50, 26. Couwe: in Manning ryme couwee, "tailed rhyme." Though his etymology is wrong, Gray is right about Sir Thopas. There is no connection with cywydd; cf. D. S. Evans's Dictionary, 1893.

53, 7. The Life of St. Margaret: printed by Hickes, Thesaurus, i. 224 ff., from a ms. (since lost) in Trinity College, Cambridge; reprinted by Horstmann, Ae. Legenden, N. F., 1881, pp. 489 ff. Dates from the first half of the 13th century. Gray quotes some lines (1-8) on pp. 62 f.

53, 10. Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester: really combines alexandrines with septenaries in what Gascoigne called "poulter's measure"; cf. Gummere, Handbook of Poetics, p. 185. Peter Langtoft's Chronicle: Manning's translation is in octosyllabic couplets; cf. Oskar Boerner, Die Sprache Roberd Mannyngs of Brunne, Halle, 1904, pp. 15 ff.

53, 12. took its name: the origin is still obscure; cf. the New. Eng. Dict.

53, 16. Lambert li Cors: should be li Tors, i. e., le Tort. Wrote toward 1170; cf. P. Meyer, Alexandre le Grand dans la littérature française du moyen age, Paris, 1886, ii. 214 ff. The Roman was edited by Heinrich Michelant (Stuttgart, 1846). Alexandre de Paris: Alexandre de Bernay.

53, 24. trest: a better reading traist.

54, 16. Tale of Gamelin: no longer ascribed to Chaucer. 54, 29. thus is written: cf. the note to 53, 10, above. 54, 33. Semi-Saxon moral poem: the Poema Morale, which dates from about 1170. Gray obviously meant 66 • before Chaucer's time." See p. 63.

55, 23. Gill Morrice: Childe Maurice, in Child's Ballads, ii. 263. Glasgerion: in Child's Ballads, ii. 136 ff. Launcelot du Lake: in Percy's Reliques of Antient English Poetry. An early poem of the same name, in heroic couplets, was ed. by Skeat for the E. E. T. S., No. 6, 1865.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE PSEUDO-RHYTHMUS

57. Pseudo-rhythmus: rhyme.

57, 2. has observed: in his essay Of Poetry; Works, 1814, iii. 425 f.

57, 8. Taliessin: now regarded as mythical, cf. 61, 10; formerly reputed to be the author of 77 poems; cf. Skene, Four Ancient Books of Wales; Dict. Nat. Biog. Benbeirdh : properly Benbeirdd, an epithet meaning "chief of bards." The only poets to whom it was applied were Aneurin and Taliesin (cf. T. Stephens, Literature of the Cymry, 1849, p. 124). Possibly Gray wrote "Taliesin ben beirdh ; if not, we must understand the second poet of his trio to be Aneurin. For this information I am indebted to H. I. B., Notes and Queries, 10th Ser., xi. 236.

""

57, 9. Lomarkk: Llywarch Hen, "the Aged" (c. 496– c. 646); cf. Skene, Four Anc. Books, i. 569 ff.; Dict. Nat. Biog. 57, 11. the Anglo-Saxons: on rhyme in O. E. literature cf. Kluge, "Zur Geschichte des Reimes im Altgermanischen," Paul-Braune, Beiträge, ix. 422–50, 1884; O. Hoffmann, Reimformeln im Westgermanischen, 1886, pp. 73 ff.

58, 1. any rhyming verses: Gray had of course never seen the O. E. Rhyming Poem in the Exeter Book, Grein-Wülker, Bibliothek der ags. Poesie, iii. 156-63; cf. Wülker, Grundriss zur Geschichte der ags. Litteratur, pp. 215 ff., Kluge in PaulBraune, Beiträge, ix. 440-2, 1884, Ten Brink, Early Eng. Literature, trans. Kennedy, pp. 85 f. There are also apparently intentional rhymes in Cynewulf's Elene, l. 114 f., 1237 ff., which dates from the eighth century.

58, 9. Wormius: Ole Worm (1588-1654), professor successively of pedagogy, Greek, physics, and medicine at Copenhagen (1613-54).

58, 15. sometimes strictly: the laws of O. E. metre are now much better understood: cf. Schipper, Englische Metrik; E. Sievers, Altgermanische Metrik," Paul's Grundriss der germ. Philologie, 2. Aufl., ii. 1–38.

59, 2. fragment of Cædmon: Cædmon's Hymn, GreinWülker, Bibl. der ags. Prosa, iv. 484.

59, 5. Harmony of the Evangelists: Ms. Cotton Caligula A vii, fol. 11r.-175 v. Now called The Heliand. Hickes printed some extracts in his Anglo-Saxon and Meso-Gothic Grammar, p. 189, and in his Grammatica Franco-Theotisca, chap. 22. Dates from 822-40; cf. Paul, Grundr., ii. 93 ff. Ed. by Sievers,

59, 12. Paraphrase of the Gospels: dedicated about 865 to King Louis the German and to Abp. Liutbert of Mentz. There are now many editions. On Otfrid's metre see Sievers, "Die Entstehung des deutschen Reimverses," Paul-Braune, Beiträge, xiii. 121-66, 1888.

60, 18 Franco-Theotische and Anglo-Saxon: not identical, but kindred dialects; cf. Paul's Grundriss der germ. Philologie, 2. Aufl., i. 651 f., 785 ff., 928, and the map opp. p. 780.

60, 31. no verses extant: the Cantilena of St. Eulalia dates from the end of the ninth century; cf. P. Toynbee, Specimens of Old French, pp. 2 ff.

60, 34. Wistace: now generally called Wace. His Brut was ed. by Le Roux de Lincy, 2 vols., Rouen, 1836-38. Brut, originally from the name of Brutus, the great-grandson of Aeneas, came to mean in Welsh a "chronicle, history.'

60, 36. the Provençal writers: see Stimming, in Gröber's Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, 1897, ii. 2. 1 ff. 62, 2. Gothic: we should now say Germanic or Teutonic, reserving Gothic for the name of one dialect.

62, 27. eches: probably for e ches" he chose," O. E. ceas. 63, 9 ff. Ic am elder: Poema Morale, cf. the note on 54, 33. 63, 24. Rada: O. L. G. rād, O. E. ræd.

65, 3. Vision of Peirce Plowman: edited by Skeat, E. E. T. S., 1867-84, and for the Clarendon Press, 1886. On the metre see K. Luick, "Geschichte der heimische Metra," Paul's Grundriss, 2. Aufl., ii. 145 ff.

65, 16. the oaths: sworn on Feb. 14, 842; see BrachetToynbee, A Hist. Grammar of the French Language, Oxford, 1896, pp. 16-17; Toynbee, Specimens of Old French, Oxford, 1892, pp. 1 f.

65, 27. The Provençal: see Darmesteter-Hartog, A Historical French Grammar, London, 1899, pp. 24 ff.

66, 1. Robert Langland: modern scholars until very recently have spoken of this author as William Langland. Professor Manly has lately (Modern Philology, iii. 359–366) combated the theory that Piers the Plowman was written by one man; cf. his articles in The Cambridge History of English Literature, ü. 1–41,

1908, and Modern Philology, vii. 83-144. His view is supported by Theophilus D. Hall in Mod. Lang. Rev., iv. 1 ff. and Modern Philology, vii. 327 f. The older view is supported by Jusserand in Modern Philology, vi. 271-329, vii. 289-326. Cf. H. Bradley, Athenæum, Apr. 21, 1906, and R. W. Chambers, Mod. Lang. Rev., v. 1-32.

66, 3. for instance: the lines quoted correspond to B. ii. 7-13.

66, 7. Worthylich: Mathias and the others print Worthlyith.

66, 25 altogether in meter: on Langland's metre see Skeat, ed. of 1886, ii. lviii ff.; F. Rosenthal, Die alliterierende englische Langzeile im xiv. Jahrhundert, Halle, 1877; Luick, "Die englische Stabreimzeile im xIV., xv., u. XVI. Jahrhundert,' Anglia, xi. 429-43.

67, 7. Death and Life: this and Scottish Field are in the celebrated Percy Folio Ms. ed. by Hales and Furnivall in 1867–68. 67, 12. Thomas Piercy: 1728-82, bishop of Dromore, editor of the Reliques of Antient English Poetry and translator of Mallet's Northern Antiquities.

68, 6. P. Huet: Pierre-Daniel Huet (1630-1721), bishop of Avranches, member of the French Academy, well reputed as a mathematician, philosopher, theologian, philologist, and writer of Latin and Greek verse. He likewise ascribed the beginnings of romance to the Arabs.

71, 5. De Contemptu Mundi: contains about 3000 lines; translated by J. M. Neale, 1851-62.

71, 6, 14. Bernard: abbot of Cluny 1122-56. G. Benard. 71, 12. Leonine: the New Eng. Dict. conjectures that this is derived from some Leo (or Leonius) who wrote in the measure, and refers to Du Cange's attempt to identify him.

72, 9. Ubaldino the Florentine: cf. the quotation 64, 18 ff.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF RHYME

73, 3. Tenure of the manor of Cholmer and Dancing: printed in Thomas Blount's Fragmenta antiquitatis, or Antient Tenures of Land, new ed., York, 1784, pp. 328 ff. 22 lines.

73, 10. Cholmer: Blount has Chelmer. Dancing: now called Dengy.

73, 11. Paperking: Blount has Peperking.

74, 7. Ancient Tenures, p. 102: in the ed. of 1784, PP. 329 f. 21 lines.

74, 12. about the age of Henry the Third: Layamon's Brut is generally dated 1205. It contains 32,242 lines. Mss. Cotton Caligula A ix and Otho C xIII, British Museum. Ed. by Sir Frederick Madden for the Society of Antiquaries, London, 1847.

74, 17. Lazamon: the x stands for the pothook, roughly equivalent to y.

74, 24. At Sifforde seten: from The Proverbs of Alfred, ed. by W. W. Skeat, Oxford, 1907. Skeat dates the poem 120510. Gray read it, as he indicates, in the Spelman copy of Ms. Cotton Galba A xix.

74, 30. near Oxford: rather the Seaford near Newhaven, on the south coast of Sussex; cf. Skeat's note.

75, 28. the same manuscript volume: Cotton Caligula A Ix. Of this, the Brut occupies fol. 3-194; The Owl and the Nightingale, fol. 233 r.-246 r.

75, 30. "The Contention of the Owl and Nightingale": the latest edition is that of John E. Wells (Boston, 1907), who dates the poem 1216-25.

75, 31. seven syllables: rather eight or nine. The metre is octosyllabic, with or without a final unstressed syllable. Of the 1794 lines, from 195 to 200 lack the initial unstressed syllable. 76, 1. sпwe: Ms. supe, i. e. swipe, very. 76, 3. I herde: Ms. iherde from O. E. geheran, "hear." 76, 7. plait: "debate." stare: Gray is right; it should be

starc.

76, 11. other agen other: Ms. Cotton Calig. A 1x has aiper azen oper.

76, 13. whole mod: Ms. Cott. wole; Ms. Jesus Coll. vuele, "" evil."

76, 15. cust: "character.

76, 19. hure and hure: "at all events.'

76, 23. On Death, etc.: this is the poem Long Life pub