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There are other sources of investigation, from which, if we are willing to resort to them, we can derive nearly all the information and the facts which we need. Nature presents, in the different kinds of animals, the organs and functions so variously constructed and so variously combined, that by tracing out their history accurately through all their varieties, we can come at the truth on most difficult subjects, as well as by having recourse to experiments upon living animals. Nature, in fact, does that which is equivalent to the experiments we perform, by presenting to us, in different classes of animals, the organs in those combinations and under those relations and circumstances, which it is the object of our operations to establish. Thus, it has been doubted by some, whether the bile were formed in the liver, or in the gall-bladder, or in both. How are we to proceed, if we would settle the question by experiment on living animals? We must lay open the abdomen and dissect out the liver, or tie the duct which communicates it with the common biliary canal, or have recourse to some other expedient more ingenious still. How does Haller decide this question? By comparative anatomy. It is found,' says he, 'that in many, even large animals, true bile is prepared by a liver alone, without any gall-bladder. That, on the other hand, no animal has a gall-bladder, without having also a liver-and none a gall-bladder so far separated from the liver, but that it is either connected with it directly or communicates with its excretory duct. We conclude then, that a liver, is necessary for the secretion of bile, but that a gall-bladder is not necessary-and that it passes from the liver into the gall-bladder.' Now who will doubt which method of investigation is most likely to give a satisfactory result? We are convinced that many subjects which still remain involved in obscurity, notwithstanding the innumerable experiments made upon living animals in order to illustrate them-and we may mention particularly the functions and relations of the nervous system-might be placed in a much clearer point of view, by throwing upon them the light which may be derived from the careful study of comparative anatomy and general physiology.

phrenic nerves, and even after completely removing the diaphragm itself. Memoire sur le Vomissement, 1813.

We know of no way of reconciling conclusions so diametrically opposite, from a course of investigation so similar in each case; and fear there is no other mode of deciding the controversy, but by engaging afresh in the perpe tration of these truly edifying experiments.

QUARTERLY LIST OF NEW PUBLICATIONS.

Agriculture.

The Farmer's Assistant; being a digest of all that relates to agriculture, and the conducting of rural affairs; alphabetically arranged, and adapted to the United States. By John Nicholson Esq. of Herkimer county, state of New York. Second edition, corrected and enlarged. Albany.

The American Gardener. New York.

The American Orchadist; or a practical treatise on the culture and management of apple and other fruit trees. By James Thacher M. D. 8vo. Boston.

The Farmer's Manual; a plain and practical treatise on the art of husbandry; designed to promote an acquaintance with the modern improvements of agriculture; together with remarks on gardening, and a treatise on the management of bees. By Frederick Butler. New York.

Fine Arts.

Picturesque Views of American Scenery. Engraved by Hill, from drawings by Joshua Shaw, landscape painter. Philadelphia. Washington's Farewell Address. Splendidly engraved by

Fairman, &c. Philadelphia.

Hudson's River Port-folio. New York.

Biography.

La Vida de Lazarillo de Tormes, y de sus fortunas y adversidades. Por Don Diego Hustado de Mendoza. Neuva edicion. Philadelphia.

The Life of Michael Martin, who was executed for highway robbery Dec. 20, 1821; as given by himself. Boston.

Botany.

A Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia. By Stephen Elliott. No. VI. Charleston.

An Essay on the History and Cultivation of the European Olive Tree; written at the request of Mr Micheaux. By Augustus L. Hillhouse, a citizen of the United States. Philadelphia,

New Series, No. 9.

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Chemistry.

A Dictionary of Chemistry on the basis of Mr Nicholson. By Andrew Ure M. D. First American edition, with some additions, and notes, and corrections. By Robert Hare M. D. assisted by Franklin Bache M. D. 2 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia.

A Manual of Chemistry. By William Thomas Brande. First American, from the second London edition; to which are added notes and emendations. By William James Macneven M. D. 8vo, New York.

A Tabular view of the modern nomenclature and system of chemistry. By W. J. Macneven. New York.

Education.

A Compendious Treatise on the use of globes and maps. By John Lathrop jr. A. M. a new edition. Boston.

An Etymological Dictionary, or analysis of the English language. By William Grimshaw. Philadelphia.

The Lancasterian System of Education. Baltimore.

An Arithmetic on the plan of Pestalozzi; with some improvements. By Warren Colburn A. M. Cambridge.

The Teacher's and Pupil's Assistant in grammar and pronunciation; with rules for rhetorical pausing, inflecting the voice, &c. on the principles of Walker. By William A. T. Dale. Boston. Letters on National Subjects, auxiliary to universal education and scientific knowledge. Baltimore.

The General Principles of English Grammar. By Caleb Reed. Cambridge.

The New Year Improved, or Errors Corrected; in a series of conversations between a governess and her pupils. By the author of American Popular Lessons. 18mo.

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Conversations on the Bible. By a Lady of Philadelphia. 2 vols. Philadelphia.

Address to the Graduates of the South Carolina College, Dec. 1821. By President Cooper. Columbia, S. C.

Review of the plan of Education in South Carolina. Columbia. The System of Mutual Instruction, simplified and adapted to the United States. By William A. T. Dale. Boston.

A self-explaining Grammar of the English language. By E. Cobb. First and second editions. Boston.

Geography.

A description of the island of St Michael; comprising an account of its geological structure. With remarks on the other Azores or Western Islands, originally communicated to the Linnean Society of New England. By John W. Webster M. D. Boston.

A New Universal Gazetteer, or geographical dictionary. By Jedidiah Morse D. D. S. H. S. and Richard C. Morse A. M. Third edition, revised and corrected. New Haven.

History.

Sketches of the Early History of Maryland. By J. W. Griffiths. Baltimore.

History of Massachusetts. By a citizen of Massachusetts. Boston.

An Universal History, from the beginning of the world to the empire of Charlemagne. By M. Boussuet. Translated from the thirteenth edition of the original. By Mr Elphistone. Philad. History of the United States. By William Grimshaw. Second edition. Philadelphia.

Memoirs of the American Revolution, from its commencement to the year 1776, inclusive; as relating to the state of South Carolina. By John Drayton LL. D. 2 vols. 8vo. Charleston.

A Complete History of the United States from the discovery of North America, down to the year 1820. By Frederick Butler. 3 vols. 8vo. Hartford.

Historical Documents, relative to the Federal compact of the North American Union. Philadelphia.

Secret Proceedings and Debates of the Convention, assembled at Philadelphia, in the year 1787, for the purpose of forming the constitution of the United States of America: from the notes taken by the late Robert Yates Esq. Chief Justice of New York, and copied by John Lansing jr. Esq. late chancellor of that state, members of that Convention. New York.

Extracts from the Journals kept by the Rev. Thomas Smith, late pastor of the first church of Christ in Falmouth, from the year 1720 to 1788; with an appendix, containing a variety of other matters, selected by Samuel Freeman Esq. Portland.

Law.

Reports of Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. By Thomas Sargeant and William Rawle jr. Vol. IV. Philad. Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of Judicature; and in the court for the trial of impeachments and the correction of errors, in the state of New York. By William Johnson. Vol. XIX. New York.

A digested index to the reports of the Supreme Court; and the court for the correction of errors in the state of New York. By Rodney Smith Church. Part I. New York.

The Trial of James Yardley Thornton, Jacob Hollings, and others; indicted for a conspiracy in the court of quarter sessions of Bucks county, Pennsylvania. By Joseph Hough and Albert Smith. Philadelphia.

The Trial of Michael Martin, for the robbery of Major Bray. Boston.

Laws of New York; containing the session laws of 1819-20, and 1821, with a copious index. Vol. V. New York.

A Digest of the Laws of the United States of America, from March 4, 1789 to May 15, 1820; including also the constitution and the old act of confederation. By Edward Ingersoll. Philad.

A Treatise on the civil jurisdiction of a justice of the peace in the state of New York. By E. Cowen Esq. counsellor at law. Albany.

Mumford's Virginia Reports. Vol. VI. Richmond.

A General Index to the Virginia Reports. Richmond.
Wheaton's Reports. Vol. VI. New York.

Medicine.

Chapman's Elements of Therapeutics and Materia Medica. Second edition, greatly improved and enlarged. 2 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia.

New York Medical Repository of original essays and intelligence relative to physic, &c. No. 1, vol. VII. New Series for October. New York.

Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences. Edited by N. Chapman M. D. Nos. 4 & 5, vol. II. Philadelphia.

Eclectic Repertory and Analytical Review; medical and philosophical. Edited by a society of physicians. New Series, No. 4. Philadelphia.

Boylston Medical Prize Dissertations, for the years 1819 and By E. Hale jr. M. D. Boston.

1821.

The American New Dispensatory. By James Thacher M. D. Fourth edition. Boston.

Military.

Regulations of the army of the United States. By Maj. Gen. Scott. Published under authority of congress. Washington.

The Militiaman's Pocket Companion; &c. By Joseph Lord, Brigade Major and Inspector, Columbia county, N. Y. New York. The New Military Instructer, &c. on the plan of Gen. Scott's Army Regulations. By Col. E. G. House. Boston.

Miscellaneous.

A Discourse delivered at Plymouth, Dec. 22, 1820, in commemoration of the first settlement of New England. By Daniel Webster. Boston.

A Discourse delivered before the Apprentices' Society at Portland. By Grenville Mellen Esq. Portland.

Fifth Report of the society for the prevention of pauperism in the city of New York. New York.

The Idle Man. Nos. III & IV. New York.

Public documents relating to the New York canals, which are to connect the western and northern lakes with the Atlantic ocean; with an introduction. New York.

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