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mann,1 and Dr. Schultze; 2 a treatise on German maritime law by Dr. Lewis; 3 and a scheme of international arbitration by Dr. Goldschmidt. It is an interesting mark of a revival of German literary interest on this topic that a journal mainly devoted to its discussion has been lately started in Leipzig.5 Switzerland has given us some valuable contributions. M. Soldan has published on domicil; M. Hornung on international offences; Dr. Teichmann on change of conjugal domicil; and M. Brocher, not only on the topic before us in its general bearings, but on several special questions.9

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From Spain we have a work by M. Negrin on international maritime law.10

To Italy, as befits the country which has recently taken the lead in inaugurating a new school in this department, we are indebted for a series of important publications. The most striking of these emanate from M. Mancini, no less distinguished as one

dung des Strafgesetzes. Von Dr. von Hornung, Professeur à l'université de Bar. 28 Gerichtssaal.

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Genève. Revue de droit int. vol. xii. (1880) p. 104.

8 Ueber Wandelbarkeit und Unwandelbarkeit des gesetzlichen ehelichen Güterrechts bei Wohnsitzwechsel. Von Dr. Albert Teichmann. Basel, 1879.

Etude sur les conflits de législation en matière de droit pénal. Par Charles Brocher. Revue de droit int. vii. (1875) 22, 169.

Etudes sur la lettre de change dans ses rapports avec le droit international privé. Par Charles Brocher, Genève. Revue de droit international, vi. (1874), pp. 5, 196.

Nouveau traité de droit international privé. Par Charles Brocher, Genève. Paris, 1876. This work was partially published in advance in the Revue de droit int., vols. iv. v.

10 Tratado elemental de derecho internacional maritimo. Madrid, 1873.

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of the leaders in the struggle for Italian unification and independence than as a jurist. We have, in addition, from M. Fiore, treatises on private international law,2 on public international law; and on penal law and extradition. Italian private international law has been distinctively treated by M. Esperson,5 who has also given us a work on international maritime jurisprudence. The Italian system has also been discussed by M. Norsa, and by Professor Pertile, and international bankruptcy by M. Carle.9

From Russia we have an essay on the municipal relations of international law by Count Kamarowsky,10 a work on the consular system in the East by M. Martens, as well as an expo

1 Droit international public. Par P. S. Mancini. Naples, 1871. With this are to be considered the papers devoted peculiarly to private international law published by M. Mancini in the Jour. du droit int. privé, vols. i. ii.

2 Droit international privé ou principes pour résoudre les conflits entre les législations diverses, en matière de droit civil et commercial. Par P. Fiore, Professeur, etc., traduit de l'Italien, annoté et suivi d'un appendice de l'auteur, comprenant le dernier état de la législation, et de la jurisprudence; par P. Pradier-Fodéré, Professeur á l'école des sciences politiques et administratives de Lima, Pérou. Paris, 1875.

8 Trattato di diritto internazionale pubblico. Par Pasquale Fiore. 2d ed. Turin, 1879. In this edition extradition and diplomatic extra-territoriality are copiously discussed.

4 Traité de droit pénal int. et de l'extradition. Par P. Fiore, trad. par Ch. Antoine. Paris, 1880.

Le droit int. privé dans la législation Italienne. Par P. Esperson, Pro

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fesseur à la université de Pavie. Jour. du droit int. privé (1880), 245.

De la juridiction internationale maritime. Par Pietro Esperson, Professeur de droit int. à l'université de Pavie. 1877.

7 Revue de la jurisprudence Italienne en matière de droit int. privé. Par Cesar Norsa, Milan. Revue de droit int. ix. (1878) 207.

8 Elementi di diritto internazionale moderno. By Professor Pertile. Padua, 1877.

La faillite dans le droit int. privé. By M. Guiseppe Carle, Professeur extraordinaire de l'université de Turin, traduit par M. Ernest Dubois. Paris, 1876.

10 Quelques réflexions sur les relations entre le droit international et les différentes branches de la jurisprudence. Par le Comte Kamarowsky, Moscou. Revue de droit int. vii. (1875) 5.

11 Das Consular-wesen und die Consular-jurisdiction im Orient. Von F. Martens, Professor des Völkerrechts, St. Petersburg. Berlin, 1874.

sition of Russian diplomatic history by the latter author.1 From Egypt we have a paper on the local judicial system by Dr. Dutrieux;2 from Buenos Ayres a commentary by Dr. Rivadavia,3 and a course of lectures by Dr. Alcorta ; from Peru the annotations by Professor Pradier-Fodéré, already noticed; from Japan an article on the mixed tribunals of the East.5

With this mass of recent literature before me, when undertaking the revision of my first edition, and in view of the great accumulation of relevant American adjudications, I felt that I was either to expand the work into two volumes, or remodel it by reducing that portion of it which gave the views of the older jurists, so as to leave room for the necessary additions. The latter course I have preferred, though it has involved much labor, and has led to such a change in the structure of the work as to leave unaltered but little of the former material. In making this change, my object has been to exhibit private international law as it now is. At the same time, while giving what I believe to be a just exposition of conclusions reached in other countries, I felt it to be a principal duty to vindicate the distinctively American tenets on this important topic. I have done this copiously, and I have made it the most conspicuous feature of my book. The question that primarily emerges is, What determines personal status? The law of nationality, so answer distinguished leaders of the new school now dominant in Italy, in France, and in Belgium; but, while they say this, they admit as exceptions all cases involving local policy and

1 Recueil des traités, etc. St. Pe- Curso de 1878, dictado por el Doctor tersbourg, 1874.

2 La question judiciaire en Égypte. Par le Dr. Dutrieux (du Caire). Revue de droit int. viii. (1876) 573.

8 Derecho internacional. Por Luis Pintos y Joaquin Rivadavia. Buenos Ayres, 1874.

A. Alcorta, 144 pp. Buenos Ayres.
This is an analysis of the lectures of
Dr. Alcorta, and not an expanded
treatise.

5 L'exterritorialité et les tribunaux mixts dans l'extrème Orient. Yokohama, Japan, 1875. Jour. du droit

4 Derecho internacional privado. int. privé, ii. (1875) 168, 249.

good morals.

The difference between my learned colleagues and myself in this relation is, that their exceptions I regard as the principle; their principle as the exception. National policy, I hold, determines personal capacity; and in this country national policy prescribes that no home restrictions of capacity. shall be regarded as clinging to foreigners when they marry or do business on our shores. It is here we encounter what may be called the distinctive jurisprudence of the United States. In other respects, we adopt the rules held now, not only in France and Italy but in Germany and England, that succession is governed as to movables by the lex domicilii; that movables as well as immovables are governed, in transactions inter vivos, by the lex situs; that contracts are governed by the law of the place in which they have their distinctive seat; that each sovereign has internationally jurisdiction to punish, if the offenders are found on his territory, offences against his essential prerogatives. On these points of agreement, as well as on the question of personal capacity, on which we have the misfortune to disagree with our foreign critics, there are now a vast number of decisions by our American courts. These decisions I have sought to collate and systematize. I have compared the results freely with the contemporaneous conclusions in England, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy. The law in those countries I have endeavored faithfully to give, since that law comes constantly up in issues litigated before our courts. But my main object has been to exhibit the law which, if not actually at this moment prevailing as a system in the United States, is the law to which our adjudications as well as our traditions tend.

February 12, 1881.

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1 See infra, §§ 102 et seq.

F. W.

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