ROSELIUS, CHRISTIAN, LL.D., a distinguished jurist, was born in Bremen, Germany, August 15, 1802; died in New Orleans, September 5, 1873. In his boyhood he emigrated to Louisiana as a redemptioner; that is, he secured his passage by selling his services for a stated term of years. This lad, poor and friendless in a strange land, worked his way upward with indomitable will. He became remarkable for his literary and classical attainments. His speeches, whether delivered in French, German, or English, were equally correct, and even eloquent. While pursuing the occupation of a printer, he studied law, and sought the foundations of jurisprudence in the works of Justinian and the Corpus Juris Civilis. He acquired readily a thorough knowledge of Latin, and it was from the sources of law that his mastery over the science was so effectual. His life at the bar is written in the reports of the State Supreme Court. Rising from the modest position of a junior attorney, as those talents of such a high order became appreciated, he early took a rank among those more advanced in years and very soon was the acknowledged peer of Grymes, Mazureau, Soulé, Livingston, and other brilliant members of the bar, who were his contemporaries. For many years he was Dean of the Faculty of the University of Louisiana, and was Professor of Civil Law in that institution at the time of his death. He was elected to the Secession Convention, and refused to sign that ordinance. Being one of the few members of the bar who had been an unwavering Unionist, General Hurlbut, while in command at New Orleans offered him the highest position on the reconstructed Supreme bench. He declined the appointment because the general refused to assure him that the court should be exempt from military interference.

ROUGE, OLIVIER CHARLES CAMILLE EMMANUEL, Viscount de, a French archeologist, and member of the Institute of France, born in Paris, April 11, 1811; died in that city, January 25, 1873. He was of an old Breton family, and was destined by his father for a legal and political career, but the Revolution of 1830 having lost his father his official position, the son returned to the ancestral estates in Anjou, and busied himself for some time with agricultural pursuits. His taste for philological pursuits brought him often to Paris. He studied Hebrew and Arabic before he became interested in the hieroglyphic inscriptions, but, once attracted by them, he gave himself up wholly to Egyptian studies, and during more than eight years pursued his investigations of hieroglyphic inscriptions without any connection with the world of scholars who were interested in the same study. In 1844-45 his first publications on these subjects attracted the attention of Letronne and Biot, and he was soon in communication with these and other philologists. As one of the editors of the Archeological Review, M. de Rouge presented to the Academy of Inscriptions in 1850 an in

terpretation of an hieroglyphic funeral inscription, which was the most lucid of all the attempts at deciphering these inscriptions, and led to his election as a member of the Institute, in 1853, when he succeeded Pardessus. In 1849 he was appointed superintendent of the Egyptian Museum in the Louvre. In 1854 he became a member of the Council of State in the Section of the Interior and of Public Instruction, and not long after succeeded Charles Lenormant as Professor of Archæology in the College of France. He was created an officer in the Legion of Honor in August, 1862. Though ranking among the ablest Egyptologists, not only in France, but in Europe, the Viscount de Rouge was not a prolific writer. He had published an "Egyptian Chrestomathy," with a French translation of the text, and many monographs_on_archæological and philological topics in the Transactions of the Institute, and in the Archæological Review.

RUSSIA (Empire of all the Russias), an empire in Europe and Asia. Emperor, Alexander II., born April 17 (April 29, new style), 1818; succeeded his father, February 18 (March 2), 1855; crowned at Moscow, August 26 (September 7), 1856. Sons of the Emperor: 1. Heir-apparent, Grand-duke Alexander, born February 26 (March 10), 1845; married November 4, 1866, to Maria Dagmar (born November, 26, 1847), daughter of King Christian IX., of Denmark. (Offspring of the union are two sons; Nicholas, born May 6, 1868; and George, born April 28, 1871.) 2. Grand-duke Vladimir, born April 10, 1847. 3. Grand-duke Alexis, born January 2, 1850. 4. Grand-duke Sergius, April 29, 1857. 5. Grand-duke Paul, born September 1, 1860.

The Council of the Empire, which has to superintend the general administration of affairs, and proposes alterations whenever necessary, consisted in 1873 of thirty-one members, exclusive of the ministers who have a seat ex officio, and of the princes of the imperial house, who can claim the right to be present at the deliberations. The president, in 1873, was the Grand-duke Constantine, the brother of the Emperor. This Council is divided into three departments, namely, of Legislation, of Civil Administration, and of Finance. The first department is presided over by Prince Urussov, the second by Prince Peter of Oldenburg, the third by General Tchefkin. The Senate (directing Senate), which is the high-court of justice for the empire, controlling all inferior tribunals, and examining into the state of public revenue and expenditure, and having power to appoint to a great variety of offices, and to make remonstrances to the Emperor, is divided into seven (before 1869 into eight) sections or committees, of which five sit in Petersburg and two in Moscow. In the plenum, or general meeting of the sections, the Minister of Justice takes the chair, as high procurator for the Emperor. The Holy Synod, established by Peter I., in 1721,

event in the history of Russia during the year 1873. (See Khiva.)

In April, 1873, the Minister of Public Instruction presented to the Council of the Empire a draft prepared by a special commission, according to which 4,373 schools were to be established in the thirteen governments where thus far the provincial institutions had not commenced operations.

On April 3d, a new postal treaty between Russia and France was ratified by the representatives of both Governments at St. Petersburg.

Toward the close of April the Emperor of Germany paid a visit to his nephew, Emperor Alexander. He met with a most cordial and enthusiastic reception not only on the part of the entire imperial family, but also on the part of the masses of the population. Even papers like the Gazette, of Moscow, and the Golos, which formerly suspected Bismarck of an intention to annex the Baltic provinces to Germany, and strongly sympathized with France, now expressed themselves in a very sympathetic manner respecting both the Emperor and the German people.

The Shah of Persia arrived, on board of a Russian war-steamer, at Astrakhan, on May 15th. On May 18th he arrived at Moscow, where he remained two days. In St. Petersburg, he met, on May 22d, with a warm reception on the part of the Emperor and the Grand-dukes, and attracted general attention by his brilliant diamonds. After staying a few days, the Shah left for Berlin. Negotiations were begun between the representatives of Russia and Persia for a new commercial treaty, which was formally concluded on September 10th.

In June the official papers of the Russian Government announced that no Russian lady who, after January 1, 1874, continued to hear

lectures at the Swiss University of Zurich, would, after her return to Russia, be allowed to exercise any profession for which the authorization of the Government is required, nor have access to any examination, or any Russian institution. The number of young Russian ladies studying at Zurich has been steadily on the increase for about ten years, and in 1873 amounted to one hundred and eight, while the number of lady students from all other countries was only twenty. The great majority of these students has become imbued with socialistic ideas, and takes an active part in the socialistic agitations of the day.

The Russian Government in October made a new arrangement with the Porte, according to which all the Russian residents of Turkey, even if they acquire landed estates, shall retain the immunity conceded to them by former treaties with regard to their persons, dwellings, and movable property. The Russian ambassador in Constantinople, General Ignatiev, expressed, on this and other occasions, the most intimate friendship for the Government of Turkey, and the same sentiments were expressed by the official press of Russia, which even blamed Austria for being too ostentatious in the defense of the persecuted Christians of Bosnia.

Toward the close of the year, the Russian Government concluded a new treaty with the Khan of Bokhara, according to which the latter received the territory on the right bank of the Amoo Darya, which the Khan of Khiva had ceded to Russia; he engaged in his turn to open the whole land to free commercial intercourse with Russia, to abolish slavery, and to authorize the Russians not only to carry on trades, but also to purchase landed property. The Emir of Bokhara will keep a resident ambassador in Tashkend, and a Russian ambassador will reside in Bokhara.

dent Buchanan appointed him Navy Agent at New York. In the campaign of 1860 he supported Mr. Douglas for the presidency. He sympathized with the South during the civil war, and was engaged with Mason, Slidell, and others, in endeavoring to secure the recognition of the Confederacy by England, France, and other European powers. In July, 1864, Mr. Sanders, with C. C. Clay, of Alabama, and James P. Holcomb, of Virginia, representing the South, entered into negotiations at Niagara Falls with Mr. Greeley, who had consulted with President Lincoln, for a treaty of peace between the two contending sections. No satisfactory conclusion was reached, and the negotiations were broken off. At the close of the war Mr. Sanders came to the City of New York, and had resided there till his

SAN SALVADOR (REPÚBLICA DE SAN SALVADOR), one of the five independent states of Central America; lying between latitude 13° and 14° 10' north, and longitude 87° and 90° west. It is bounded northeast by Nicaragua; southeast by Fonseca Bay; south by the Pacific Ocean; and northwest by Guatemala. The territory is divided into eight departments: San Miguel, San Vicente, La Paz, Chalatenango, Suchitoto, San Salvador, Sonsonate, and Santa Ana, with their capitals of the same names respectively, except La Paz, whose capital is Sacatecoluca.

The area of the republic comprises 9,600 square miles, according to Squier; but most authorities give it at 7,500 square miles approximately.

The population is computed to be about 600,000, distributed according to races in the following manner: whites, 9,000; Indians, 300,000; negroes, 1,000; and inestizoes, 290,000.

San Salvador, the capital city, had at the commencement of 1873 about 20,000 inhabitants. According to a census taken in October, it had been reduced to 16,000, a diminution to be accounted for by the earthquake of last March.

The President of the republic is General San J. Gonzalez, reëlected on February 1, 1872, for a term of two years; the Vice-President is the licentiate M. Mendez; the Minister of Foreign Affairs, ; the Minister of War and Finances, General B. Bustamante; Minister of Public Instruction, the Vice-President of the Republic; and the Minister of Justice, the licentiate M. Trigueros.

The President of the Corps législatif is M. Vasconcellos; President of the Senate, Dr. T. Silva; and the Bishop, T. M. Pineda y Zaldaña.

The army is 1,000 strong in time of peace, and the militia 5,000.

The chief staples of export are indigo, coffee, sugar, balsam of Peru, and India-rubber; the most important of these by far is the first. The exports of the year 1872 reached a total value of $3,800,000; and the imports, $3,000,000.

During the first half of the fiscal year 1872'73, the importation through the custom-house at La Libertad, comprised 24,216 packages, at the value of $21,099.40; the exports of 11,864 packages, valued at $401,208.

A railway to connect the capital with the port of La Libertad is in process of construction. As early as February Mr. Bueron, the engineer, informed the Government that 1,415 metres of the line were graded and prepared for the laying of the rails; and that, with 1,910 metres more, the most difficult section that from San Salvador to Santa Tecla-would be completed; so that only three kilometres would then be wanting to finish that portion of the line between the port of La Laguna and the capital. Five bridges required between

the Arenal and the Panteon were likewise in course of preparation; and it was regarded as probable that trains would begin to run in May over the section alluded to. The survey of the remainder of the line from Santa Teels to La Libertad was in progress. The rails and rolling-stock for the road were shipped from Europe in 1872. The railways from San Miguel to La Union and from Santana to Acajutla via Sonsonate were progressing favorably.

There are 570 kilometres (about 220 miles) of telegraph in the republic, the lines communicating with those of Guatemala and Honduras. The working expenses of the whole telegraph system amount usually to about $20,000, and the receipts are reported at $22,000. These lines belong to the Government.

Much was done during the year to improve the national highways, and particularly the carriage-road from Chalatenango to the capital. The revenue for 1873 was estimated at $1,019,857.40.

The municipal revenues in the republic make an annual total of about $200,000.

The consolidated debt of San Salvador was reported to be, on September 3, 1869, $705,800, represented mainly by libranzas, treasurybills, at six per cent. interest, with an annual amortization of $24,557. The only other indebtedness of the country at that time was a floating debt of $84,264. But this prosperous state of affairs underwent a complete change by the war with Honduras in 1872, which cost the Government, in all probability, little less than $7,000,000.

In San Salvador, as in all the Spanish-American states, the lack of hands for the prosecntion of the public works is sensibly felt, and seriously retards the material development of the country. The Government, despite the political broils and petty revolutions by which it is almost incessantly harassed, makes use of such means as it has at its disposal to remedy the evil; but as European immigrants are not easily obtained in the more prosperous of the Central-American republics, and much less so for San Salvador, coolies are looked to as the more immediate source of relief. A conces sion was secured in April for the introduction of 500 immigrants, Chinese and European.

At the beginning of the year, when the republic was at peace with the neighboring states, great anxiety was caused in political circles by the undecided and suspicious policy of Costa Rica, the real nature of whose relations with and intentions toward the sister republics of Central America it was somewhat difficult to define. But a short time before, a peace policy had been declared in a circular issued by Dr. Castro, of Costa Rica; but the resumption of the supreme power by President Guardia was immediately followed by the banishment of a number of leading citizens from the republic, and among them Dr. Castro himself-other acts of President Guardia (recorded in the articles COSTA RICA, GUATEMALA,