RULE XVII.-DEPENDENT QUOTATIONS.

A quotation or observation, when it is introduced by a verb, (as, say, reply, and the like,) is generally separated from the rest of the sentence by the comma; as, "The book of nature,' said he, 'is open before thee.'"-"I say unto all, Watch.”

SECTION II.-OF THE SEMICOLON.

The Semicolon is used to separate those parts of a compound sentence, which are neither so closely connected as those which are distinguished by the comma, nor so little dependent as those which require the colon. RULE I.-COMPOUND MEMBERS.

When several compound members, some or all of which require the comma, are constructed into a period, they are generally separated by the semicolon: as, "In the regions inhabited by angelic natures, unmingled felicity forever blooms joy flows there with a perpetual and abundant stream, nor needs any mound to check its course." -Carter.

RULE II. SIMPLE MEMBERS.

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When several simple members, each of which is complete in sense, are constructed into a period; if they require a pause greater than that of the comma, they are usually separated by the semicolon: as, "Straws swim upon the surface; but pearls

lie at the bottom.”—Murray.

"A longer care man's helpless kind demands;

That longer care contracts more lasting bands."—Pope.

RULE III.-APPOSITION, &C.

Words in apposition, in disjunct pairs, or in any other construction, if they require a pause greater than that of the comma, and less than that of the colon, may be separated by the semicolon: : as, "There are five moods; the infinitive, the indicative, the potential, the subjunctive, and the imperative."

SECTION III.--OF THE COLON.

The Colon is used to separate those parts of a compound. sentence, which are neither so closely connected as those which are distinguished by the semicolon, nor so little dependent as those which require the period.

RULE I.-ADDITIONAL REMARKS.

When the preceding clause is complete in itself, but is fol lowed by some additional remark or illustration, especially if

no conjunction is used, the colon is generally and properly inserted: as, "Avoid evil doers: in such society an honest man may become ashamed of himself.”- "See that moth fluttering incessantly_round the candle: man of pleasure, behold thy image."-Kames.

RULE II.-GREATER PAUSES.

When the semicolon has been introduced, and a still greater pause is required within the period, the colon should be employed: as, "Princes have courtiers, and merchants have partners; the voluptuous have companions, and the wicked have accomplices: none but the virtuous can have friends."

RULE III.-INDEPENDENT QUOTATIONS.

A quotation introduced without dependence on a verb or a conjunction, is generally preceded by the colon; as, “In his last moments he uttered these words: 'I fall a sacrifice to sloth and luxury.""

SECTION IV.-OF THE PERIOD.

The Period, or Full Stop, is used to mark an entire and independent sentence, whether simple or compound.

RULE I.-DISTINCT SENTENCES.

When a sentence is complete in respect to sense, and independent in respect to construction, it should be marked with the period: as, "Every deviation from truth is criminal. Abhor a falsehood. Let your words be ingenuous. Sincerity possesses the most powerful charm.”

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RULE II.-ALLIED SENTENCES.

The period is often employed between two sentences which have a general connexion, expressed by a personal pronoun, a conjunction, or a conjunctive adverb; as, "The selfish man languishes in his narrow circle of pleasures. They are confined to what affects his own interests. He is obliged to repeat the same gratifications, till they become insipid. But the man of virtuous sensibility moves in a wider sphere of felicity."Blair.

RULE III.-ABBREVIATIONS.

The period is generally used after abbreviations, and very often to the exclusion of other points; but, as in this case it is not a constant sign of pause, other points may properly follow it, if the words written in full would demand them: as, A. D. for Anno Domini ;-Pro tem. for pro tempore;-Ult. for ul

timo;-1. e. for id est, that is;-Add., Spect., No. 285; i. e., Addison, in the Spectator, Number 285th.

"Consult the statute; 'quart.' I think, it is,

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'Edwardi sext.,' or ' prim. et quint. Eliz.”—Pope, p. 399.

SECTION V.-OF THE DASH.

The Dash is mostly used to denote an unexpected or emphatic pause of variable length; but sometimes it is a sign of faltering; sometimes, of omission: if set after an other sign of pause, it usually lengthens the interval. RULE I.-ABRUPT PAUSES.

A sudden interruption or transition should be marked with the dash; as, "I must inquire into the affair, and if’—‘And if!' interrupted the farmer."

"Here lies the great-false marble, where?

Nothing but sordid dust lies here.”— Young.

RULE II.-EMPHATIC PAUSES.

To mark a considerable pause, greater than the structure of the sentence or the points inserted, would seem to require, the dash may be employed; as,

1. "And now they part-to meet no more."

2. "Revere thyself;-and yet thyself despise."

3. "Behold the picture!-Is it like ?-Like whom?"

RULE III.-FAULTY DASHES.

Dashes needlessly inserted, or substituted for other stops more definite, are in general to be treated as errors_in_punctuation. Example: "You shall go home directly, Le Fevre, said my uncle Toby, to my house,—and we'll send for a doctor to see what's the matter,--and we'll have an apothecary, -and the corporal shall be your nurse;--and I'll be your servant, Le Fevre."-STERNE: Enfield's Speaker, p. 306. Better thus: "You shall go home directly, Le Fevre,' said my uncle Toby, 'to my house; and we'll send for a doctor to see what's the matter; and we'll have an apothecary; and the corporal shall be your nurse and I'll be your servant, Le Fevre."

SECTION VI.-OF THE EROTEME.

The Eroteme, or Note of Interrogation, is used to designate a question.

RULE I-QUESTIONS DIRECT.

Questions expressed directly as such, if finished, should always be followed by the note of interrogation; as,

"In life, can love be bought with gold?

Are friendship's pleasures to be sold?"—Johnson.

RULE II.-QUESTIONS UNITED.

When two or more questions are united in one compound sentence, the comma or semicolon is sometimes placed between them, and the note of interrogation, after the last only; as, "Truths would you teach, or save a sinking land?

All fear, none aid you, and few understand."-Pope.
RULE III.-QUESTIONS INDIRECT.

When a question is mentioned, but not put directly as a question, it loses both the quality and the sign of interrogation; as, "The Cyprians asked me why I wept."-Murray.

SECTION VII.-OF THE ECPHONEME.

The Ecphoneme, or Note of Exclamation, is used to denote a pause with some strong or sudden emotion of the mind; and, as a sign of great wonder, it may be repeated!!!

RULE I.-INTERJECTIONS, &C.

Interjections, and other expressions of great emotion, are generally followed by the note of exclamation; as,

"O! let me listen to the words of life !"-Thomson.

RULE II.-INVOCATIONS.

After an earnest address or solemn invocation, the note of exclamation is usually preferred to any other point; as, "Whereupon, O king Agrippa! I was not disobedient unto the heavenly vision."-Acts, xxvi, 19.

RULE III.-EXCLAMATORY QUESTIONS.

Words uttered with vehemence in the form of a question, but without reference to an answer, should be followed by the note of exclamation; as, "How madly have I talked!"-Young.

SECTION VIII.-OF THE CURVES.

The Curves, or Marks of Parenthesis, are used to distinguish a clause or hint that is hastily thrown in between the parts of a sentence to which it does not properly belong; as,

"To others do (the law is not severe)

What to thyself thou wishest to be done."-Beattie. OBS.-The incidental clause should be uttered in a lower tone, and faster than the principal sentence. It always requires a pause as great as that of a comma, or greater.

RULE I.-THE PARENTHESIS.

A clause that breaks the unity of a sentence too much to be incorporated with it, and only such, should be enclosed as a parenthesis; as,

"Know then this truth, (enough for man to know,)
Virtue alone is happiness below."-Pope.

RULE II.-INCLUDED POINTS.

The curves do not supersede other stops; and, as the parerthesis terminates with a pause equal to that which precedes it, the same point should be included, except when the sentences differ in form: as,

1. "Man's thirst of happiness declares it is:

(For nature never gravitates to nought:)

That thirst unquench'd, declares it is not here."-Young. 2. "Night visions may befriend: (as sung above:) Our waking dreams are fatal. How I dreamt Of things impossible! (could sleep do more?) Of joys perpetual in perpetual change."-Young.

SECTION IX.-OF THE OTHER MARKS.

There are also several other marks, which are occasionally used for various purposes, as follow:

1. [2] The Apostrophe usually denotes either the possessive case of a noun, or the elision of one or more letters of a word: as, "The girl's regard to her parents' advice;"-'gan, lov'd, e'en, thro'; for began, loved, even, through.

2. [-] The Hyphen connects the parts of many compound words, especially such as have two accents; as, ever-living. It is also frequently inserted where a word is divided into syllables; as, con-tem-plate. Placed at the end of a line, it shows that one or more syllables of a word are carried forward to the next line.

3. [] The Diaresis, or Dialysis, placed over either of two contiguous vowels, shows that they are not a diphthong; as, Danäe, aërial.

4. [] The Acute Accent marks the syllable which requires the principal stress in pronunciation; as, équal, equality. It is sometimes used in opposition to the grave accent, to distinguish a close or short vowel; as, "Fáncy:" (Murray:) or to denote the rising inflection of the voice; as, "Is it hé?"

5. [] The Grave Accent is used in opposition to the acute, to distinguish an open or long vowel; as, "Favour :" (Murray) or to denote the falling inflection of the voice; as, "Yes; it is hè."