tion of 50 electors to the superintendent of the county. A county tax of a sum not to exceed 2 mills may be levied for the support of a county high school. In union high schools the union district shares in the state apportionment of school fund, just as an elementary school district, and the balance needed is provided by the uniting districts in proportion to the number of pupils attending the high school from each district. No provision exists by which a high school, once formed, can be discontinued. The high school legislation of Colorado, while better than that of many other states, still leaves something to be desired in the matter of support. Separate funds are not provided, the method of supporting district high schools is unsatisfactory, and the whole method opens the way, as is the case in many other states, for the development of fine high schools at the expense of the elementary schools beneath.

Higher and Technical Education. - The state maintains the University of Colorado (q.v.) opened in 1877 at Boulder, for the collegiate instruction of men and women; the state agricultural school (q.v.) at Fort Collins, opened in 1879 for instruction in agriculture, science, and mechanic arts; and the state school of mines (q.v.) at Golden, opened in 1874, for instruction in metallurgy, mining, and engineering. The higher instruction provided by the state is supplemented by the following private institutions:

Biennial Reports of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of Colorado, (1870-1908.)

HALE, H. M., GovE, A., and SHATTICK, J. G. Education in Colorado, 1861-1885. (Denver, 1885.)

99 pp. ROSSIGNOL, J. E. C. History of Higher Education in Colorado. Circ. Inf. U. S. Bu. Educ., No. 1, 1903. (Washington, 1903.) 67 pp.

Statistics based on the 1907-1908 Rept. of the Supt. Publ. Instr., and the 1909 Rept. U.S. Com. Educ.

COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF, BOULDER, COL.-A state university under the control of a Board of Regents elected by popular vote. The university was incorporated

VOL. II-K

by an act of the territorial legislature in 1861. After receiving sums of money and land from the legislature, Congress, and private sources, provision was made in the state constitution to adopt the university as a state institution in 1876. The university thus became entitled to the land grants from Congress. The new state institution was then opened in 1877 with preparatory and college departments; a medical school followed in 1883; in 1892 a law school was opened and graduate courses were offered; the college of engineering was established in 1893; in 1904 the summer school was instituted; in 1906 the college of commerce and in 1908 the college of education were organized. The preparatory department was closed in 1907. The plant now includes 17 buildings used for purposes of instruction and as dormitories. Well-equipped laboratories and several valuable collections are maintained. Students are admitted to the college of arts, commerce, and education on fulfilling requirements equivalent to 15 units of high school work. Admission is by examination or certificate of an accredited high school. For entrance to the school of law two years of work in the college of liberal arts will be required after 1911. The requirements for the school of engineering include more units of mathematics and less of languages than the college of arts. The admission requirements for the medical school are those laid down by the Association of American Medical Colleges with the addition of two years of work in the college of liberal arts. In the session 1909-1910 there were enrolled 1221 students, distributed as follows: graduate school, 83; college of liberal arts, 577; college of engineering, 292; school of medicine, 80; school of law, 102; summer school, 113. The faculty includes 87 professors and 7 assistant professors, 73 lecturers, instructors and assistants. James H. Baker, M.A., LL.D., is the president.

the Irish Celts. St. Columba died at Iona in 597. P. R. C.

References:

ADAMNAN. De Vita S. Columbae; in Migne, Pat. Lat., Vol. V. p. 88.

Life of St. Columba, tr. by. Reeves. (Dublin, 1857.) ARGYLL, CAMPBELL. St. Columba. (London, 1871.) COOKE. Life and Work of St. Columba. (London, 1888.) MONTALEMBERT. Monks of the West, Vol. III. (New

York, 1896.) COLUMBAN, or ST. COLUMBANUS. An Irish monk, one of the most sincere and powerful preachers and writers of his day, was born in Leinster about 543; died in a cavern near his monastery at Bobbio, near Pavia, in 615. Columban received his education first on one of the islands of Lough Erne and afterwards at the monastery of Bangor. It is clear that he represented the highest culture of his age, since he possessed a knowledge of Juvenal and other ancient poets and of the early Fathers. About the year 585 Columban went to Gaul, and, finding his way to Burgundy, succeeded in founding monasteries at Anegray, Luxeiul, and Fontaines. He drew up a monastic rule, which may be found in Migne, Patrol. Latina, Vol. LXXX. This rule, like the Benedictine, enjoins the copying of manuscripts as a monastic duty, and even prescribes the task of teaching in schools. Drawn into a controversy with the French monks, Columban was banished from Burgundy on charges of attacks upon the King and the Queen Mother, and of keeping Easter at the unorthodox season that was favored by ancient Irish custom. Columban thereupon departed to Nantes, thence to the Rhine and Zürich, thence to Zug and Lake Constance. After two years of preaching to the heathen in this vicinity, Columban turned his face toward Italy, and was well received in Lombardy, where he founded his monastery of Poggio about 613, some two years before his death.

References:

COLUMBAN. Epistolae, in Monumenta Germaniae Hisepistolae, Vol. III.

torica

Opera, in Migne, Pat. Lat., Vol. LXXX. JONAS. Life of St. Columban, ed. by Munro. (Philadelphia, 1895.)

MONTALEMBERT. The Monks of the West, Vol. II. (New York, 1898.)

SANDYS. History of Classical Scholarship. (Cambridge, 1903-1908.)

COLUMBIA COLLEGE, COLUMBIA, S.C. -- Chartered in 1854 for the higher education of women, and opened in 1859. It is under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Preparatory, collegiate, musical, and commercial departments are maintained. The college courses which lead to bachelor's degrees in arts and science are based on about 14 points of high school work. There is a faculty of 21 instructors.

academic, collegiate, commercial, and fine arts departments. The college course is based on about 8 points of high school work.

CITY OF

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK. - An institution which in point of student enrollment is the largest educational institution in the United States, had its beginnings when, in 1754, a fund of £3500 having been raised by public lottery, George II of England granted a royal charter for King's College, and in the following year a building was erected upon land given by Trinity Church. The first president and the sole instructor of the eight students who enrolled was the Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson, a man distinguished among the colonists of the eighteenth century for scholarship and philosophical insight. After his resignation in 1763 came Myles Cooper, who was an ardent royalist and who promptly returned to England at the outbreak of the Revolution. The college exercises were suspended, leaving Alexander Hamilton and other patriotic students free to take up arms. In 1784 the institution was reopened, and in 1787 was rechristened Columbia College. new president was William Samuel Johnson, one of the framers of the Constitution and United States Senator from Connecticut. Johnson, who was the son of the original head of King's College, was probably the first lay college president among English-speaking peoples

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as

Until the middle of the nineteenth century the college grew very slowly. Many of the professors were men of distinction, including Samuel Mitchill, also United States Senator, Robert Adrain, the mathematician, and Charles Anthon, the classicist. The alumni of this period, also, continued to play an important part in the development of the city and the state, including as they did such men De Witt Clinton, Hamilton Fish, and Abram S. Hewitt. The financial resources of the institution, however, were inadequate, and the student attendance never rose much above a hundred. In 1849, however, Charles King was appointed president, and the development began which changed a denominational college, making only a local appeal and having but 125 students and 7 or 8 professors to a national institution having to-day more than 7000 students and more than 600 instructors. During King's presidency the college moved from its original home in Church Street to East 49th Street. A law school was established in 1858, and a school of mines and metallurgy in 1864. In 1860 came a nominal union with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, which in 1817 had absorbed the original medical department, founded under Cooper in 1765. His administration was distinguished also for the presentation, in 1857, of a trustees' report outlining the establishment of courses of research and other university developments.

which, though conceived in advance of its time, marks an important step in the history of higher education in the United States.

President Frederick A. P. Barnard's administration, 1864 to 1889, was one of continuous growth. The income from the two main endowments of the college, the Trinity Church land and the Botanical Garden on Fifth Avenue (given by the state legislature in 1814) had increased with the growth of the city, and the institution was now upon a financial basis which made development possible. A school of political science was established in 1880, a department of architecture in 1881, and during this decade additional technological courses were established. Barnard was a leader in the movement to provide for the higher education of women. To his influence is due the independent establishment in 1889 of Barnard College (q.v.). He was also one of the first to appreciate the dignity of teaching as a profession and the necessity for adequate preparation therefor. He gladly lent his aid to the modest beginnings of Teachers College (q.v.), which was founded in 1888, and was destined to become one of the most vital parts of the university that was to grow out of Columbia College.

President Barnard died in 1889, his successor being Seth Low, of the class of 1870, former Mayor of Brooklyn and after his resignation as president, Mayor of the city of New York. During Mr. Low's administration, 1890-1901, the several schools, which had up to that time been but loosely connected, were welded into an organic whole. In 1890 the school of philosophy was established for graduate work in philosophy and letters. In 1891 the College of Physicians and Surgeons, which had previously had an independent charter, was merged in the university. In 1892 the graduate school of pure science was organized. In 1896 the title Columbia University was adopted, and in the following year the institution moved to its present site on Morningside Heights. In 1900 a summer session and a department of extension teaching were established."

During the administration of President Nicholas Murray Butler, '82, who at the time of his election in 1901 was dean and professor of philosophy and education, the university has grown rapidly in numbers and influence. Additional land has been purchased, many new buildings have been erected, and the financial resources largely increased. In 1904 the New York College of Pharmacy, while retaining its corporate existence, became the school of pharmacy of the university. In 1906 a faculty of fine arts was formed. Other incidents of this administration have been the reestablishment of dormitory life for the men - the institution having had no dormitory since the eighteenth century. A close alliance has been formed with the New York School of Philanthropy, with the Prussian Ministry

of Education for an annual exchange of professors, with Yale University for a joint course in preparation for public service. The ties with the nearby theological seminaries established during Mr. Low's administration have been made closer, particularly in the case of the Union Theological Seminary, the new buildings of which are contiguous to the university. Provision has been made by Mr. Joseph Pulitzer for the establishment, in the future, of a university school of journalism, and plans are being matured for the organization of courses in forest engineering, agriculture, landscape gardening, and preventive medicine. Teachers College has grown remarkably, and is doing pioneer work of the greatest importance in household and industrial arts. (See HOUSEHOLD ARTS.)

Columbia University is still operated under the original charter of King's College, last amended in 1811. A self-perpetuating board of 24 trustees, one fourth of whom, however, are now nominated by the alumni under the Dartmouth plan, hold the title to all property, appoint all officers, and have ultimate control over the affairs of the university. The work of the trustees and it is a real working board -is mainly done in small standing committees, on education, finance, buildings and grounds, etc. Except for the care of the finances, which is in the hands of the treasurer, the president has charge of the general administration. Columbia is rather conspicuous for the number of officers assisting the president, whose work is wholly or mainly administrative, and for the responsibility entrusted to them. The theory of the trustees is that routine administrative work done by teachers is done at the expense of their scholarly work, and provision being made in the faculties and council for the formulation of educational policies, the carrying out of these policies is falling more and more into the hands of these administrative officers, who include the twelve deans and directors, who are in immediate charge of their several schools, the librarian, the chaplain, consulting engineer, secretary, registrar, alumni secretary, bursar, and superintendent of buildings and grounds.

There is the customary subdivision of officers of instruction into faculties on the basis of programs of study, and into departments and divisions on the basis of subjects or groups. The highest academic body is the University Council, consisting of the president, the deans (who are appointed by the trustees), and two elected members from each faculty. The council was organized under President Low, largely for the purpose of standardizing graduate work, but with time it has taken on larger functions, and important matters of university policy are now customarily referred to it before action is taken by the trustees.

The educational policy of the university may be broadly summarized as follows. En