visitor to the Continent; and in those visits he gained the friendship of many of the most eminent chemists and botanists of the day. At Geneva he was always welcomed by the celebrated botanist Decondelle, to whose memory he has devoted a careful critical essay, published in the second volume of his "Miscellanies." It is not improbable that the influence and guidance of that great man contributed much to the formation of those just views and clear conceptions of botanical science which were such characteristic features in the mind of him who is the subject of this brief notice.

Of late years, symptoms of ill-health sometimes interfering with his proper avocations, Dr. Daubeny found it desirable during the winters to exchange his residence in Oxford for the milder climate of Torquay. Here he was ready at all times to respond to the call made upon him, to impart by public lectures or otherwise some of that rare store of information possessed by him; and he manifested his uninterrupted activity of mind by his constant observations on the temperature and other atmospheric conditions of that salubrious resort, and by experiments in ozone and the usual meteorological elements in comparison with another series in Oxford. It was during the first of these winter visits that he joined the Devonshire Association, and in the following year he was elected to fill the presidential chair. At Tiverton, where the Association met that year (1865), he delivered his inaugural address-an address to which for soundness and depth of thought, extent of research, and perspicuity of expression, it would be difficulty to find a parallel in the published transactions of any learned society in the kingdom. His interest in the well-being of the Association did not end with the termination of his year of office, but at every subsequent meeting he was present, and contributed greatly to their success by the papers he read, and the share he took in the discussions.

At Tavistock, in 1866, he read a highly interesting paper "On the Dependence of the amount of Ozone on the Direction of the Wind," wherein, having established the fact that the average amount of ozone present in the air is greatest when the wind comes from the S. W., he endeavoured to deduce the conclusion that this circumstance tends to explain the great salubrity of the sea coasts in the S.W., S. and W., inasmuch as the S. W. wind is the most prevalent wind in such situations. It is to be regretted that he chose to have printed in the Transactions of the Association merely a brief abstract of the paper alluded to.

Last year, at Barnstaple, the proceedings were enhanced in interest by a most valuable paper which he contributed "On the Temperature of the Ancient World." This paper, published in extenso in the Transactions of the Association, and illustrated by some carefully-executed diagrams, must ever be regarded by the members with peculiar interest, as being the last published production of the fertile brain of Charles Daubeny.

Besides his connection with the Devonshire Association, he took an active part in the proceedings of several congresses held for the promotion of physical science. He had during his career been an unchanging friend and supporter of the British Association; and in 1856, on the occasion of its visiting Cheltenham he became president, amidst numerous friends, who caused a medal to be struck in his honour, the only instance of the kind in the history of the Association.

His latest labour was to gather his "Miscellaneous Essays' into two very interesting volumes, and then, after patiently enduring severe illness for a few weeks, he sank to that rest which often in his thoughts had ever been expected with the calmness of the philosopher, and the hopefulness of the Christian. He died at five minutes past 12 a.m., December 13th, 1867, in his 73rd year. His remains were laid in a vault adjoining the walls of Magdalen College Chapel, in accordance with his own expressed wish, "that he might not be separated in death from a society with which he had been connected for the greater part of his life, and to which he was so deeply indebted, not only for the kind countenance and support ever afforded him, but also for supplying him with the means of indulging in a career of life at once so congenial to his taste, and the best calculated to render him a useful member of the community."

Thus passed away one whose memory will long be cherished, not only by those whose good fortune it was to possess his personal friendship and enjoy his intimacy, but also by all who are in any degree interested in the progress of science and the unravelling the mysteries of nature. He was never indifferent, prejudiced, or unprepared; but on every question his opinion was formed with rare impartiality, and expressed with rare intrepidity. Firm and gentle, prudent and generous, cheerful and sympathetic, pursuing no private ends, calm amid jarring creeds and contending parties, the personal influence of such a man on his contemporaries for half a century of active and thoughtful life fully matched the effect of his published works. Any one accustomed to a considerable

degree of intimacy with him would be able to declare that he never met with any man more entirely truthful and justminded: you might absolutely rely upon him in regard of deeds, thoughts, and motives. To convince his judgment was to enlist his sympathy, and secure his active help; to be censured with over-much strictness was a passport to such protection as he could honestly give.

His published writings are very numerous. Many of his essays and memoirs, scattered through various periodcals, and not easily accessible, were collected and arranged by their author in two volumes of miscellanies. The following is a list of the works which contain the principal results of Dr. Daubeny's scientific and literary labours :

1. Description of Active and Extinct Volcanos, 8vo. London, 1826. Second Edition, 1848. Several Supplements.

2. Tabular View of Volcanic Phoenomena, thick Fol.

1828.

3. Notes of a Tour in North America, 8vo. (Privately printed.) 1838. 4. Introduction to the Atomic Theory, 8vo.

1852.

7. Trees and Shrubs of the Ancients, 8vo. 1865.

8. Miscellanies on Scientific and Literary Subjects, 2 vols. 8vo. 1867.

SIR J.

BROOKE, K.C.B.,

LATE GOVERNOR OF LABUAN AND RAJAH OF SARAWAK.

To the honoured name of Dr. Daubeny must be added that of another, who, during the past year, has been removed from among us by death, viz., His Highness the Rajah Sir J. Brooke, who, although less known to the world of science and letters, nevertheless, occupied a position among modern representative men, perhaps the highest that could be attained, who has left a name behind him destined to stand forth prominently in the future pages of English history, and who has made the English name to be respected and loved in the eastern seas.

Sprung from a good old Somersetshire family, and the son of a plain retired official, who had acquired a handsome competency in the Civil Service of the East India Company, James Brooke was born, either in India or, according to another account, at Combe Grove, near Bath, on the 29th of

April, 1803. He received his early education at several schools, but principally at the Grammar School at Norwich, at that time under one of the Valpy family. As a boy he had loved nothing so well as "Robinson Crusoe" and books of foreign adventure; it is not to be wondered at that as soon as he grew towards manhood he should have chosen the Indian army as his profession. He obtained his first commission about the year 1817, and served as a cadet in the first Burmese war, in which he was severely wounded, and shortly after obtained his lieutenancy. After his return to England, upon the death of his father, an accident befel him which altered the whole course of his subsequent life. On recovering from his wound he travelled through France and Italy to re-establish his health; but on reaching India he found that his furlough had expired, and that he was obliged to retire from the service, although he was able to plead in excuse the fact that he had been wrecked on his outward passage, and that he was scarcely accountable for the delay. Accordingly, he made up his mind to do the best that he could under the circumstances, and having purchased a yacht of 140 tons burden-The Royalist,-in her he set sail towards the close of 1838 from the mouth of the Thames, with a crew trained to obey him and feel faith in his command, and steered straight for those eastern seas of which he had read as a child, and which he now resolved to penetrate again. He had heard much of the wretched condition of the natives of some of those eastern islands; of their habits of plunder, piracy, and murder; of their discontent under the rule of native chiefs almost as savage and lawless as themselves; and of the gradual cessation of trade and commerce, which threatened to plunge them deeper in the gloom of barbarism. In the month of August, in 1839, having already passed the southern shores of India and Ceylon, crossed the Indian Ocean, and landed at Singapore, he reached Sarawak, which is situated a few leagues up country from the sea coast of Borneo.

On reaching the coast of Borneo he found the sovereign of that island engaged in a long and almost hopeless attempt to suppress one of those rebellions which so frequently happen among the rival rulers of subordinate districts. His services were lent to the rajah, Muda Hassim, uncle of the sultan, and they secured the triumph of authority and law. It appears that Muda soon afterwards, being called to the post of prime minister, recommended the sultan to entrust Sarawak to the care and government of the able Englishman.

The advice thus tendered was accepted, and forthwith James Brooke was duly installed as rajah.

The newly appointed rajah immediately set about the reform of the local government, the framing of new laws, and the improvement of the people thus strangely subjected to the all but irresponsible sway of the "Tuan Besar," or great man, as the natives persisted in calling him. He soon attached to himself the native rulers by the tie of affection; and pursuing war as a pastime, chased the pirates to their retreats, and scoured them from the seas. The result of these expeditions was the shedding of a great deal of blood; but it was said that those who perished were freebooters and pirates, and the outcry raised in consequence at home against the rajah gradually died away. Captain Keppel, who had largely assisted him in the suppression of piracy, on his return to England in 1844, published a Diary by the rajah himself, which rendered the public at home familiar with the true state of the case, and prepared them to welcome him on his return with suitable demonstrations of their feelings. On reaching London in 1846, or early in 1847, Rajah Brooke found himself famous, and more than famous. The knighthood of the Bath was conferred upon him by her Majesty; the University of Oxford bestowed upon him the honorary degree of D.C.L.; and he was fêted and entertained at dinner by every public body, from the Queen at Windsor Castle, down to the most third-rate and fourth-rate of city companies. He also reaped the more solid and substantial reward of being created by the Queen "Commissioner and Consul to the native states of Borneo, and Governor of Labuan," the latter being a small island near Sarawak purchased from the sultan, and erected into a British colony. As governor he enjoyed a salary of £2000

a year.

It is not to be supposed that all this time he had no zealous opponents or detractors from the credit and fame which were his due. His conduct was severely criticised and censured by Mr. Joseph Hume and other members of the imperial parliament; and his rule was made the subject of official enquiry, which he felt to be almost equivalent to an official censure. Although he came triumphantly out of the enquiry, yet it laid the foundation of great mental suffering and bodily illness in a man like Brooke, whose sensitive and chivalrous nature, as Edmund Burke has pointedly said, "feels dishonour as a wound." What hard work in the east could not do was speedily effected by