together with its maple and other hard wood foliage, here and there ornamented with settings of evergreen, presented a charming picture to the most caɛual admirer of natural scenery. While its scenography has been here and there changed by the arts of civilization, the beauty of its general perspective still remains.

If one desire a fairy-like picture of inland lake, of valley, town and picturesque harbor, with the broad expanse of grand old Lake Michigan, ascend to the highland plateau on the north side, and through a frame-work of beech and maple leaf covered branches—nature's artistic foreground-you have your desire, like beautiful green picture, spread out before you.

If you have a liking for a short pedestrian excursion, pass with us through the smoke of iron and other manufacturing establishments of the south town, and climb the steep sides of "Bald Bluff," and before you is spread out like an artistic colored map, the grandest picture in northern Michigan, of majestic forest stretching for miles far away into the interior, the valley pathway of the Aur Bees Scies as it approaches through forest clad hill defiles from the east-the beautiful harbor at your feet, its shimmering waters bearing upon its willing bosom its lively infantile commerce, and upon its shores the busy hum of its already by no means small manufacturing industries.

The list of original land entries shows that in 1851 Sally Risdan located the south one-half of the northwest one-quarter of Section 22, and Joseph Oliver located fourteen acres in front of where the Park House now stands on the north side. O. Risdan also located land on the south side of the river. In 1853 Sally Risdan located thirty-five acres on Betsie Lake, and in 1856 J. Robarge purchased Lots 1 and 3 of Section 34. Josephi Oliver located Lot 5 in 1859. Mr. Oliver still lives here.

The history of Frankfort village dates from the year 1859. The first settlement was made in the latter part of August and the following month of September, in 1859.

It was under the auspices of a company from Detroit, of whom Messrs. Ransom Gardiner, George S. Frost and others were the proprietors.

The new colony was under the management of Louis A. Doby, Esq., acting agent, and John H. Adams, Esq., overseer.

A small steam mill was that season constructed where now stands the present gang saw-mill, A. S. Dow, Esq., being the master mechanic.

George S. Frost, of Detroit, and others purchased a large tract of land and made some improvements of the harbor. The channel at that time was just in front of where the Park House now stands. L. A. Doby had the contract for building the piers. A boardinghouse was built and William H. Coggshall came here from Glen Arbor to keep it. Mr. Coggshall has lived here continuously since that time. The sketch of Mr. Coggshall gives some pioneer reminiscence.

WILLIAM H. COGGSHALL was born in Newport, R. I., Jan. 18, 1809. He went with his parents to York State in his youth, and came from there to Glen Arbor, Mich., in 1854. He had been married on Nov. 21, 1838, to Miss Margaret Fisher, of Salem, N. Y. She was born there March 18, 1821. Their children are Elizabeth, Margaret M., George, now deceased, and Sarah J. At Glen Arbor Mr. Coggshall purchased land and prepared for himself and family a pioueer home in the Traverse forest. Five years later they removed to where Frankfort now is and purchased the first building lo sold in the place. A building called the Dauby House was in course of erection, and there was one small building near the Betsie Lake in which a French family lived. In 1859 and –'60 piers were built into the lake, but soon washed away, and very little progress was made in opening the place until government

made an appropriation for the opening of the harbor. Then the village began to grow. Mr. and Mrs. Coggshall found it necessary to lodge and entertain not only travelers to Frankfort, but those passing beyond to Benzonia and elsewhere, and oftentimes shipwrecked sailors and other transients had to be lodged and fed, so that their place became one of almost general resort. They also had religious services and Sabbath school held in it by Rev. Mr. Wolcott and others. They also allowed town meetings held there and later, sessions of justice court. Thus the public were accommodated, but at the price of intense labor and fatigue for Mrs. C. and family who cooked and served while others ate and rested. Travel then, also, was purely of the pioneer style. On one occasion Mr. and Mrs. Coggshall started on foot for Glen Arbor to visit a sick daughter. They walked twenty miles and at night Mrs. C.'s feet were in one massive blister, but the next day she walked ten miles farther on the blistered feet along the beach among icebergs, then spent some two months with her daughter, and then walked over the same route to her home. Now, however, a change has come over the scene, and in their large and commodious home on Forest Avenue they enjoy more of quiet and retirement, while the rising, thriving town of Frankfort spreads. its streets and avenues, its business blocks and elegant residences, its numerous industries and inviting enterprises about their feet. Mr. C. took part in the organization of the township of Crystal Lake, the first organized in the county. He also assisted in the organization of Benzie County some years later. He has served as commissioner of highways and township treasurer; was the first postmaster of Frankfort and kept the postoffice five or six years. Religiously they are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

CHARLES LAVEAUX, farmer, Frankfort, was born in St. Johns, Canada, May 12, 1840. He came to Grand Traverse when fifteen years old, and was two years in the employ of Hannah, Lay & Co. Later he spent some time in Chicago, Green Bay, Herring Creek, Illinois, and other places, then lived seven years in Glen Arbor and came to Frankfort, Benzie County, in 1866. He carried the Benzonia mail nearly four years. Carried the first mail from Frankfort to Pierport, and continued it eight years. Carried the mail one year to Glen Arbor. Was married Oct. 28, 1870, to Miss Margaret M. Coggshall, of Frankfort. She was born in Salem, N. Y., Oct. 18, 1842. He has thirty acres of cultivated land about one mile from town with seven acres in choice varieties of apples, pears, plums, peaches and grapes and small fruits. When he first came to Frankfort there was only one shanty on the north side of the river. There were three families on the south side. On about the middle of December, 1861, or later, he and Mr. John Cusnmire, a Mr. Marshall and a young girl started from Frankfort in a small boat for Glen Arbor on a Saturday morning. During the day a fierce wind arose. Mr. L. wished to turn back, but Mr. Marshall refused, and in the night while working the boat fell overboard and was drowned. The rest drifted before the northeast wind all night, made sail southward the next day and made the shore at Portage on Sabbath night. He has been overseer of highways and highway commissioner in Frankfort.

JOSEPH OLIVER was born in Pennsylvania, Oct. 24, 1820. He came to Manitou Island, Mich., some thirty-eight years ago. Two years later he came to Manistee, and four years after this to Betsie River, now Frankfort, being the first settler in that region. He for some time owned fourteen acres at the mouth of the river, and sold it to Mr. Resden, a surveyor, who re-surveyed the country all around as far as Traverse. He used to bring provisions for the surveyors from Manitou and move his own quarters along as occasion required. Has spent many years in fishing, hunting and trapping. Has sold $300 worth of furs in one winter, consisting

chiefly of utter, mink, beaver, fisher, marten, lynx and wild cats. His first wife was Miss Lydia Wasrage, of Muskegon. His second was Miss Margaret Robar, of Frankfort. His sou, Joseph, is now captain of the barge Rumble. Mr. Oliver built the first house in Frankfort, near where the Park House now is, before any one else arrived and settled. Mr. L. A. Doby came next, and next Mr. Coggshall. There was then one mill at Manistee and one at Stronach.

By the county records we find that in 1859 there was a town plat made of some sixteen blocks, on the north shore of harbor, by H. R. Sanger. This, however, was subsequently set aside.

A village was platted by the land company and Mr. Coggshall bought the first lot, but the improvements begun were temporarily abandoned, and for several years nothing was done. The second lot in the village plat was bought by Dr. Slyfield.

In 1862 Mr. E. G. Chambers visited this point and, seeing the natural advantages here for a harbor, assisted in petitioning Congress for an appropriation. Mr. Chambers was at that time clerk in the U. S. senate, and in a position to render valuable assistance. At that time river and harbor improvements were in their infancy, and it was a hard fight to secure aid in such an enterprise. In 1864-'65 an order was made to survey the harbor. The following year $98,000 was appropriated, and in 1867 work was commenced. In July, 1867, a letter was written at Frankfort, from which the following is an extract:

“On the 17th of June the solitude of Aux Becs Scies Lake (on whose high and beautiful banks is situated the village of Frankfort) was broken by the arrival of the fleet of Messrs. Hubbell & Whitwood, (contractors for building the harbor at this point) consisting of tugs, scows, dredge, portable engines, pile drivers and all the implements, men and supplies necessary to grapple with the harbor improvement. We have never seen a more perfect outfit.

"The first difficulty to be overcome was to open the channel between the old piers-the water being only 3 feet deep. The second day after the arrival of the dredge, she commenced moving to her place and work, and on the evening of the third day the channel was opened to the depth of eight to nine feet, so that vessels drawing that amount of water arrive and depart with all freedom.

"All is bustle and activity here. From four to ten arrivals and departures daily. The huge dredge is plowing her way through the bluffs at the point where the new entrance to the harbor is to be made into Lake Michigan. This bluff separates Lake Michigan from Lake Aux Becs Scies, and through it the opening for the harbor is to be constructed.

“Emigrants, land-lookers, and adventurers arrive daily in large numbers. The few Indians residing on the shore of Lake Michigan have heard the echo, and flock here to see the 'Big Machine.'

"As a sample of the way things are done at Frankfort, the harbor company built a dock and put up and set running a portable saw-mill in ten hours.

Among several important arrivals of lake craft at this point since the harbor fleet came may be noticed the propeller Oneida, of Buffalo, and schooner Eugene, of Milwaukee, and Commencement, of Chicago. Among the sailing craft regularly running here we have noticed the following:-Jennie Lind, of Manistee; Kitty and Lumkin, of Frankfort; Hallelujah, of Benzonia; Reconstruction, of Portage; Union Jack, of the Manitous; French Girl, of Robar's Landing, and Morning Glory, of Manistee. At Dow's ship yard the propeller 'Russian Domain' is waiting her engine, boiler and other machinery. The time is not far distant when Frankfort will be a harbor of refuge for the largest vessels floating on the great lakes.

"The valuable hard timber surrounding this harbor, and ex

tending back through the region of Benzonia, and beyond to the Manistee River, together with the valuable pine along the border of the Aux Becs Scies River, all covering a belt of the finest soil for agricultural purposes, the peculiar salubrity of the climate, its proximity to large bodies of water, and its many other natural advantages must render Frankfort in the future a place of much business and importance."

In 1866 Jacob Voorheis moved here and had the local management of the land company's business. He lived in the old boarding-house, and kept hotel and a few goods. There was a small saw-mill built in connection with the harbor improvements.

In the spring of 1867 George A. Douglass started a store on the south side, and during the summer Hubbell & Whitwood put up a small building for a store. A man named Ford had a small stock of boots and shoes in a board shanty with a ground floor.

The Frankfort House was begun in the summer of 1867 by Victor Satterlee, and in the fall J. B. Delbridge built the Delbridge House, now the Park House.

Dr. T. Harvey, the first physician of the place, came from Detruit in the fall of 1867. He got hemlock timber at the mill, and made temporary shelter until he could put up a building. He moved away in 1882, and is now in Texas.

In the fall of 1867 Mr. Charles A. Voorheis opened a hardware store, and Mr. Fred Kern came and made arrangements for the building of a store, which he opened the following summer.

Although the main immigration was in 1868, yet many of the local interests had their beginning in 1867.

POSTOFFICE.

Soon after Mr. Cogshall came here a postoffice was established, and he was appointed postmaster. It was a special office, and mail was received twice a week from Traverse City. Mr. Cogshall finally got tired of bothering with the office, there being but little business, and it was turned over to L. A. Dauby, who kept it for a time and it was discontinued. When business began to revive the office was re-established and N. W. Nelson was postmaster. For a time mail was brought by private enterprise from Benzonia. In May, 1869, J..B. Collins was appointed postmaster, and has held the office to the present time. It is kept in his drug store. Daily mail is received from the east and south.

JOHN B. COLLINS, druggist and postmaster, Frankfort, was born in Erie County, N. Y., April 18, 1833. He lived on a farm until nineteen years of age, and then went to Rochester as clerk in a drug store. In 1856 he left his native state, came to Charlotte, Mich., and was engaged in the drug business some four years. On leaving there he spent about three years in traveling through New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Virginia, and then engaged in business as a druggist at Rochester. In 1866 he returned to Michigan and engaged in the drug business in Rockford, and two years later removed to Frankfort, Benzie County, and opened business on Main Street. Since then he has purchased his commodious business stand on the corner of Main and Fourth Streets, and is enjoying a steadily enlarging patronage in all departments of his trade, consisting chiefly of drugs, paints and stationery.

In the summer of 1868 he was married to Miss Josephine B. Lapham, daughter of Hon. Smith Lapham, of Rockford. She was born there Oct. 23, 1848. Their children. are Roy L., Gracie, Agnes and Dudley F. Mr. Collins has a pleasant home residence in Frankfort, on Forest Avenue, ten acres of other real estate within the village limits, and a farm of forty acres six miles from town, and holds stock in a gold and silver mine in Colorado. Before coming to Frankfort he had served as town clerk and as justice of the peace, and he has been postmaster of Frankfort sixteen years.

CHURCH HISTORY.

The first public religious exercises were introduced at this point by Mr. Jacob Voorheis in the spring of 1867: Mr. and Mrs. Voorheis were at that time living in the old boarding-house building, and a praise meeting was held in their house. This was followed by Bible reading, and classes were finally formed and a regular Sunday-school established. In July of that year Dr. Duffield, of Detroit, visited the place with Mr. George S. Frost and preached in the building, now the Park hotel. He also preached the funeral sermon of a son of Mr. E. B. Frost who was drowned about that time. A Mr. Gallagher, an Episcopal clergyman, and Mr. Ulrich, a Methodist clergyman, also preached sermons here. The latter located on the south side and preached at both places.

January 26, 1868, a council convened at Frankfort to organize the Congregational Church. In this effort Rev. J. B. Walker, then of Benzonia, was a leading spirit. The council was composed of Rev. J. B. Walker, Rev. John Pettitt, Deacon Lucius H. Case and Deacon D. B. Spencer. The names of members were as follows: Victory and Mary Satterlee, Joseph and Elsia A. Ford, E. B. and Sarah J. Frost, C. H. and Susan Crittenden, F. M. Harvey, Warren H. and Anna A. Marsh, Peleg Ewing, J. E. and Harriet R. Voorheis, Miss M. E. Gillett, Charles G. and Mary E. Brownell, Mrs. Elizabeth Ross, George A. Douglass, Richard and Volentia Ball, J. B. and Ellen J. Delbridge.

The officers of the church for 1868 were Richard Ball, deacon; W. H. Marsh, deacon; E. B. Frost, treasurer; George A. Douglass, clerk.

During the year A. H. Fletcher became pastor of the church and remained seven years.

In the summer of 1870 the society received the gift of a communion service from Mrs. J. Hendrickson, of Pontiac. It was given in honor of the baptism of her grandchild, Donald O. Douglass.

In the spring of 1871 a subscription paper was circulated for the purpose of raising funds with which to build a church edifice. A lot was donated by the Land Company, and a building erected at a cost of $5,000. It is highly creditable to the enterprise and liberality that so expensive a church could be built in so small a community. In January, 1874, the society was incorporated under the name of the First Congregational Church of Frankfort.

Rev. L. F. Waldo succeeded Mr. Fletcher as pastor in the summer of 1875, and remained two years. The society was without a regular pastor until 1879, when Rev. J. D. Millard became pastor. He was succeeded by Rev. A. H. Cairnduff, who resigned in August, 1881, on account of failing health, and in April, 1882, Rev. F. D. Chandler entered upon the duties of pastor. He was succeeded by Rev. Robert Adams, who preached one year and was succeeded by Rev. E. D. Curtis, the present pastor.

In March, 1871, mention was made of the religious interests at Frankfort as follows: "Perhaps in no direction is the enterprise and public spirit of the people of Frankfort better shown than in the matter of religion, and the support of religious worship.

“The different organized Christian denominations here have a membership numbering about as follows: Congregationalist, 45; Methodist, 20; Baptist, 12; persons who are members of churches elsewhere, 30; total, 107. The population of the village is reckoned at about 400. The total amount expended to sustain religious work is about $1,025."

The records of the M. E. Society in Frankfort have been so neglected that anything like a satisfactory history of that church cannot be obtained.

The first quarterly conference of which there is any record was held at Frankfort, Oct. 21, 1874, by Presiding Elder G. D. Lee. As early as 1867 Rev. John J. Ulrich lived on the south side and preached occasionally. The following year a class was formed with W. P. Derry and wife and Mrs. Sarah Krouse as members. There was a quarterly conference held in July, 1868, by Presiding Elder V. G. Boynton. by Presiding Elder V. G. Boynton. The pastors have been Revs. Prouty, Sensabaugh, Cole Latham, Newland, Sly, McElvie, Stahley, Steele and Noys. In 1876 a society was duly organized and a church built, the lot being donated by the Land Company. The church building cost about $1,800. The society numbers now about fifty members.

VILLAGE SCHOOLS.

School District No. 2, of Crystal Lake, was fully organized in January, 1868, and included in its territory the village of Frankfort. Jan. 4, 1868, E. B. Frost was ordered by C. C. Adams, town clerk, to notify the legal voters of the district to meet at the Delbridge House on the 10th day of January for the election of school officers. The voters of that district at that time as shown by the returns were as follows: T. M. Hubbell, J. E. Voorheis, V. Satterlee, R. N. Jones, E. M. Huntington, D. Smith, P. Ewing, J. B. Delbridge, F. Hubbell, W. H. Coggshall, W. H. Marsh, C. Crittenden, I. Ford, Isaac Voorheis, H. M. Spicer, Levi Lee, R. Ball, L. M. Harvey, A. B. Macy, P. Derry, F. R. Axtell, A. J. Slyfield, George Crouse, M. R. Hooper, L. Wakefield. The district was bounded on the south by lake and river Aux Becs Scies, on the east by Benzonia, west by Lake Michigan and north by Platte Township.

The first school was taught during the winter of 1867-'68 by W. H. Marsh in a small building temporarily fitted up for that purpose, and which stood on Water Street between Third and Fourth Streets. In the spring Miss Nellie Harvey took the school but for some reason was unable to carry it on, and Mrs. N. W. Nelson, now of Manistee, took her place.

In May, 1868, a committee was appointed to see about erecting a suitable building for school purposes, and it was voted to build a school-house, one story, 25x50 feet in size, and to raise $2,000 for that purpose. The lot was donated by George S. Frost & Co. The building was completed that season and the winter term of 1869 was taught by D. B. Butler, with his sister, Miss Lalla Butler, assistant.

The names of all the teachers have not been preserved, but so far as can be gathered from the recollections of various persons they have been as follows since 1869: A. W. Jenkins, Mr. Sturgis, John B. Nickson, A. B. Perrin, J. W. Harden, A. W. Hitchcock and Stuart Mackibbin. The female teachers have been as follows: Mrs. Jenkins, Mrs. Dyer, Miss Kessler, Misses Bailey, Wallace, Hoppin, Mrs. Waldo and Mrs. Reudler, Misses Stinson, Brown, Fletcher, Smith, McGee, Mrs. Harden.

The present teachers are as follows: Stuart Mackibbin, principal, Mary Kern, Misses Hill, Jencks, Wentworth, and Etta Smith.

The schools were graded in 1881. Additions have been made to the school building as the increasing number of pupils required. In 1883 about $1,500 were spent in building and improvements.

According to the school census of 1893, there were 351 school children in the district. The enrollment for the year ending June, 1884, was 286, and the average attendance 225. The following report made by Mr. Mackibbin for the month ending Feb. 29, 1884, gives a fair idea of the present condition of the schools, so far as enrollment, attendance, etc., is concerned:

High School, Mary C. Kern, teacher. Enrollment for year,

83; for term, 30; for month, 29; per cent attendance, 94; average daily attendance, 26; number of cases tardiness, 25.

Seventh and eighth grades, Mary C. Kern, teacher. Enrollment for year, 29; for term, 27; for month, 27; per cent attendance, 93; average daily attendance, 22; number of cases tardiness, 19.

Fifth and sixth grades, Mary Hill, teacher. Enrollment for year, 59; for term, 22; for month, 57; per cent attendance, 94; average daily attendance, 40; number of cases tardiness, 26.

Third and fourth grades, Lina M. Wentworth, teacher. Enrollment for year, 51; for month, 45; for term, 46; per cent attendance, 89; average daily attendance, 39; number of cases tardiness, 29.

Infant, first and second grades, Mrs. Jenks, teacher. Enrollment for year, 74; for term, 49; for month, 49; per cent attendance, 81; average daily attendance, 37; number of cases tardiness, 20. Ward School, Etta Smith, teacher. Enrollment for year, 24; for term, 20; for month, 20; per cent attendance, 94; average daily attendance, 17; number of cases tardiness, 12.

Total, all grades. Enrollment for year, 270; for term, 224; for month, 221; per cent attendance, 91; average daily attendance, 181; number of cases tardiness, 131.

Last winter's term, the enrollment was 205; the total enrollment for last year was 254; for 1881, 263.

STUART MACKIBBIN, superintendent Union Schools, Frankfort, Mich., was born of Scotch ancestry, in Geneva, Wis., Nov. 22, 1860. He spent his youth and received his education in his native

state.

He began teaching in the schools of Geneva at seventeen years of age, and has ever since made teaching his employment. During the years of 1880 and '81 he was tutor in the college in Valparaiso, Ind. Next he taught in the city of Columbia in that state, but in the summer of 1883, he resigned his position there because of ill health, removed to Frankfort, Mich., and accepted a position as superintendent of the Union Schools, being the first to occupy that office in the place. Mr. Mackibbin is chiefly a selfeducated person. He has only enjoyed six years at school as a pupil, yet has acquired a knowledge of the courses of Latin, Greek and German, and also of the mathematics usually taught in the colleges. His schools made most commendable progress during the year ending June, 1884, and his graduating class, the first in Frankfort, passed the examination with honor to itself, its instructors and the school. Mr. Mackibbin's school strength is as an organizer. In this he takes especial delight, and has pleasing success. Politically he is a Democrat, and has from boyhood taken a lively interest in the political issues of his country. Fraternally he is a Free Mason of the Knight Templar degree. Religiously he is a member of the Presbyterian Church.

THE SOUTH SIDE.

On Feb. 14, 1867, a town plat was recorded of the village of Frankfort City, on the south shore of harbor, by George M. Cartwright and other proprietors—and subsequently additions thereto by Henry Day, of New York, and E. G. Chambers, of Bucyrus, Ohio.

In the year 1869, the Frankfort Iron Furnace Company, under the management of Messrs. Albert Ives, president; Silas L. Fuller, secretary and treasurer, of Detroit, Mich.; and T. C. Anderson, superintendent; and John Desmond, iron master, secured spacious grounds and dock frontage on the south shore promontory and erected their extensive works at a cost of nearly $200,000. and in July, 1870, the works went into operation. The postoffice of South Frankfort had been established, and the nucleus of a community formed on that side of the lake. The location of the furnace at this point was an important enterprise, and did much to strengthen confidence in the future prospects of the place.

GEORGE M. CARTWRIGHT, the subject of this brief sketch, whose portrait appears on an adjoining page, has been very extensively identified with the interests of Benzie County, Mich., during the past eighteen years.

A Michigan man by birth, born in Grand Blanc, county of Genesee, Sept. 29, 1839, possessing the blood of five different races in his veins, i. e., Dutch, English, Irish, German and Hebrew, cosmopolitan in tastes, liberal, tolerant, cheerful in disposition, yet with strong inclinations for intelligent criticism, educated in the arena of active business, from the period of an eleven year old office-boy up, we have in these few brief sentences the outlines of the man.

As business relations and associations ever indicate the character of men more truly than empty words, in connection with above remarks we may add, that from his sixteenth to nineteenth year, as clerk and salesman with Hon. Alexander McFarlan, now deceased, in the lumber manufacturing trade, at Flint, Mich., and for nearly eight years thereafter, successfully in the capacity of wholesale lumber shipping agent, and in connection therewith, the management of an extensive retail lumber business at Fenton, in county of Genesee, Mich, for ex-Governor Henry H. Crapo, now deceased, one of Michigan's best governors, furnishes ample testimony of the real character.

The above period being prior to the days of the present extensive interior-state railroad system, perhaps few young men at that time had more extensive business acquaintance in central and southern Michigan and extending into Ohio, and with a reputation known only for practical uprightness.

In 1865 he, associated with others, organized and established the Wisconsin Plaster Company, at Milwaukee, Wis., for promoting the more general use of Michigan land plaster over Wisconsin and adjoining states. He continued therewith till early in the summer of 1866, when, deeming northern Michigan a more inviting field for general business, we find him, in the month of June of that year, standing on the green banks of the beautiful lake, Aux Becs Scies, with a magnificent, dense and almost unbroken wilderness before him, and the broad expanse of Lake Michigan's blue waters giving forth their grand and wave-like symphonies at his feet.

At that time scarcely one half-dozen families were dwelling between the present harbor entrance and the present site of Benzonia, some ten miles away. The recollections of King Strang," of Beaver Island, were then fresh in the minds of the few settlers then residing "on the shore." Five days were then required to obtain letters by mail from Detroit, Mich. On the shore line, south of " Point Aux Becs Scies Light," there was not a regular hotel or inn, Manistee not excepted, till one reached Pentwater; and travel on land was either by overland stage, or on horseback, or on foot; while by water, only small transient coasters or "hookers," dealing principally in illicit Canada whisky, and casually in groceries and dry goods, with occasionally some regular line steamers "laying off shore," while landing emigrants in small boats or "lighters," were the only methods of travel.

Mr. Cartwright confined himself to handling real estate at the harbor, or, with knapsack on his back, making pedestrian tours and land purchases in the interior for himself and others, with nature's works and choice books for his companions, or coasting the everrestless and often stormy shore lines of Lake Michigan in his many journeys. In brief, in these words is comprised a summary of an extensive, active, yet concise, early pioneer life and experience, yet none but those who have had like personal knowledge can realize the full meaning of these words.

In those early days when taxes were inadequate to meet actual requirements, realizing the great necessity of wagon roads for the building up of business centers, his hand was always liberal, never