A History of Mathematical Notations -

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Cosimo, Inc., 1 июн. 2007 г. - Всего страниц: 472
Described even today as "unsurpassed," this history of mathematical notation stretching back to the Babylonians and Egyptians is one of the most comprehensive written. In two impressive volumes-first published in 1928-9-distinguished mathematician Florian Cajori shows the origin, evolution, and dissemination of each symbol and the competition it faced in its rise to popularity or fall into obscurity. Illustrated with more than a hundred diagrams and figures, this "mirror of past and present conditions in mathematics" will give students and historians a whole new appreciation for "1 + 1 = 2." Swiss-American author, educator, and mathematician FLORIAN CAJORI (1859-1930) was one of the world's most distinguished mathematical historians. Appointed to a specially created chair in the history of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, he also wrote An Introduction to the Theory of Equations, A History of Elementary Mathematics, and The Chequered Career of Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler.
 

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INTRODUCTION
1
Hebrews
19
Early Arabs
29
Peruvian and North American Knot Records
38
Chinese and Japanese
45
SYMBOLS IN ARITHMETIC AND ALGEBRA ELEMENTARY Part
71
Byzantine Maximus Planudes Fourteenth Century 121
88
GermanRegiomontanus Fifteenth Century 12527
96
FrenchRené Descartes
205
SwissJohann Heinrich Rahn 194
211
B Topical Survey of the Use of Notations 200356
223
HinduThe Bakhshāli Manuscript
250
Signs of Proportion 24859
278
Signs of Equality 26070
297
Signs of Common Fractions 27175
309
Signs of Powers 290315
335

FrenchEstienne de la Roche 1520 132
103
ItalianF Ghaligai 1521 1548 1552 139
112
ItalianH Cardan 1532 1545 1570 140 141
119
GermanJohann Widman 1489 1526
133
GermanMichael Stifel 1544 1545 1553 15156
139
GermanNicolaus Copernicus 1566
147
BelgiumSimon Stevin 1585 162
154
GermanSpanishMarco Aurel 1552
160
EnglishJohn Dee 1570
168
FrenchJean Buteon 1559
176
ItalianBonaventura Cavalieri 1647
187
EnglishThomas Harriot 1631
199
HinduBhaskara Twelfth Century
342
Notations Applied to Any Quantity the Base Being
344
ArabicalKhowârizmî Ninth Century
350
Spread of Descartes Notation 307
351
Notation for Principal Values 312
357
Signs for Unknown Numbers 33941
379
SYMBOLS IN GEOMETRY Elementary Part 35785
401
B Past Struggles between Symbolists and Rhetoricians
425
INDEX
433
11014
434
ArabicalKarkhî Eleventh Century
441
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Стр. 12 - BC ;3 it is found mainly on monuments of stone, wood, or metal. Out of the hieroglyphic sprang a more cursive writing known to us as hieratic. In the beginning the hieratic was simply the hieroglyphic in the rounded forms resulting from the rapid manipulation of a reed-pen as contrasted with the angular and precise shapes arising from the use of the chisel.

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