4. Insert suitable conjunctions in place of the following dashes: Love-fidelity are inseparable. Beware of partiesfactions. Do well-boast not. Improve time-it flies. There would be few paupers-no time were lost. Be not proudthou art human. I saw-it was necessary. Honesty is better -policy. Neither he-I can do it. It must be done-to day -to morrow. Take care-thou fall. Though I should boast -am I nothing.

5. Insert suitable prepositions in the place of the following dashes: Plead-the dumb. Qualify thyself-action-study. Think often-the worth-time. Live-peace-all men. Keep -compass. Jest not-serious subjects. Take no part-slander. Guilt starts-its own shadow. Grudge not-giving. Go not-sleep-malice. Debate not-temptation. Depend not the stores-others. Contend not-trifles. Many fallgrasping-things-their reach. Be deaf-detraction.

6. Correct the following sentences, and adapt the interjections to the emotions expressed by the other words: Aha! aha! I am undone. Hey! io! I am tired. Ho! be still. Avaunt! this way. Ah! what nonsense. Heigh-ho! I am delighted. Hist! it is contemptible. Oh! for that symp thetic glow! Ah! what withering phantoms glare!

PART III.

SYNTAX,

SYNTAX treats of the relation, agreement, government and arrangement, of words in sentences.

The relation of words, is their dependence, or connexion, according to the sense.

The agreement of words, is their similarity in persou, number, gender, case, mood, tense, or form.

The government of words, is that power which one word has over an other, to cause it to assume some particular modification.

The arrangement of words, is their collocation, or relative position, in a sentence.

[OBS. 1.-Syntax, as the name indicates, has reference only to those principles and rules which serve to guide us in the construction of sentences. The principles of analysis lie much deeper in the subject of grammarare much more fundamental, than the technical considerations which form the groundwork of syntactical rules.

Sentential analysis is founded upon the general laws of language; and, therefore, its principles are as applicable to one language as another; syntactical rules, on the other hand, can, as a general thing, have reference only to the particular language the use of which they are designed to direct.

Analysis is generally introduced in connection only with syntax, as if it had a special and exclusive reference to that department of grammar; whereas it deals with principles that underlie almost all grammatical dis tinctions, and is quite as necessary to the proper clucidation of etymological relations as those which especially belong to syntax. The classification and definition of the different kinds of sentences, and their elements have therefore been removed from this part of the work (where they were originally placed by the author), and introduced progressively at intervals, in connec tion with the exercises of analysis and parsing, designed to illustrate, and practice the pupil in, each consecutive part of the subject studied. The definition of a sentence immediately follows that of parsing; because up to that point, the term had been twice used; once, in the definition of a conjunction, and once, in that of parsing; a fact which, of itself, demonstrates the elementary character of this definition, and to what extent even etymological distinctions depend upon it.

OBS. 2.-Syntactical rules are limited to the construction of sentences, as separate portions of discourse; the consideration of those principles and rules which regulate the combination of sentences into paragraphs, and these again into particular kinds of composition, is not comprised in the subject of grammar, but falls within the province of its kindred arts, rhetoric and Logic.

OBS. 3.-Rules 1, 2, 4, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22,-nearly one half of the twenty-six Rules of Syntax laid down in this work, are rather a repetition of the definitions comprehended in etymology, than separate rules necessary to guide us in the construction of sentences. For example, we need

no rule to inform us that "the subject of a finite verb is in the nominativo case," after learning that the "nominative case is that form or state of a noun or pronoun which denotes the subject of a finite verb." The case is different, however, when we have two or more connected subjects belonging to the same verb; for here etymology gives us no explicit direction, although it still affords the guiding principle.

The rules, above enumerated, although without any directive utility, form, however, the basis for many sabordinate rules, contained in the observations and notes, which should be attentively studied by the learner, and the exer cises upon them be carefully performed.-EDITOR.]

OBS. 4.-Words that are omitted by ellipsis, and that are necessarily understood in order to complete the construction, must be supplied in analysis and parsing.

CHAPTER I.-THE RULES OF SYNTAX.

1. RULES OF RELATION AND AGREEMENT.

RULE I-ARTICLES.

Articles relate to the nouns which they limit

RULE II-NOMINATIVES.

A Noun or a Pronoun which is the subject of a finite verb, must be in the nominative case.

RULE III.-APPOSITION.

A Noun or a personal Pronoun used to explain a preceding noun or pronoun, is put, by apposition, in the

same case.

RULE IV.ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives relate to nouns or pronouns.

RULE V. PRONOUNS.

A Pronoun must agree with its antecedent, or the noun or pronoun which it represents, in person, number, and gender.

RULE VI.-PRONOUNS.

When the antecedent is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality, the Pronoun must agree with it in the plural number.

RULE VII.PRONOUNS.

When a Pronoun has two or more antecedents con

nected by and, it must agree with them in the plural number.

RULE VIII.-PRONOUNS.

When a Pronoun has two or more singular antecedents connected by or or nor, it must agree with them in the singular number.

RULE IX.-VERBS.

A finite Verb must agree with its subject, or nominative, in person and number.

RULE X.-VERBS.

When the nominative is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality, the Verb must agree with it in the plural number.

RULE XI.-VERBS.

When a Verb has two or more nominatives connected by and, it must agree with them in the plural number.

RULE XII.-VERBS.

When a Verb has two or more singular nominatives connected by or or nor, it must agree with them in the singular number.

RULE XIII.-VERBS.

When Verbs are connected by a conjunction, they must either agree in mood, tense, and form, or have separate nominatives expressed.

RULE XIV.-PARTICIPLES.

Participles relate to nouns or pronouns, or else are governed by prepositions.

RULE XV.-ADVERBS.

Adverbs relate to verbs, participles, adjectives, or other adverbs.

RULE XVI.-CONJUNCTIONS.

Conjunctions connect either words or sentences.

RULE XVII.-PREPOSITIONS.

Prepositions show the relations of things.

RULE XVIII.—INTERJECTIONS.

Interjections have no dependent construction.

2. RULES OF GOVERNMENT.*

RULE XIX.-POSSESSIVES.

A noun or a pronoun in the Possessive case, is gova erned by the name of the thing possessed.

RULE XX.-OBJECTIVES.

Active-transitive verbs, and their imperfect and preperfect participles, govern the Objective case.

RULE XXI.-SAME CASES.

Active-intransitive, passive, and neuter verbs, and their participles, take the same case after as before them, when both words refer to the same thing.

RULE XXII.—OBJECTIVES.

Prepositions govern the Objective case.

RULE XXIII.—INFINITIVES.

The preposition To governs the Infinitive mood, and commonly connects it to a finite verb.

RULE XXIV.—INFINITIVES.

The active verbs, bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make, need, see, and their participles, usually take the Infinitive after them, without the preposition To.

RULE XXV.-NOM. ABSOLUTE.

A noun or a pronoun is put absolute in the Nominative, when its case depends on no other word.

RULE XXVI.—SUBJUNCTIVES.

A future contingency is best expressed by a verb in the Subjunctive, present; and a mere supposition, with indefinite time, by a verb in the Subjunctive, imperfect: but a conditional circumstance assumed as a fact, requires the Indicative mood.

*The Arrangement of words is treated of, in the Observations under the Rules of Syntax, in Chapters 2d and 3d.