In 1862 Mr. Cooper raised a company of Indians for service in the civil war. He took them to Dearborn where he remained about two months, when he was sent back to get more recruits. He secured the required number and expected to go into service as captain of a company, but was never ordered to report with his last recruits, was never discharged, and received no pay for what he had already done To this day Mr. Cooper does not know whether he is still a soldier of the government or only a private citizen. In 1867 he removed to Charlevoix to keep the boarding-house of A. Fox & Co., which was the original part of the present Fountain City House. After a year or two he purchased the property and has kept hotel from that time to the present. He has enlarged the building as business increased, until it is now a large, threestory building. Mr. Cooper was sheriff of the county eight years, judge of probate one term, and is now deputy U. S. marshal, and marshal of the village. Mr. Cooper has passed through all kinds of hardships and rough experience; sometimes shipwrecked on the lake, subsisting sometimes on buds and bark, and regarding them all as but incidents of pioneer life. They have three children, two daughters and one son. Mr. Cooper's connection with Little Traverse appears in the history of Harbor Springs.

NELSON AINSLIE, an early settler of Charlevoix, was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., in the year 1824. He was married in Oakland County, Mich., to Miss M. A. Lowrie, in November, 1848. December, 1861, he enlisted in Company I, Fourteenth Michigan Volunteers, and was in the service until April, 1865. He still suffers from serious injuries received during the war. His pa rents had settled in Michigan at an early day, and his occupation before the war was farming. In the spring of 1867 he removed to Charlevoix, as at that time he had the contract for carrying the mail between Traverse City and Cheboygan. When he came to Charlevoix, he purchased a lot on what is now Bridge Street, extending from the postoffice to the office of Major Green. He built a house, now standing next to the postoffice, in which his family lived fifteen years. At that time there were no roads, and the mail was carried on ponies over an Indian trail along the lake shore. He had the contract four years. Mr. Ainslie was the first one to open a road on the line of Bridge Street. In 1881 he built their present residence. He has not been in active business for several years but carries on a farm near the village. They have had five children, four of whom are now living.

John Nicholls, lumberman, Charlevoix, is a native of England and came to America in 1850. For a number of years he resided in Trempealeau County, Wis., where he carried on farming, but most of his time was occupied with public affairs. For ten years he held a county office, and was also a member of the state legislature one term. Mr. Nicholls was a prominent Republican and occupied a lea ling position in public affairs. In 1876 he located at Charlevoix, having purchased the mill and property of Redington, Nelson & Co., and has operated the mill and carried on general lumbering operations since that time. He is also largely interested in real estate in the county, and has platted the villages of South Arm, East Jordan and South Boyne. He built his residence on the high ground overlooking Round Lake, in 1878. He has a wife and seven children. He is one of the trustees of the village and president of the Historical Society.

ROBERT MILLER, proprietor of the Bridge Street House, Charlevoix, is a native of St. Lawrence County, N. Y. August 11, 1862, he enlisted in Company C, One Hundred and Sixth New York Volunteers, and served until July 10, 1864, when he was discharged for disability. In 1864, after returning from the army, he came to Charlevoix and the following year located permanently. He built a saw-mill on Mill Creek. where the Stover Mill is now located, but

the dam was carried away and he never operated the mill. He afterward carried on blacksmithing and continued that business until 1881. The Bridge Street House, of which he is now proprietor, was originally built by him in 1868 as a dwelling. The building has been enlarged at different times, and since 1881 he has been engaged in the hotel business. He has been justice of the peace twelve years and president of the village one term. Has a wife and two children. One son, Byron W., is engaged in the mercantile business.

G. W. CROUTER, dentist and druggist, Charlevoix, was born in Canada in the year 1851. In 1871 he came to Michigan and was located at Grand Rapids until the spring of 1872, when he removed to Charlevoix and opened the first drug store in the village. He carried on business in the Kyes building near the Fountain City House until 1876, when he erected a two-story building,on Bridge Street which he has since occupied with his drug store and dental office. In 1874 he began the practice of dentistry, being the first dentist in the village. He has been for several years one of the leading business men of Charlevoix, and one of its most enterprising citizens. He has held the office of village clerk and has been one of the trustees of the village since the spring of 1881. As a business man he has been very successful and has acquired extensive business and property interests in the village. Is one of the stockholders of the Charlevoix Manufacturing Co. and one of its directors. He is a prominent member of the Odd Fellows' fraternity, and has done much towards securing the prosperity which the lodge in Charlevɔix enjoys. Few men in the place have been more actively identified with the general progress and welfare of the village than Dr. Crouter. He has a wife and one child.

A. R. UPRIGHT, one of the prominent business men of Charlevoix, was born at Marshall, Mich., and came from there to Charlevoix in the spring of 1873. He came here with the intention of entering the employ of Fox, Rose & Buttars as book-keeper, but upon arriving here changed his plans and went into the employ of the mill company, working about the mill. After a short time he went into the office as book-keeper where he remained until fall. He then taught school at Norwood through the winter, after which he took a position as foreman in the employ of Mr. Meach, remaining there through the summer of 1874. In the fall of that year he returned to Charlevoix to take the position of principal of the school in the village. He continued in that capacity until the close of the term in the summer of 1876. in the summer of 1876. The following fall he was elected clerk and register of deeds of the county, which offices he still holds. His first business operations were in real estate, and afterward included other branches. In 1880 he became a member of the firm of Upright & Emrey, general merchants and also dealers in wood, posts and ties. He is also a member of the banking firm of Buttars, Upright & Co.. proprietors of the Merchants' and Farmers' Bank, of Charlevoix, and of the firm of Upright Bros., abstract and real estate office. In the spring of 1882, in company with W. H. Hulburt, he platted Hulburt & Upright's Addition to the village of Charlevoix. In 1883 he erected an elegant residence upon the terrace in this addition. He has held the office of treasurer of the village, and is now one of the village trustees. Has a wife and three children. Mr. Upright is a very successful business man. A sketch of his residence is given in this work.

J. MILO EATON, attorney and real estate dealer, Charlevoix, was born at Keene, New Hampshire, in the year 1848. At the age of twenty-one years he left his native place and came to Saginaw, Mich., where he had a brother engaged in the practice of law. He remained there about a year and then went to Chicago, where he remained two years, then returned to Saginaw and read law for a short time in the office of his brother. He then entered the

University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, from which he graduated in the class of 1875. Very soon afterward he located at Charlevoix and engaged in the practice of his profession, being the second attorney to locate in the county. Very soon after coming here he was appointed prosecuting attorney of the county, and at the fall election in 1876 was elected probate judge, although he was a Democrat while the county was strongly Republican. For several years he has been extensively interested in various business enterprises, including real estate, insurance and abstracts. In 1878 he established a livery business of which he is still proprietor. He was one of the founders of the Kalamazoo Resort, and in 1884 has platted an addition to the village of Charlevoix bordering on Pine Lake. Mr. Eaton was the leading spirit in the incorporation of the village, and has held the offices of president and trustee. He was the Democratic nominee for the state senate in 1880, but not with the expectation of being elected, as the district was overwhelmingly RepubliA recent business enterprise of which he was the projector is the brush-handle factory, located in his addition recently platted, and which commenced operations in the spring of 1884. It will thus be seen that his business enterprises have had much to do with the general progress of the village. His family consists of his wife and two daughters.

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D. C. NETTLETON, carriage maker, Charlevoix, is a native of Chagrin Falls, Ohio. He removed to Illinois with his parents, and also lived several years in Wisconsin. In May, 1862, he enlisted in the Second Regiment of Colorado Infantry, and remained in the service until the close of the war in 1865. In 1867 he came to Charlevoix from South Haven. He took up a homestead, and worked at the carpenters' trade in the village. In 1870 he built a wagon-shop and carried it on part of the time himself, and part of the time he rented it. He superintended the work on the harbor improvements at this point, which are described elsewhere in this work. For the past six years he has carried on the manufacture of wagons, carriages, etc. He has held various local offices and is one of the successful business men of the village. He has a wife and three children.

BYRON SEE, merchant, Charlevoix, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., March 26, 1842. In April, 1861, at the breaking out of the rebellion, he enlisted in Company K, Thirty-Fifth Regiment New York Volunteers, and was in the service nearly three years. In the fall of 1870 he removed to Charlevoix from Kilbourn City, Wis. He was a carpenter by trade, and pursued that occupation after coming here until 1872, when he engaged in mercantile business. He first started a grocery store at the corner of Bridge and Clinton Streets. He did a successful business, and enlarged his stock to include general merchandise. In 1881 he erected a substantial two-story brick business block, and moved his stock into it. In 1882 he built a handsome brick residence on State Street. This is the first brick dwelling in the village. Mr. See is a successful business man, and prominently identified with the public affairs of the county, having been treasurer of the county six years, and has also held other local offices. He was elected president of the village at the spring election in 1888. Is Republican in politics. Has a wife but no children.

JAMES INWOOD, Charlevoix, was one of the early local preachers in Charlevoix County. He was born in England in the year 1810, and emigrated to America in 1880, locating first in Ohio. In 1883 he walked from Zanesville, Ohio, to Indiana to engage in labor as a local preacher. Soon after the close of the war he went to Northport to take the place of a minister who was prevented from preaching on account of ill health, and remained there about a year. About the year 1867 he came to Norwood and settled on Section 18. He pursued his labors as local preacher, visiting

various points in this region. He was a local preacher from choice, believing that in such a capacity he could do the greatest amount of good. He has been through life a man of intense zeal in the cause of Christianity, and very successful in his labors. For the past seven years he has been a resident of Charlevoix village, and continued in active labor until 1881.

ANDREW J. MUDGE, Charlevoix, was one of the early farmers in the township of Marion. He was born at Spring Wells, Wayne County, Mich., in the year 1828. His early life was spent in Canada, and in 1865 he came from there to Charlevoix County, and took up a homestead in Marion on Section 28. He remained there seven years. Afterward he worked out and for several years was postmaster at Eastport. For several years past he has lived in the village of Charlevoix, and for two years has been salesman in the store of Upright & Emrey. He has a wife and three children.

CAPTAIN WALTER CLIFFORD, deceased, was a native of Troy, N. Y. In 1860 he enlisted in the regular army and at the breaking out of the civil war went to the front and was in active service until the close of the war. He was a prisoner nearly a year. While in Libby Prison he made several attempts at escape and was at last successful with those who dug a tunnel from the prison and effected their escape. After the war he was engaged in the campaigns on the western border. Was with Custer, and was detailed to bring in the noted chief, Sitting Bull. In one of the campaigns he was badly frozen, and death resulted at Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory, Feb. 23, 1883. He was married at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., in April, 1865, to Hattie Colwell. His widow and two children survive him. He was a gallant soldier and had risen to be captain. He was buried at the place of his death, and his comrades have erected a substantial monument above his grave. He had purchased a large amount of real estate in Charlevoix village and county, and in May, 1883, Mrs. Clifford took up her residence in the village to attend to the management of their property interests in the locality. The Charlevoix Sentinel speaking of him, said: "He was a brave, noble-hearted soldier, who by his ability, courage and integrity rose grade by grade from the bearer of a musket to the rank of captain in the United States army. As an Indian fighter or diplomat he had no superior, and was often assigned to difficult matters of Indian diplomacy in recognition of his tact and judgment. He was selected by his commanding officer to receive. the surrender of Sitting Bull, and was a prominent figure in the celebrated White River expedition against hostile Sioux, in which he suffered greatly from exposure. In 1872, when Indian affairs were under control of the War Department, he was appointed Indian agent at Fort Berthold, in which capacity he served for three years, and was often complimented for the able administration of Indian affairs under him." He considered Charlevoix his home, and his death occasioned general sorrow in this place.

GEORGE W. MILLER, dealer in clothing and furnishing goods, Charlevoix, is a native of the Traverse Region, having been born at Old Mission in the year 1852. His father is Lewis Miller, an early trader among the Indians, and now a resident of Traverse City. When a young lad the subject of this sketch entered the employ of Fox, Rose & Co., where he remained about fifteen years. the fall of 1883 he started in business for himself in the new Buttars Block. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity. Has a wife and two children.

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Oscar F. Wisner, attorney, Charlevoix, was born in Cayuga, County, N. Y., in the year 1819. He worked on his father's farm until nineteen years of age, after which he taught school three winters and attended an academy at Seneca Falls, where for declamation he was called the "star actor." Mr. Wisner studied law in

the office of his brother, George W. Wisner, then a practicing attorney at Pontiac, Mich., and after being admitted to practice continued the study and practice of law at Detroit in the office of Hon. Jacob M. Howard. In 1845 he graduated at the law school at Harvard, Mass., and in 1847 returned to Pontiac and practiced with his brothers George W. and Moses Wisner, late governor of Michigan. His health becoming impaired he returned to the state of New York and was practicing law in the city of Rochester at the breaking out of the civil war. He raised a company of sharpshooters which he turned over to a regiment, and afterward raised a company of cavalry, and was commissioned captain of Company I, Twenty-second Regiment. He commanded his company until after the battle of Ream's Station, in Virginia, when for gallant conduct he was placed upon the staff of General Wilson as ordnance officer. He remained in that capacity about four months until General Custer took command of the division then in the Shenandoah Valley. From severe exposure he contracted rheumatism and was sent to the hospital where he remained a short time, and was then assigned to duty as a member of court martial, then sitting at Baltimore, where he remained until the close of the war in 1865. Mr. Wisner participated in a number of battles and distinguished himself as a gallant officer. He saw General Sheridan arrive upon the ground from his famous twenty-mile ride from Winchester. In 1879 he removed from Ithaca, Mich., to Charlevoix, where he is now a practicing attorney. He is circuit court commissioner and United States circuit court commissioner. He is a close student and is familiar with the German, French, Italian and Spanish languages. He is the author of "Halls of Peace," an epic poem, and is at present engaged upon a legal work, intended for the use of court commissioners.

HORACE HULL, of Charlevoix, Charlevoix County, Mich., was born in Rochester, N. Y. He came to Michigan in 1844, arriving in Detroit August 29. He was there employed at his trade of carpenter. Moved to northern Michigan in May, 1856, and settled at Cross Village, where he engaged in fishing and later in farming. He lived at different points along the Lake Michigan Shore. When be first came in there were but few white settlers in the country except the Mormon settlement. In 1866 he moved to what is now the town of Marion and bought a farm which he cultivated until 1881, when he moved to Charlevoix, where he now resides. His first wife died in 1858; the second in 1883. He has three children living and at home.

J. A. CARLSTEIN, M. D., is a native of Sweden and emigrated to this country in 1864. Before leaving his native country Dr. Carlstein had attended a military school and had devoted four years to the study of medicine. Upon arriving in this country he at once enlisted as a private soldier in the Thirteenth New York Cavalry, and served until the close of the war. After coming out of the war he located in Chicago, where he spent a year in the Medical College, and then engaged in practice. In 1881 he graduated from the Homeopathic College, and soon afterward located at Ironton, Charlevoix County. His practice also extended to Charlevoix, and in the spring of 1883 in response to a request of a number of citizens he located here. He has a wife but no children. Dr. Carlstein is educated in both the homeopathic and regular schools of medicine.

ALBIN STOVER, proprietor of a grist-mill in Charlevoix Township, is a native of Oxford County, Canada, and came from there to Charlevoix in the summer of 1871. At that time he purchased the water-power and mill site on Mill Creek, which Robert and Hugh Miller had improved some years before. Mr. Stover built a gristmill and has operated it since that time, enlarging and improving at different times as business required. It is now supplied with

three run of stone. He also has a small farm in that vicinity upon which he lives. He has a wife and three children.

W. P. BROWN, banker, Charlevoix, is a native of Vergennes, Vermont. He was for many years an active business man in New York City and at other points in the state. His life has been mainly devoted to financial interests. His health failing he came to Charlevoix in the summer of 1882, and engaged in the banking business, being one of the firm of Reynolds & Brown, proprietors of the Bank of Charlevoix, the first bank established in the county. He has a wife and two sons, the eldest son, W. A. Brown, is teller in the bank.

ALEXANDER J. LCLEOD, dealer in meat, Charlevoix, is a native of Scotland. When fifteen years of age he came to America and was sailing a short time. In 1854 he went to Port Huron where he was in the hotel business several years. In 1873 he removed to Charlevoix and opened the first meat market in the place. He erected the building in which he now carries on business in 1879. Mr. McLeod has held the offices of sheriff of the county, justice of the peace and is one of the trustees of the village. He has a wife and two daughters.

Henry Newman is a native of Whitehall, N. Y. In 1860 he enlisted in the regular army, and remained in service seven years. He retired from the army in 1867 and located at Charlevoix. He followed coopering a few years and then gardening. In 1872 he opened the first bakery at Charlevoix and has carried on that business ever since. He has a wife and five children.

A. D. CRUICKSHANK, attorney, Charlevoix, is a native of the province of Quebec, Canada. He graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in the class of 1873. He began the practice of law in Livingston County where he remained about nine years. In that county he held several public offices and was prominent in public affairs. In the summer of 1882 he removed to Charlevoix and is now a member of the law firm of Cruickshank & Grier. He has a wife and one child. Mr. Cruickshank has a large practice and is a very successful lawyer.

L. E. ALLEN, contractor, Charlevoix, was born near Dexter, Michigan, and for several years was engaged in the lumber business. In the spring of 1882 he removed to Charlevoix from East Saginaw. His business is that of contractor on government and private works. In 1882 he built a handsome residence on the terrace overlooking the village, an excellent sketch of which is given in this work.

S. M. SEE, manufacturer, Charlevoix, is a native of Jefferson County, N. Y. In 1862 he enlisted as mechanic in Company H, Tenth New York Artillery, and remained in service until July, 1865. He came to the Traverse Region in 1868 and engaged at fishing two years. In 1870 he located at Charlevoix. He followed carpenter work for a time and then engaged in mercantile business, the firm being Carpenter & See. In the spring of 1880, in company with others, he started a sash and door factory which did a successful business until burned in the fall of 1883. The works were rebuilt by a stock company of which Mr. See is manager. He has held the offices of supervisor and town clerk. Has a wife and six children.

ORLANDO BLAIR, Charlevoix, is a native of the state of New York. In 1876 he purchased a vessel at Traverse City and took it to Charlevoix where he laid it up for the winter. He continued sailing much of the time until June, 1882, when a vessel of which he was part owner was wrecked at Milwaukee. For a time he was engaged in the mercantile business with Albert Mason. He has held the offices of deputy sheriff and supervisor. Has a wife and one child. Is a prominent member of the Odd Fellows' fraternity.

W. J. STEVENSON, blacksmith and carriage maker, Charlevoix, is a native of Canada and located in Charlevoix in 1881. At that time he built a small shop and carried on blacksmithing. In 1883