics have all a reference to some events that happened in the early periods of Christianity; the notes and observations at the end of a book relate to what has been inserted in the text. Während refer und relate uns zu dem zuweilen sehr Entfernten zurückführen, richtet respect und regard unser Uugenmerk auf das Nahe, und zeigt einen moralischen Einfluß an. Respect wird von Gegenständen im Allgemeinen und in Bezug auf ihre Eigenthümlichkeiten, regard, größtentheils von solchen, die auf das Gefühl Bezug haben, gesagt.

One refers a person to a thing; one thing refers, that is, refers a person, to another thing.

Our Saviour's words (in his sermon on the mount) all refer to the Pharisees' way of speaking. (South.)

For public matters I refer you to Col. Stanhope's and Capt. Parry's reports, and to all other reports whatsoever.

(Byron's Lett.)
Homer artfully in-

One thing relates, that is, is related to another. terweaves, in the several succeeding parts of his poem, an account of every thing material which relates to his princes.

(Addison.)

Pray, give me a particular and true account of all this: for I am not indifferent as to any one thing that relates to you.

(Chesterfield's Lett.)

It is the duty of the magistrate to take into consideration whatever respects the good order of the community. Laws respect the general welfare of the community. Religion is a pleasure to the mind as respects practice.

(South.)

1

The due administration of the laws regards the happiness of the individual. What I have said regards only the vain part of the sex.

The politeness which I mentioned, my dear child, in my former letters, regards only your equals and your superiors.

(Chesterfield's Lett.)

1. REFORM, 2. REFORMATION.

1. und 2. Umbildung, Umänderung, Verbesserung.

Das erste Hauptwort wird allgemein, das zweite in besondern Fållen angewendet: erleidet ein Gegenstand eine solche Veränderung, daß ihm das durch eine neue Gestalt gegeben wird, so ist es eine reform; wird diese umgestaltung in dem moralischen Charakter hervorgebracht, dann ist es eine reformation. Wenn beide Hauptwörter auf den moralischen Charakter angewendet werden, hat reform eine ausgedehntere Bedeutung, und bezeichnet eine völlige Verbesserung, während reformation nur das Verfahren des Verbefferers angiebt.

The concerns of a state require occasional reform; those of an individual require reformation. A reform in one's life and conversation will always be accompanied with a corresponding increase of happiness to the individual; when we observe any approaches to reformation, we may cease to despair of the individual who gives the happy indications. Busy politicians are ever ready to propose a reform in the constitution of their country, but they forget the reformation which is requisite in themselves.

展

He was anxious to keep the distemper of France from the least countenance in England, where he was sure some wicked persons had shown a strong disposition to recommend an imitation of the French spirit of reform. (Burke.)

With insolence, and impotence of thought,
Instead of racking fancy, to refute,

Reform thy manners, and the truth enjoy.

(Young's N. Th.)

Examples are pictures, and strike the senses, nay, raise the passions, and call in those (the strongest and most general of all motives) to the aid of reformation. Satire lashes vice into reformation.

(Pope.) (Dryden.)

1. To REFUSE, 2. DECLINE, 3. REJECT, 4. REPEL, 5. REBUFF.

1. Verweigern, ausschlagen, wegweisen, abweisen; 2. von sich weisen, abweisen, ablehnen; 3. verwerfen, von sich weisen; 4. zurückstoßen, zurücktreiben; 5. zurückstoßen, schlagen, treiben (abweisen). Refuse ist eine uneingeschränkte Handlung, welche keine nähere Bezeichnung einer Meinung begleitet; es wird mistens nur auf Vorfälle zwischen Individuen angewendet: wir verweigern etwas, refuse, weil wir nicht geneigt sind zu willfahren; decline ist eine höfliche, indirecte Urt einer abschlägigen Antwort, refusal: wir lehnen ab, decline, aus Bewegungsgründen der Klugheit; reject, geschieht auf eine directe Weise, und drückt bestimmte Mißbilligung von Individuen und Staatsgesellschaften aus: wir verwerfen, reject, das mit unsern Absichten nicht Uebereinstimmende; repel, ist mit Gewalt von sich weisen, reject; to rebuff, mit Verachtung abweisen, refuse, was sich uns gegen unsere Neigung aufdringt oder nåhert.

We refuse to listen to the suggestions of our friends; requests and petitions are refused by those who are solicited; the king refuses to give his assent to a bill. We decline an offer of service. We reject the insinuations of the interested and evil-minded; the parliament rejects a bill; we refuse and reject that which is either offered, or simply presents itself, for acceptance. We repel the attack of an enemy; we repel the advances of one who is not agreeable. We rebuff those who put that in our way that is offensive; importunate persons must necessarily expect to meet with rebuffs, and are in general less susceptible of them than others; delicate minds feel a refusal as a rebuff.

This insult to her divine beauty sunk deeply into her (Elizabeth) breast, and jointly with his obstinacy in refusing to sue for mercy, steeled her against the apologies, the solicitations, and the tears of his (Essex) friends. (Lingard's Hist.)

But all her arts are still employ'd in vain;
Again she comes, and is refus'd again.

(Dryden.)

Melissa, though she could not boast the apathy of Cato, wanted not the more prudent virtue of Sarpio, and gained the victory by declining the

contest.

Why should he then reject a suit só just?
But some reject this sustenance divine
To beggarly vile appetites descend,

(Johnson.)
(Dryden,)

Ask alms of earth for guests that came from heav'n.

(Young's N. Th.)

The bird of heav'n then cry'd aloud:
Jove bids disperse the murm'ring crowd;
The God rejects your idle prayers.

(Gay's Fables.)

The Emperor (Alex. Comnenus) was happy in his own good luck, when he found it possible to conduct a defensive war on a counterbalancing principle, making use of the Scythian to repel the Turk, or of both these savage people to drive back the fiery-footed Frank.

(W. Scott's Rob.)
Th' unwearied watch their listening leaders keep,
And, couching close, repel invading sleep.

Her heart, be sure, is not of ice,
And one refusal no rebuff.

(Pope.)

(Byron's Mazeppa.)

(Dryden.)

At length rebuff'd they leave their mangled prey.

1. To RELATE,

2. RECOUNT.

1. Erzählen, berichten; 2. erzählen, wiedererzählen.

Das erste Zeitwort bezeichnet, Begebenheiten mündlich oder schriftlich erzählen, die uns selbst sowohl, als Undere betreffen, und welche sich entweder vor langer Zeit, oder in diesem Augenblicke zugetragen haben; das zweite, uns selbst angehende Ereignisse mündlich erzählen, die größtentheils vor langer Zeit Statt fanden; indem wir erzählen, recount, taucht die Erinnerung in vergangene Vorfälle, und überzählt, counts over, was den Geist besonders angezogen.

Those who relate all they hear often relate that which never happened; travellers are pleased to relate to their friends whatever they have seen remarkable in other countries; we relate what happened on meeting a