All feel th' assaults of Fortune's fickle gale;
Art, empire, Earth itself, to change are doom'd;
Earthquakes have raised to heaven the humble vale,
And gulfs the mountain's mighty mass entomb'd;

And where th' Atlantic rolls, wide continents have bloom'd

Beattie.

20. The One remains, the many change and pass;
Heavens light forever shines, Earth's shadows fly;
Life, like a dome of many-colored glass,
Stains the white radiance of Eternity,

21.

Until Death tramples it to fragments.-Die,

If thou wouldst be with that which thou dost seek!
Follow where all is fled !-Ronie's azure sky,
Flowers, ruins, statues, music,-words are weak
The glory they transfuse, with fitting truth to speak.
Shelley.

The honey-bee, that wanders all day long
The field, the woodland, and the garden o'er,
To gather in his fragrant winter store,
Humming in calm content his quiet song,
Seeks not alone the rose's glowing breast,
The lily's dainty cup, the violet's lips;
But from all rank and noisome weeds he sips
The single drop of sweetness ever pressed
Within the poisoned chalice. Thus, if we

Seek only to draw forth the hidden sweet
In all the varied human flowers we meet
In the wide garden of humanity,
And, like the bee, if home the spoil we bear,
Hived in our hearts, it turns to nectar there.
A. C. Lynch.

22. And Ardennes waves above them her green leaves,
Dewy with Nature's tear-drops, as they pass,
Grieving, if aught inanimate ere grieves,
Over the unreturning brave,-alas!
Ere evening to be trodden like the grass,

Which now beneath them, but above shall
In its next verdure, when the fiery mass
Of living valor, rolling on the foe,

grow

And burning with high hope, shall moulder cold and low.

23. Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate,

All but the page prescribed, their present state;

Byron.

From brutes what men, from men what spirits know;
Or who could suffer being here below?

The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day,
Had he thy reason, would he skip and play?
Pleas'd to the last, he crops the flowery food,
And licks the hand just rais'd to shed his blood.
Oh blindness to the future! kindly given
That each may fill the circle mark'd by Heaven,
Who sees with equal eye, as God of all,
A hero perish, or a sparrow fall,

Atoms or systems into ruin hurl'd,

And now a bubble burst, and now a world.-Pope.
24. As thus the snows arise; and, foul and fierce,
All Winter drives along the darkened air;
In his own loose-revolving fields, the swain
Disaster'd stands; sees other hills ascend,
Of unknown joyless brow; and other scenes,
Of horrid prospect, shag the trackless plain;
Nor Lnds the river, nor the forest, hid
Beneath the formless wild; but wanders on
From hill to dale, still more and more astray;
Impatient flouncing through the drifted heaps,
Stung with the tho ights of home; the thoughts of home
Rush on his nerves, and call their vigor forth
In many a vain attempt.-Thomson.

25. O treacherous conscience! while she seems to sleep
On rose and myrtle, lull'd with syren song;
While she seems, nodding o'er her charge, to drop
On headlong appetite the slacken'd reign,

And give us up to license, unrecall'd,

Unmark'd;—see, from behind her secret stand,*
The sly informer minutes every fault,

And her dread diary with horror fills.

Not the gross act alone employs her pen:
She reconnoitres fancy's airy band,
A watchful foe! the formidable spy,
Listening, o'erhears the whispers of our camp;
Our dawning purposes of heart explores,
And steals our embryos of iniquity.-Young.

26. The pulpit, therefore, (and I name it, filled
With solemn awe, that bids me well beware
With what intent I touch that holy thing,)—

*See Obs. 3, page 112.

27.

28.

29.

The pulpit (when the satirist has, at last,
Strutting and vaporing in an empty school,
Spent all his force and made no proselyte)-
I say
the pulpit (in the sober use

Of its legitimate, peculiar powers)

Must stand acknowledged, while the world shall stand,
The most important and offectual guard,

Support, and ornament of virtue's cause.

There stands the messenger of truth; there, stands
The legate of the skies; his theme, divine;
His office, sacred; his credentials, clear.

By him the violated law speaks out

Its thunders; and, by him, in strains as sweet
As angels use, the Gospel whispers peace.-Cowper.

Look, as I blow this feather from my face,
And as the air blows it to me again,
Obeying with my wind when I do blow,
And yielding to another when it blows,
Commanded always by the greater gust;
Such is the lightness of you common men.

Shakspeare,

Nature never did betray
The heart that loved her; 'tis her privilege
Through all the years of this our life, to lead
From joy to joy; for she can so inform
The mind that is within us, so impress
With quietness and beauty, and so feed
With lofty thoughts, that neither evil tongues,
Rash judgments, nor the sneers of selfish men
Shall e'er prevail against us, or distrust
Our cheerful faith that all which we behold
Is full of blessings.- Wordsworth.

O, Adam, one Almighty is, from whom
All things proceed, and up to him return,
If not depraved from good, created all
Such to perfection, one first matter all,
Endued with various forms, various degrees
Of substance, and in things that live, of life;
But more refined, more spirituous, and pure,
As nearer to him placed, or nearer tending
Each in their sev'ral active spheres assign'd,
Till body rp to spirit work, in bounds
Proportion'd to each kind.-Milton.

CHAPTER II.-RELATION AND AGREEMENT.

In this chapter and the next, the Rules of Syntax are again exhibited, in their former order, with Examples, Exceptions, Observations, Notes, and False Syntax. The Notes are all of them, in form and character, subordinate rules of syntax, designed for the detection of errors. The correction of the False Syntax placed under the rules and notes, will form an oral cxercise, somewhat similar to that of parsing, and perhaps more useful.

OBS.-Relation and Agreement are taken together that the rules may stand in the order of the parts of speech. The latter is moreover naturally allied to the former. Seven of the ten parts of speech are, with a few exceptions, incapable of any agreement; of these, the relation and use must be explained in parsing; and all necessary agreement between any of the rest, is confined to words that relate to each other

RULE I-ARTICLES.

Articles relate to the nouns which they limit: as, "At a little distance from the ruins of the abbey, stands an aged elm."

EXCEPTION FIRST.

The definite article, used intensively, ma relate to an adjective or adverb of the comparative or the superlative degree; as, "A land which was the mightiest."-Byron. "The farther they proceeded, the greater appeared their alacrity."-Dr. Johnson. "He chooses it the rather.". "-Cowper. [See Obs. 7th, next page.]

EXCEPTION SEC ND.

The indefinite article is sometimes used to give a collective meaning to an adjective of number; as, "Thou hast a few names, even in Sardis."-Rev. "There are a thousand things which crowd into my memory."-Spectator, No. 468. [See Obs. 12th, next page.]

OBSERVATIONS ON RULE I.

OBS. 1.-Articles often relate to nouns understood; as, "The [river] Thames," "-"Pliny the younger" [man],-"The honourable [body], the Legislature," "The animal [world] and the vegetable world,"" Neither to the right [hand] nor to the left" [hand].-Bible. "He was a good man, and a just" [man]-Ib. "The pride of swains Palemon was, the generous [man], and the rich" [man].Thomson.

OBS. 2.-It is not always necessary to repeat the article before several nouns in the same construction: the same article serves sometimes to limit the signification of more than one noun; but we doubt the propriety of ever construing two articles as relating to one and the same noun.

OBS. 3.-The article precedes its noun, and is never, by itself, placed after it; as, "Passion is the drunkenness of the mind."-Southey.

OBS. 4.-When an adjective precedes the noun, the article is placed before the adjective, that its power may cxtend over that also; as,

"The private path, the secrot acts of men,

If noble, far the noblest of their lives."-Young.

Except the adjectives all, such, many, what, both, and those which are preceded by the adverbs too, so, as, or how; as, "All the materials were bought at too dear a rate."-"Like many an other poor wretch, I now suffer all the ill consequences of so foolish an indulgence.'

OBS. 5.—When the adjective is placed after the noun, the article generally retains its place before the noun, and is not repeated before the adjective; as, "A man ignorant of astronomy,"-" The primrose pale." In Greek, when an adjective is placed after its noun, if the article is prefixed to the noun, it is repeated before the adjective; as, 'H πóxis ʼn μɛyán, The city the great; i. e., The great city.

OBS. 6.-Articles, according to their own definition, belong before their nouns; but the definite article and an adjective seem sometimes to be placed after the noun to which they both relate: as, "Section the Fourth,"-"Henry the Eighth." Such examples, however, may be supposed elliptical; and, if they are so, the article, in English, can never be placed after its noun, nor can two articles ever properly relate to one noun, in any particular construction of it.

OBS. 7.-The definite article is often prefixed to comparatives and superlatives; and its effect is, as Murray observes, (in the words of Lowth,) "to mark the degree the more strongly, and to define it the more precisely:" as, "The oftener I see him, the more I respect him."-"A constitution the most fit.”—“A claim, the strongest, and the most easily comprehended.”—“ The men the most difficult to be replaced." In these instances, the article seems to be used adverbially, and to relate only to the adjective or adverb following it; but after the adjective, the noun may be supplied.

OBS. 8.-The article the is applied to nouns of both numbers; as, The man, the men;-The good boy, the good boys.

OBS. 9.-The article the is generally prefixed to adjectives that are used, by ellipsis, as nouns; as,

"The great, the gay, shall they partake

The heav'n that thou alone canst make ?"-Cowper.

OBS. 10.-The article the is sometimes elegantly used in stead of a possessive pronoun; as, "Men who have not bowed the knee to the image of Baal."--Rom., xi, 4.

OBS. 11.-An or a implies one, and belongs to nouns of the singular number only; as, A man, a good boy.

OBS. 12.-An or a is sometimes put before an adjective of number, when the noun following is plural; as, "A few days,""A hundred sheep," "There are a great many adjectives."-Dr. Adam. In these cases, the article seems to relate only to the adjective. Some grammarians however call these words of number nouns, and suppose an ellipsis of the preposition of Murray and many others call them adjectives, and suppose a peculiarity of construction in the article.

OBS. 13.-An or a has sometimes the import of each or every; as, "He came twice a year." The article in this sense with a preposition understood, is preferable to the mercantile per, so frequently used; as, “Fifty cents [for] a bushel," rather than, "per bushel."

OBS. 14.—A, as prefixed to participles in ing, or used in composition, is a preposition; being, probably, the French a, signifying to, at, on, in, or of; as, They burst out a laughing."-M. Edgeworth. "He is gone a hunting." "She lies a-bed all day."" He stays out a-nights."-"They ride out a Sundays." Shakspeare often uses the prefix a, and sometimes in a manner peculiar to himself; as, "Tom's a cold,"-" a weary."

OBS. 15.-An is sometimes a conjunction, signifying if; as,

"Nay, an thou'lt mouthe, I'll rant as well as thou."-Shak.

NOTES TO RULE I.

NOTE I.-When the indefinite article is required, a should always be used before the sound of a consonant, and an, before