agreed to. This result caused universal dis- general excitement, and the people assemgust throughout Germany. bling, threatened the clergy and churches A day or two afterward Count Branden- with a specimen of Lynching. On this the burg died, and at the same time there ar- government interfered with troops to preserve rived from Vienna certain demands, which, order, while they endeavored to induce Archthough substantially agreeing with the de- bishop Franzoni, whose directions to the cision of the Conference, were couched in priest had caused the difficulty, to permit the terms too blunt and imperative. Hereupon corpse to be duly buried, but he still refused. the Prussian cabinet met and reversed its The authorities then compelled the priests previous decision so far as the calling out the belonging to the dead minister's parish church army reserves was concerned. The entire to perform the funeral rites, and further pun disposable force of the kingdom was sum-ished them by banishing from the city the remoned to the field, and in little more than a ligious order to which they belonged. week some half a million of Prussians were In the execution of this decree of banishunder arms, animated with an enthusiastic ment, certain papers were found implicating desire for a war in which they hoped to wipe the Archbishop in a treasonable conspiracy off the disgrace of Germany, and for ever against the State. On this he was arrested free her from foreign dictation. Already an and imprisoned. The Archbishop of Cagliaccidental skirmish had happened between ari was also arrested about the same time the Prussian and Bavarian forces in Hesse on a charge of seditiously resisting the law Cassel, and it seemed quite possible that a for the collection of taxes, and with being imgreat European war should at once begin. plicated in a design to overthrow the governHowever, the Prussian government was de- ment. Both these prelates were tried by a termined to avoid it, and preferred to be dis- summary process provided by an old law, but graced in the eyes of all the world rather than not allowed by the constitution in force, and venture into the perilous chances of such a banished the country. contest. It finished by submitting to Austria. For a time it was supposed that these proThe only other country where the year ceedings would be followed by an interdict has been marked by events of much impor- from Rome upon the whole country, but as tance is ITALY. In the year 1848, Charles yet nothing of the sort has taken place. The Albert, King of Piedmont, conferred a Con- Pope has brought the matter before the chief stitution upon his subjects, one of whose pro- councils of the Church, but no public action has visions was that all citizens should be equal been taken in the premises. An envoy has before the law. But according to the Concor- been sent from Turin to Rome, to endeavor to dat, or treaty between the country and the Ro- arrange the difference, but he has gone home man See, regulating the condition of the priest without having accomplished anything. There hood, every clergyman prosecuted for debt are no indications that either side will yield. or crime had the privilege of being tried be- So far, the Piedmontese government have had fore an ecclesiastical tribunal. This privilege the best of it, at least in their own dominions. being contrary to the Constitution, was, after There the matter has occasioned an extenprolonged discussion in the Piedmontese Par- sive popular agitation, and the Protestants liament, formally abrogated by a law called have industriously embraced the opportunity from its mover, Siccardi, the Minister of Jus- for the propagation of their doctrines. tice, the Siccardi Law. Hereupon the Cath- In the other parts of Italy, affairs have purolic hierarchy protested against this law as a sued a more even course. In Naples, the violation of the Concordat; and Marongiu, Archbishop of Cagliari, addressed a circular to his clergy, calling on them to resist the action of the law. For this he was tried and punished as guilty of sedition.

government has prosecuted and imprisoned every prominent man suspected of entertaining liberal opinions. In the States of the Church, the restored clerical authorities have continued to exercise an unsparing vengeance upon all their political opponents. In Tuscany, the Grand Duke, protected by his Austrian allies, has taken means to restrain greatly, if not altogether abolish, the liberty of the press. Austrian Italy has remained under the hand of Radetzky.

Things went on till the beginning of August, when Count Santa Rosa, Minister of Public Works, being at the point of death, sent for his parish priest, that he might receive the last sacrament. This the priest refused to administer, unless the minister would publicly recant his adhesion to the obnoxious In the other countries of the Continent, no law, saying that in this demand he was only movement or event of great moment has ocfulfilling his orders. Santa Rosa refused, and curred. In SPAIN, the birth of a prince royal died unabsolved; but even this was not enough (though of paternity more than doubtful) was for the Church, and his body was refused awaited with anxiety, but the child lived but burial. This becoming known through the a few moments. The King of DENMARK has city of Turin, where he resided, there was a married a dressmaker of Copenhagen named

Lola Rasmussen, a lady of rather doubtful| EXPENSES of the MEXICAN WAR. reputation. In SWEDEN, there has been a Mr. Secretary Corwin in his annual report previolent political contest between the friends sents some interesting figures in regard to the cost of constitutional reform, who desire to relieve of the late war with Mexico. It appears by the their country of Russian influence, and the report that the actual and estimated expenditures Conservatives, who wish to remain as they of the Government for the seven years subsequent are. The Legislature met on the 15th of to the declaration of war with Mexico and ending November, and it was thought at the last on the 30th of June, 1852, amount to $294,807,407 95. advices that the Reformers would have the The expenditures for 1845, the year preceding the majority. The question is on the abolition war, having been $21,380,049 36, the aggregate exof the distinction of orders in the legislature, penditures for the seven succeeding years, upon which is now divided into four, the nobles, that basis, would have been $149,660,345 52, showclergy, citizens, and peasants. This change ing an excess over the Peace Establishment of would have been made two years ago on a 1845 of $145,147,062 43. This excess of expendiproposition of the king, but as that proposi- tures the Secretary accounts for as follows: The tion required a property qualification it was actual and estimated expenditures of the War rejected. Nothing has happened in HUN- Department for seven years subsequent to the GARY, and in AUSTRIA generally the govern war with Mexico, are $117,876,495 31. Under the ment have only shown their contempt for the peace establishment of 1845 they should have been constitution put forth by them in March of $35,643,749 54; showing an excess occasioned by last year. In the TURKISH dependency of the war of $82,232,745 77. The actual and estimated Bosnia there has been an extensive revolt, expenditures of the Navy Department for the same fomented no doubt by Russian agents, and period show an excess of $19,058,858 11 over what not yet wholly subdued. Kossuth and his com- they would have been under the Peace establishpanions are still retained at Kutahia, in Asia ment, taking the year 1845 as a criterion. The Minor, but it is thought that they will soon Pensions paid under acts of 1848 to 30th of June, be released and allowed to come to the Uni-1850, amount to $1,198,141 18: ditto estimated for ted States. There has been a difficulty be- 1851 and '52, $1,525.000; Indian expenses in actween the American government and POR. quired territory to June, '52, $204,830 40; instalTUGAL, growing out of an old claim for dam-ments and interest paid under treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, $16,388,396 37; payment of liquidated ages sustained in the destruction of a vessel claims against Mexico, $2,089,578 84; renewal of at Fayal during the last war with Great diplomatic intercourse with Mexico $37,560 61; Britain. The Portuguese government, af- expenses of Board of Commissioners on Mexican claims $44,428 39; survey of Mexican boundary ter long delay, refused to come up to the $335,000; survey of coast of California $200,000; mark, and our Chargé at Lisbon, Mr. Clay, light-houses, dry dock, &c., in California $640,000; received his passports and left. At one time territorial governments in Utah and New Mexico it was supposed that Lisbon would be block-$147,300; expenses of loans and Treasury notes aded by American ships-of-war, but the mat ter has since been put in the way of amicable arrangement.

ENGLAND has had a religious excitement growing out of the appointment by the Pope of a complete set of Bishops for the kingdom, with Cardinal Wiseman as Archbishop at their head. This has mightily stirred up the Protestant feeling of press and people, and No Popery' has been and still continues to be shouted with great vehemence. We have yet to see whether any tangible practical result will follow from the effervescence.

(war) $150,879 41. The above sums chargeable to the Mexican war amount in the aggregate to $124,252,719 08, to which should be added interest on war debt to 30th of June, 1852, $13,387,544 06; do. from 30th of June to maturity $41,173,493 38; public lands granted and to be granted $17,346,750; claims pending estimated at $765,069 37; Texas boundary stock to be issued $10,000,000; interest on do. to stock for which is to be issued, 93,250,000. By maturity $7,000,000; Mexican claims per treaty, the adding the above amounts it will be seen that we have the enormous sum of ($217,175,575 89) two hundred and seventeen millions one hundred and dollars and eighty-nine cents as expenditures and seventy-five thousand five hundred and seventy-five liabilities chargeable directly to the war with Mexico and the acquisitions of territory conse The Labor Reform movement has gone on There are very many claims presented and to quent upon the treaty of peace with that country. with tolerable success at Paris; of the Asso- be presented, growing indirectly out of the war, ciations of Workmen we hear generally en- which are not included in the above account, but couraging accounts: though some have failed, which will doubtless amount in the aggregate to a as was to be expected, the majority have the 20,000 American citizens whose lives were sacMr. Corwin makes no estimate for large sum. done well. Similar institutions have also rificed in that most unrighteous war. If we esti been set on foot at London, a number of weal-mate each man to be worth as much as a good thy gentlemen, convinced of the truth of the field-hand' in South Carolina, about $1,000-and this ought to be considered a low estimate, for the Associative theory, having furnished the cap-nearer the chattel approaches the color of the ital needed to establish workshops and provide materials. Altogether, the principles of Mutualism and Coöperation have made great progress in the course of the year.

Caucasian the higher price it will bring, provided always it gets into its head no fanatical notions about freedom and such like nonsense-we may add twenty millions of dollars more to Mr Corwin's figures.

CALIFORNIA IN 1850.

difficulty the wharves and shipping in the harbor were protected from destruction. The total loss by this fire has been estimated at about $5,000,000.

THE history of California for the past year, though it has not the exciting freshness of the marvels of 1849, presents many points of interest. The opening of the year found the country peaceful and the emigrants, as well A fourth disastrous fire was experienced in the gold-diggings, as in the newly-created in San Francisco on the 20th of September, cities, generally prosperous and with new by which a loss of property to the amount prospects ahead. The first legislature, which of $1,000,000 was occasioned. The buildmet on the 15th of December, 1849, at San ings consumed were mostly old and of an José, the capital of the State, was in session, inferior order.

and the steamship Oregon, which sailed In the month of January a great overflow from San Francisco on the 1st of January, of the Sacramento river occurred, deluging took away the Senators and Representatives the country both above and below the city elected to represent California in the Con- of Sacramento, the flood extending in many gress of the United States.

places like an immense sea over the whole The City of San Francisco, during the breadth of the valley. The course of the past year. has been visited by several disas- river was indicated only by the trees and trous conflagrations, which consumed a large shrubbery with which the banks were covamount of property, and for a short time em- ered. A great number of horses and cattle barrassed the operations of business. The were swept away by the flood and drowned. first of these took place on the 24th of De- The wood-cutters and charcoal-burners on cember, breaking out in a gambling-house the banks of the river were obliged to climb on Portsmouth square, and rapidly spreading into trees in order to save their lives. On to the adjacent buildings. In a short time, the night of January 9th the city of Sacrathe finest portion of a large block of houses mento was entirely submerged, and remained was burned to the ground. The fire pre- under water for several days. The streets sented a fearful spectacle. Fortunately the in which the principal business operations weather was calm, as the slightest wind were conducted were swept completely would have exposed the entire city to almost through by the raging torrent. Every deinevitable destruction. The loss was esti- scription of merchandise was borne away mated at one million and a half of dollars. in the mighty rush. Boats navigated the With the genuine spirit of Yankee enter- streets, taking passengers from the second prise, many of the sufferers by the fire commenced business the next day in tents, and others on the same day prepared the site of the ruins for the erection of new buildings. On the same night, a fire broke out in Stockton, destroying property to the amount of $250,000. In the opinion of some of the citizens, this fire was the work of an incendiary, but the fact has not been proved.

stories of the dwelling-houses. The ridge of high land in the rear of the city was studded with tents, and man and beast, seeking safety in flight, were crowded together in dire confusion. Sutterville was overflowed. The ranches back of the river suffered the same fate. A large amount of property was destroyed by this inundation, but it is believed that no lives were lost.

Another fire took place in San Francisco, In the month of March, several expedion the 4th of May, which destroyed over tions were fitted out from San Francisco for two hundred buildings and property to the the purpose of exploring the coast of Triniamount of over four millions of dollars. The dad Bay, situated at about the forty-first defire commenced in the United States Hotel, gree of north latitude. The entrance to this and spread with terrible rapidity in every bay, after a good deal of difficulty, was at direction. It was found impossible to arrest length discovered. It was found to be five its progress, except by tearing down a large miles in length, though not much more than number of houses that presented materials half a mile in width. The river empties in for its fury. More property was consumed at the head of the bay, being about forty than could have been done within equal yards wide at the mouth. The harbor. is space in any city of the world. regarded as the finest on the California The third destructive conflagration which coast, with the exception of San Francisco visited the city of San Francisco took place and San Diego, being protected from the on the 13th of June, laying four large blocks north and west by a high, bold headland, of buildings in ashes, and consuming a great and with a good anchorage in every part of amount of valuable property. A portion of the bay within a quarter of a mile from the the district which had suffered from the pre-shore. This bay has since become the seat vious fire was again burned. With great of prosperous settlements.

Another noble Bay, which has received city was placed under martial law and it the name of Humboldt Harbor, was discov- was several days before tranquillity was ered by Capt. Ottinger of the U. S. Revenue restored.

Marine service in the month of March. This The intelligence of the reception of Caliis in lat. 40° 45', being eighteen miles long formia into the Union was welcomed at San and from two to five miles wide. The Francisco with expressions of universal enshores are surrounded with beautiful land, thusiasm. The steamer which bore the tiand excellent timber abounds in the vi- dings was decked with flags and streamers cinity. of all nations, with a piece of canvass extendA good deal of trouble has been expe- ing from fore to mainmast inscribed with the rienced from the incursions of the Indians words "California is admitted." The salin the vicinity of the Colorado, Humboldt vos of artillery and the waving of flags soon harbor, Trinidad bay, and the Sacramento spread the joyful news to every part of the mines. A large body of Indians at Clear city. All classes of the inhabitants shared lake was slaughtered in May hy a detach- the general hilarity, and with exchanges of ment of the U. S. garrisons at Sonora and mutual congratulations exulted in the accesBernicia. Eleven Americans were massa- sion of California as the thirty-first state of cred by the Yuba Indians at the crossing the Federal Union. A more formal celebraof the Colorado in the month of April. tion of this event took place on the 29th of

The attempt to collect the tax of twenty October, in which the citizens generally pardollars a month imposed on foreign miners ticipated with patriotic joy. A procession was met with decided hostility by the Mexi- was formed in honor of the occasion, salutes can and Chilian population.

In various places rich veins of gold imbedded in quartz have been discovered, which promise to yield an abundant harvest to the enterprising miner. Some veins have been found not less than thirty feet in width, producing a dollar's worth of gold to an ounce of rock.

were fired, banners displayed, an oration pronounced, a national ode sung, and the festivities closed with a ball and supper.

cholera broke out at San Francisco in the month of October and spread to different parts of the city.

From estimates predicated on a portion. of the mining districts, from which at least two thirds of all the gold obtained from the mines of California has been taken, it would appear that the whole amount realized dur ing the past spring and summer is $30,240,000 as the product of the labor of 57,000 persons, averaging about six dollars per day to each person for five months.

A terrible disaster was occasioned at San Francisco on the 29th of October by the explosion of the boiler of the steamboat Sagamore. A large number of passengers were on board, of whom from seventy-five to a The emigrants to California by the over- hundred, it is supposed, lost their lives. The land route have been exposed to incredible sufferings from famine and disease. The number at one time on the plains has been from fifty thousand to one hundred thousand souls, not one half of whom were able to reach the place of their destination without being exposed to the greatest hardships. Almost every party was obliged to be put on short allowance. The roads were lined with the bodies of dead animals, which had either perished from exhaustion or had been slaughtered for food and partly consumed. Many emigrants who had lost their animals The present condition of California may packed their scanty supplies on their back be regarded as rich in hope and promise. and attempted to continue the perilous jour- The mines continue to yield their golden ney. The women and children lagged in tribute to the arm of strenuous industry with the rear, many of whom found a grave on out stint or failure. New sources of the the desert plains. Great sympathy was ex- precious metal are constantly brought_to cited for the condition of the emigrants in light. Society is rapidly assuming a regular the cities of California; public meetings were shape. The love of adventure, the thirst for held to procure means for their relief; and gain, the desire of change, and the promptby the prompt and energetic action of chari-ings of an aspiring ambition, are crowding table individuals many lives were no doubt the region of golden sands with the sturdy preserved. pioneers of civilization from all quarters of A serious disturbance occurred during the the globe. Under the benignant influence month of August in the city of Sacramento, of a republican government, protected from growing out of the disputes between the the withering curse of slavery, and guaran squatters and landholders. An armed body tied the enjoyment of rational fiberty, this of the squatters proceeded through the streets latest-born child of our cherished Union can of the city, and a collision ensuing between not fail to stride forward with the steps of a them and the authorities, several persons healthy giant to the maturity of its strength were shot and some mortally wounded. The and the flush of consummate prosperity.

CENTRAL AMERICA.

NICARAGUA, AND THE OCEAN SHIP-CANAL.

WHAT is now the Republic of Nicaragua of March following. Meantime the several was formerly a province of the Spanish Vice- provinces proceeded to organize local or State Royalty, or, as it was sometimes called, the Governments, following very closely the exKingdom of Guatemala. The remaining ample of the United States. The meeting provinces of the Vice-Royalty were Guate- of the Congress did not take place at the time mala, San Salvador, and Honduras, on the proposed, in consequence of the intrigues of north; and Costa Rica upon the south. The the Aristocratic party, since called Serviles, city of Guatemala, in the province first named, who sought the aid of the ephemeral Mexiwas the seat of the Vice-Regal court; while can Emperor, Iturbide, to procure the aggreLeon, in Nicaragua, was the seat of a subor-gation of Central America to his broad dodinate establishment, at the head of which minion. A Mexican army was sent to enwas a Governor Intendant. Columbus dis- force the union, but was dispersed, chiefly by covered Central America in 1502, and coast- the forces of the little State of San Salvador, ed along nearly its entire eastern shore from which has always been distinguished for its Cape Honduras to Chirigui Lagoon. In 1524 sturdy republicanism, and which, on this ocCortez despatched one of his Lieutenants, casion, formally decreed its own annexation the famous Pedro Alvarado, to conquer the to the United States. It does not appear aboriginal nations of the country, the fame of that any notice was taken of this step by our whose power and riches had penetrated into Government. After the expulsion of the

the heart of Mexico. He entered the coun- Mexican troops, and the defeat of the Aristry from the north, and established a colony tocrats, the delegates of the several provinces in Guatemala. Two years previously, how-or States met in General Congress, and adoptever, Gil Gonzales de Avila (in 1522), sailing ed a Constitution of Union, under the name from Panama, with a band of armed adhe- of the " Republic of Central America." This rents, entered Nicaragua from the south. Constitution endured until 1838, when, in He was well received, but, was too weak to consequence of dissensions in and between attempt a conquest of the country. He was the States, industriously fomented by British followed by Cordova and others, who re- agents, it was dissolved, and the five States duced the Indians, and founded the cities of again severally assumed their sovereign charGranada and Leon. In 1529 Captain Diego acter. The three States of the centre, howMachuca explored Lake Nicaragua, and went ever, viz., San Salvador, Honduras, and Nicadown the river San Juan (one of the rapids ragua, the strongholds of the Liberal or Reof which still bears his name) to the ocean, publican party, have, since the dissolution, at the point where now stands the town of kept up relations more or less intimate, and San Juan de Nicaragua. Machuca proposed have recently agreed upon a plan of Union, to found a colony here, and it is believed did under the old National denomination. The make the attempt, but was interrupted by States of Guatemala and Costa Rica are acRobles, then commandant at Nombre de tual dictatorships, although claiming to be Dios, who also meditated the same enter republican. The first is controlled by the prise. These facts are mentioned here as Indian General Carrera, and the latter by showing the absurdity of the claim to that monarchical refugees from South America. port recently put forward by the British Gov- Geographically, Nicaragua is the largest ernment. and most important portion of Central AmerOn the 15th of September, 1821, the prov-ica. It extends from one ocean to the other, inces of the Vice-Royalty of Guatemala de- and embraces within its borders the great clared their independence of Spain, and a gen- Lakes of Nicaragua and Managua, through eral Congress was called to meet in the month which, it is now generally admitted exists