penances also for the souls of Christ's faithful who shall have departed this life united to God in charity.

Notwithstanding the rule of our Chancery ecneern ing the not granting of Indulgences ad instur, and all other Constitutions and Ordinances Apostle whatsoever to the contrary, these our letters are to remain in force for one year. And it is our will that the same faith be given to the printed ecpies of these our letters, such being authenticated by the signature of a notary public, and by the seal of some ecclesiastical dignitary, as would be given to the original itself if exhibited or shown.

Given at Rome at St. Peter's, under the Ring of the Fisherman, this 19th day of August, 1973, in the twenty-eighth year of our Pontificate.

+F. CARDINAL ASQUINI.

The present Letters Apostolic were exhibited at the Secretariate of the Congregation of Indulgences, this 21st day of August, 1873, according to the form of the decree of the said Congregation, dated the 14th day of April, 1856. In testimony whereof, etc. Given at Rome from the Secretariate of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences and of Holy Relics, on the day and year as above.

DOMINIC SARRA, Substitute.

He also by a brief of July 8th granted indulgence for a Novena to St. Peter in vinculis, in allusion to his own position.

Another feature in connection with the pilgrimage to Paray le Monial, to the tomb of B. Margaret Mary Alacoque, to whom devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus owes its modern form, was a general dedication of dioceses, churches, institutions, and private houses, to the Sacred Heart. This became general, before the close of the year, throughout the Catholic world.

The Old Catholic movement during the year 1873 took a permanent form, yet occupied such indefinite ground that, while in some respects the members ceased to belong to the Roman Catholic Church, under others they were regarded as still part of it.

A committee was appointed at the Old Catholic Congress, to decide on the question of a bishop. On the 4th of June the Assembly of Delegates, numbering twenty priests and fiftyseven lay delegates, chose Prof. Reinkens, of Breslau, as missionary-bishop without a see. As consecration by any bishops in communion with the Pope, was out of the question, he was consecrated at Rotterdam, on the 11th of August, by the Jansenist Bishop of Deventer. Another Congress or Council of the Old Catholic body was held at Constance, Switzerland, in September, but no confession of faith, or system of discipline, was adopted. Mr. Loyson (Father Hyacinthe) and two other sympathizers with the Old Catholic movement, were elected curés at Geneva, but Loyson disavowed all allegiance to Bishop Reinkens, who, on his side, did not recognize Mr. Loyson as one of his clergy.

On the 7th of October, Bishop Reinkens took, at the hands of Dr. Falk, the following oath : I, Joseph Hubert Reinkens, swear an oath to Almighty and Omniscient God, upon the Holy Evangelists, that I, having been raised to the dignity of a Catholic bishop, will be subject, faithful, obedient,

and devoted to his royal Majesty, William of Prussis, and to the legitimate sucessor in government of his most high Majesty, will advance the interests of his most high Majesty, according to my ability, avoid injury and prejudice to them, will conscien topsy cbserve the Laws of the land, will particularly endeavor to achieve that a feciing of awe and fidelity toward the King, of love for the fatherland, of deference to the laws, and all those virtues which denote the good subject in the Christian, shall be carefully fostered in the minds of the clergy and communities intrusted to my episcopal direction; and I will not tolerate that my subordinate clergy shall teach and set in a sense opposed to the above. More especially I vow that I will not entertain any association or connection, be it within or without the kingdom, which may be prejudicial to public safety; and, should I be which may result in injury to the state, that I will come aware that propositions shall be made anywhere signify the same to his royal Majesty. I promise to fulli all this the more irrefragably in that I am persuaded that my episcopal office obliges me to nothing ity to his royal Majesty, or to that of obedience to which can be opposed to the oath of loyalty and fidelthe law of the land. All this I swear, so help me God and this holy Evangelism.

The patent of recognition, signed by the King, and handed by Dr. Falk to the bishop atter he had taken the foregoing oath, reads thus:

sia, etc., etc., give to know, and make hereby known, We, William, by the grace of God, King of Prusthat we herewith, in virtue of the episcopal election held in Cologne on the 4th of June, 1878, and of the consecration to the Catholic Episcopate, performed of August, 1878, do recognize the Ordinary Professor by the Bishop of Deventer, in Rotterdam, on the 11th in the Catholic Theological Faculty of Breslau University, Dr. Joseph Hubert Reinkens, as Catholic Bishop; and, accordingly, we command our Upper Presidents, Presidents and Provincial Colleges, as whatsoever name, position, dignity, or condition well as each and every our vassals and subjects, of herewith, graciously and earnestly, that they shall recognize and respect the said Joseph Hubert Reinkens as Catholic bishop, and let the same possess, have, and enjoy, fully and without question by anybody, all that which may be dependent upon his office, may belong thereto, or may be exacted in virtue thereof, in the way of honors and dignities, profits and other advantages, on penalty of our royal displeasure and heavy inevitable reprehension; without prejudice, however, to all that belongs to us and to our royal and territorial princely privileges.

In witness whereof we have completed this present patent of recognition with our most exalted signature, and have caused it to be sealed with our royal signet. Thus given-BERLIN, September 19, 1878.

WILHELM.

Pius IX., in an encyclical, on the 21st of November, reviewed the chief events of the year.

In the consistory of December 22d, Pius IX. created twelve cardinals: Alexander Franchi, Archbishop of Thessalonica; Flavius Chigi, Archbishop of Myra; Louis Öreglia di Santo Stefano, Archbishop of Damietta; Mariano bishop of Athens-the four nuncios to Spain, Falcinelli Antoniacci, a Benedictine, ArchFrance, Portugal, and Austria; Joseph Hippolyte Guibert, Oblate of Mary Immaculate, Archbishop of Paris; René François Regnier, Archbishop of Cambray; Mariano Barrio y

Fernandez, Archbishop of Valencia; Maximilian von Tarnoczy, Archbishop of Salzburg, Austria; John von Simor, Archbishop of Strigonia, and Primate of Hungary; Ignazio do Nascimento Moraes Cardosa, Patriarch of the Indies, and Archbishop of Lisbon; Father Camillus Tarquini, a Jesuit, who died soon after; Thomas Martinelli, an Augustinian.

Among the eminent persons connected with the Catholic Church who died in 1873 were Cardinals Billiat, Cuesta, and Milesi Ferretti; F. John Merlini, General of the Missionaries of the Precious Blood; F. Jerome Kaysoewicz, General of the Order of the Resurrection, Bishop Reinkens was born in the manufacturing town of Burtscheid, near Aix-la-Chapelle, on March 1, 1821. In order to support his aged father, who had lost his entire property, he entered, with one of his brothers, as working-man, a spinning-factory of Aix-la-Chapelle. Three years later he was able to begin a course of study at a gymnasium, which he rapidly finished. From 1844 to 1847 he studied, at the University of Bonn, theology and philology. After being ordained a priest at Cologne, in 1848, he received, in 1850, the degree of Doctor of Divinity, and in the same year was called by Bishop Diepenbrock to Breslau, where he became a lecturer on church history at the university, and in 1852 second cathedral preacher, 1853 extraordinary, and 1857 ordinary Professor of Theology. After the death of Bishop Diepenbrock he resigned, in 1858, his office as cathedral preacher. In the conflict which, in 1860, began between Bishop Förster, the successor of Diepenbrock, and the liberal professor, Baltzer, Reinkens sided with the latter, and from this time the strictly Catholic party in Germany regarded him as a dangerous representative of a theological liberalism. When the movement against the Vatican Council and the doctrine of papal infallibility began in Germany, Reinkens at once took a prominent part in it. His first work on the subject, entitled "Papst und Papstthum nach der Zeichnung des heil. Bernhard von Clairvaux" ("Pope and Popedom, as described by St. Bernard, of Clairvaux,' Münster, 1870), involved him in a disciplinary investigation on the part of the bishop, who, at that time, was in Rome; the publication of a second work on papal infallibility ("Ueber Päpstliche Unfehlbarkeit," Munich, 1870), the bishop endeavored to prevent, with the cooperation of the Prussian Minister of Education.

On August 26th and 27th, 1870, Reinkens took part in a meeting of Catholic professors, which was held under the presidency of Döllinger, at Nuremberg, and which issued a declaration against the doctrine of papal infallibility. The Bishop of Breslau, on that account, suspended him, and forbade the students to attend his theological lectures. From that time Reinkens devoted nearly his whole energy to the promotion of the Old Catholic movement. At the first Old Catholic Congress, held in Munich

in September, 1871, he made an address on nationality and Catholicity; at the Congress of Cologne, held in September, 1872, he made the report of a special committee on the relation of the Old Catholics to other Christian denominations. From the University of Leipsic he received, in February, 1871, the honorary title of Doctor of Philosophy. Soon after his recognition by the Emperor, the Governments of Baden and Hesse also recognized him as "Catholic bishop." Immediately after his consecration as bishop, he issued a pastoral letter to the Old Catholic congregations of Germany, and subsequently (December 14th) he replied, by a second pastoral letter, to the Papal Encyclical of November 21st. Bishop Reinkens is the author of a number of works relating to Church history and philosophy, the most important of which are the following: "De Clemente Presbytero Alexandrino (Breslau, 1851); "Hilarius von Poitiers" (Schaffhausen, 1864); "Die Einsiedler des heib Hieronymus" (Schaffhausen, 1864); Die Gechichtsphilosophie des heil. Augustinus" (Schaffhausen, 1866); “Martin von Tours" (Breslau, 1866); "Aristoteles über Kunst, besonders über Tragödie" (Vienna, 1870). On the question of papal infallibility he published, besides the works already mentioned, six essays, under the title "Die päpstlichen Decrete von 18 Juli, 1870" (Munich, 1871).

Count MIECISLAV LEDOCHOWSKI, Archbishop of Posen and Gnesen, a scion of an old noble Polish family, and eldest son of Count Joseph Ledochowski, who died on November 24, 1859, was born on October 29, 1822. After having been ordained a priest, he gained at Rome the confidence of the Pope to so high a degree that, in 1861, he was appointed Archbishop of Thebes in partibus infidelium, and in 1862 was sent as papal nuncio to Belgium. His election as Archbishop of Posen and Gnesen in 1866 was not only highly acceptable to Rome, but also to the Prussian Government, which was believed to have received assurances from the new archbishop that he would not use his episcopal influence for strengthening the national Polish movement, which ultimately aims at a separation of the Polish districts from Prussia and the restoration of an independent Poland. For several years the good understanding between the archbishop and the Prussian Government continued, and several of his pastoral letters, which enjoined obedience to the lawful government, were severely criticised and denounced by the Polish nationalists. At the beginning of 1871 he went to the headquar ters of the new Emperor of Germany at Versailles in order to present to the Emperor a petition of the cathedral chapters of Gnesen and Posen in behalf of the restoration of the temporal power of the Pope. As the petition was not granted, the relations of the archbishop to the Prussian Government ceased. He showed himself an uncompromising champion of the claims of the Catholic Church.