Lea and uee are sounded wee; as in queasy, queer, squeal, squeeze.
Voi and uoy are sounded woi; as in quoit, buoy.

The consonant

XXII. OF THE LETTER V.

always has a sound like that of ƒ flattened; as in love,

oulture. It is never silent.

XXIII. OF THE LETTER W.

W, as a consonant, has the sound heard in wine, win, being a sound less vocal than that of oo, and depending more upon the lips.

W before h, is pronounced as if it followed the h; as in what, when. Beforer it is always silent; as in wrath, wrench: so in whole, whoop, sword, answer, two.

Wis never used alone as a vowel; except in some Welsh names, in which it is equivalent to oo; as in Cwm Cothy. In a diphthong, when heard, it has the power of u; as in brow: but it is frequently silent; as in flow, snow, &c. W, when sounded before vowels, being reckoned a consonant, we have no diphthongs or triphthongs beginning with this letter.

XXIV. OF THE LETTER X.

The consonant X has a sharp sound, like ks; as .in ox: and a flat one, like gz; as in example.

Xis sharp, when it ends an accented syllable; as in exit, excellence: or when it precedes an accented syllable beginning with a consonant; as in expound, expunge.

Xunaccented, is generally flat when the next syllable begins with a vowel; as in exist, exotic.

Xinitial, in Greek proper names, has the sound of z; as in Xanthus, Xantippe, Xenophon, Xerxes.

XXV. OF THE LETTER Y.

I, as a consonant, has the sound heard in yard, youth; being rather less vocal than the feeble sound of i or y, and serving merely to modify that of a succeeding vowel, with which it is quickly united.

Y, as a vowel, has the same sounds as i:

1. The open or long; as in cry, thyme, cycle.

2. The close or short; as in system, symptom, cynic.

3. The feeble; (like open e feeble ;) as in cymar, cycloidal, mercy.

The vowels i and y have, in general, exactly the same sound under similar circumstances; and, in forming derivatives, we often change one for the other: as in city, cities; tie, tying; easy, easily.

Y, before a vowel heard in the same syllable, is reckoned a consonant; we have, therefore, no diphthongs or triphthongs commencing with this letter.

XXVI. OF THE LETTER Z.

The consonant Zalways has the sound of e flat; as in breeze, zenith.

APPENDIX II.

(ETYMOLOGY.)

OF THE DERIVATION OF WORDS.

Derivation is a species of Etymology, which explains the various methods by which those derivative words which are not formed by mere grammatical inflections, are deduced from their primitives.

Most of those words which are regarded as primitives in English, may be traced to ulterior sources, and many of them are found to be compounds or derivatives in other languages. A knowledge of the Saxon, Latin, Greek, and French languages, will throw much light on this subject. But as the learner is supposed to be unacquainted with those languages, we shall not go beyond the precincts of our own; except to show him the origin and primitive import of some of our definitive and connecting particles, and to explain the prefixes and terminations which are frequently employed to form English derivatives.

The rude and cursory languages of barbarous nations, to whom literature is unknown, are among those transitory things which, by the hand of time, are irrecoverably buried in oblivion. The fabric of the English language is undoubtedly of Saxon origin; but what was the form of the language spoken by the Saxons, when about the year 450 they entered Britain, cannot now be accurately known. It was probably a dialect of the Gothic or Teutonic. This Anglo-Saxon dialect, being the nucleus, received large accessions from other tongues of the north, from the Norman French, and from the more polished languages of Rome and Greece, to form the modern English. The speech of our rude and warlike ancestors thus gradually improved, as Christianity, civilization, and knowledge, advanced the arts of life in Britain; and, as early as the tenth century, it became a language capable of expressing all the sentiments of a civilized people. From the time of Alfred, its progress may be traced by means of writings which remain; but it can scarcely be called English till about the thirteenth century. And for two or three centuries later, it was so different from the modern English, as to be scarcely intelligible to most readers; but, gradually improving by means upon which we cannot here dilate, it at length became what we now find it, a language, copious, strong, refined, and capable of no inconsiderable degree of harmony. The following is an explanation of the Saxon letters employed below: a b c d e m n O p

f
g h

ijk 1

૧

SECTION 1.-DERIVATION OF THE ARTICLES.

1. According to Horne Tooke, THE is the Saxon be from dean to take; and is nearly equivalent in meaning to that or those. We find it written in ancient works, re, se, see, ye, te, be, be, and che; and, tracing it through what we suppose to be the oldest of these forms, we rather consider it the imperative of reon to see.

2. AN is the Saxon an, ane, an, ONE; and, by dropping n before a consonant, becomes a. Gawin Douglas, an ancient English writer, wrote ane, even before a consonant; as, "Ane book,""-"Ane lang spere," "Ane volume,"

SECTION II.-DERIVATION OF NOUNS.

In English, Nouns are derived from nouns, from adjectives, from verbs, or from participles.

I. Nouns are derived from Nouns in several different ways:

1. By adding ship, dom, ric, wick, or, ate, hood, or head: as, fellow, fellows ship; king, kingdom bishop, bishopric; bailiff, or baily, bailiwick, senate, senator; tetrarch, tetrarchate; child, childhood; God, Godhead. These gene rally denote dominion, office, or character.

2. By adding ian: as, music, musician; physic, physician. These gene rally denote profession.

3. By adding y or ery: as, slave, slavery; fool, foolery; scene, scenery; cutler, cutlery; grocer, grocery. These sometimes denote a state, or habit of action; sometimes, an artificer's wares or shop.

4. By adding age or ade: as, patron, patronage; porter, porterage; band, bandage; lemon, lemonade.

5. By adding kin, let, ling, ock, el, or erel: as, lamb, limbkin; river, rivulet; duck, duckling; hill, hillock; run, runnel; cock, cockerel. These denote little things, and are called diminutives.

6. By adding ist: as, psalm, psalmist; botany, botanist. These denote persons devoted to, or skilled in, the subject expressed by the primitive.

7. By prefixing an adjective, or an other noun, and forming a compound word; as, holiday, foreman, statesman, tradesman.

8. By prefixing dis, in, non, or un, to reverse the meaning: as, order, disorder; consistency, inconsistency; observance, nonobservance; truth, untruth. 9. By prefixing counter, signifying against or opposite: as, attraction, counter-attraction; bond, counter-bond.

10. By adding ess, ir, or ine, to change masculines to feminines: as, hetr, heiress; prophet, prophetess; abbot, abless; testator, testatrix; hero, heroine. II. Nouns are derived from Adjectives in several different ways:

1. By addin ness, ity, ship, dom, or hood: as, good, goodness; real, reality; hard, hardship; wise, wisdom; false, falsehood.

2. By changing t into ce or cy: as, radiant, radiance; consequent, consequence; flagrant, flagrancy; current, currency.

3. By changing some of the letters, and adding t or th: as, long, length; broad, breadth, high, height. The nouns included under these three heads, generally denote abstract qualities, and are called abstract nouns.

4. By adding ard: as, drunk, drunkard; dull, dullard. These denote the character of a person.

5. By adding ist: as, sensual, sensualist; royal, royalist. These denote persons devoted, adcted, or attached, to something.

6. By adding c, the Latin ending of neuter plurals, to certain proper adjectives in an as, Miltonian, Miltoniana; i.‘e., Miltonian things—matters relating to Milton.

III. Nouns are derived from Verbs in several different ways:

1. By adding ment, ance, ure, or age: as, punish, punishment; repent, repentance; forfeit, forfeiture; stow, stowage; equip, equipage.

2. By changing the termination of the verb, into se, ce, sion, tion, ation, or ition: as, expand, expanse, expansion; pretend, pretence, pretension; invent, invention; create, creation; omit, omission; provide, provision; reform, refor mation; oppose, opposition. These denote the act of doing, or the thing done.

3. By adding er or or: as, hunt, hunter; write, writer; collect, collector. These generally denote the doer.

4. Nouns and verbs are sometimes alike in orthography, but different in pronunciation: as, a house, to house; a reb'el, to rebel'; a record, to record'. Sometimes they are wholly alike, and are distinguished only by the construction as, love, to love; fear, to fear; sleep, to sleep.

IV Nouns are often derived from Participles in ing. Such nouns are usually distinguished from participles, only by their construction: as, a meeting, the understanding, murmurings, disputings.

SECTION III.

DERIVATION OF ADJECTIVES.

In English, Adjectives are derived from nouns, from adjectives, from verbs, or from participles.

I. Adjectives are derived from Nouns in several different ways:

1. By adding ous, ious, eous, y, ey, ic, al, ical, or ine: (sometimes with an omission or change of some of the final letters :) as, danger, dangerous; glory, glorious; right, righteous; rock, rocky; clay, clayey; poet, poetic; na tion, national; method, methodical; vertex, vertical; clergy, clerical; adamant, adamantine. Adjectives thus formed, generally apply the properties of their primitives to the nouns to which they relate.

2. By adding ful: as, fear, fearful; cheer, cheerful; grace, graceful, These denote abundance.

3. By adding some: as, burden, burdensome; game, gamesome. These denote plenty, but with some diminution.

4. By adding en as, oak, oaken; silk, silken. These generally denote the matter of which a thing is made.

5. By adding ly or ish: as, friend, friendly; child, childish, These denote resemblance; for ly signifies like.

6. By adding able or ible: as, fashion, fashionable; access, accessible. But these terminations are generally added to verbs.

7. By adding less: as, house, houseless; death, deathless. These denote privation or exemption.

8. Adjectives from proper names, take various terminations: as, America, American; England, English; Dane, Danish; Portugal, Portuguese; Plato, Platonic.

9. By adding ed: as, saint, sainted; bigot, bigoted. These are participial, and are often joined with other adjectives to form compounds; as, threesided, bare-footed, long-eared, hundred-handed, flat-nosed.

10. Nouns are often converted into adjectives, without change of termination: as, paper currency; a gold chain.

II. Adjectives are derived from Adjectives in several different ways:1. By adding ish or some: as, white, whitish; lone, lonesome. These denoto quality with some diminution.

2. By prefixing dis, in, or un: as, honest, dishonest; consistent, inconsistent; wise, unwise. These express a negation of the quality denoted by their primitives.

3. By adding y or ly: as, swarth, swarthy; good, goodly. Of these there are but few; for almost all derivatives of the latter form, are adverbs.

III. Adjectives are derived from Verbs in several different ways:

1. By adding able or ible: (sometimes with a change of some of the final letters) as, perish, perishable; vary, variable; convert, convertible; divide, divisible. These denote susceptibility.

2. By adding ive or ory: (sometimes with a change of some of the final letters:) as, elect, elective; interrogate, interrogative, interrogatory; defend, defensive; defame, defamatory.

3. Words ending in ate, are mostly verbs: but some of them may be employed as adjectives, in the same form, especially in poetry: as, reprobate, complicate.

IV. Adjectives are derived from Participles in the following ways:— 1. By prefixing un: as, unyielding, unregarded, undeserved.

2. By combining the participle with some word which does not belong to the verb; as, way-faring, hollow-sounding, long-drawn.

3. Participles often become adjectives without change of form. Such adjectives are distinguished from participles only by the construction: as, lasting ornament;"- "The starving chy mist;" Words of learned length."

SECTION IV.-DERIVATION OF THE PRONOUNS.

I. The English Pronouns are all of Saxon origin. The following appears to be their derivation :

The plurals and oblique cases do not all appear to be regular derivatives from the nominative singular. Many of these pronouns, as well as a vast number of other words of frequent use in the language, were variously written by the old English and Anglo-Saxon authors. He who traces the history of our language will meet with them under all the following forms, and perhaps more:

1. I, J, Y, y, ŷ, 1, ic, che, ich, Ic;-MY, mi, min, MINE, myne, myn, mŷn;— ME, mee, me, meh, mec, mech;-WE, wee, ve, pe;-OUR or OURS, oure, uɲe, ure, urin, uren, urne, user, usser, usses, usse, ussum ;—us, ous, vs, ur, uss, usic, usich, usig, usih.

2. THOU, thoue, thow, thowe, thu, du, þu;-THY, thi, thin, THINE, thyne, thyn, om, pin;-THEE, the, theh, thec, de be;-YE, yee, ze, zee, ze, ghe;YOUR OF YOURS, youre, zour, gour, goure, hure, eopen;-You, youe, yow, zou, zou, ou, m, uh, cop, iow, geow, eowih, eowic, iowih.

3. HE, hee, hie, hi, he, se;-HIS, hise, is, hys, hyse, ys, ys, hŷs, hýr;— П, hine, hen, hyne, hiene, hion, hym, hým, im, him; THEY, thay, thei, the, tha, thai, thii, yai, hi, hii, hie, heo, hig, hyg, hỷ, hiz, hi;-THEIR or THEIRS, ther, theyr, theyrs, thair, thare, hare, here, her, hir, hire, hira, hýna, deona, þeona, heora;-THEM, theym, thym, thaym, thaim, thame, tham, em, hem, heom, hiom, hom, eom, him, hi, hig.

4. SIE, shee, sche, scho, sho, shoe, rcæ, reo, heo, hio, hiu;-HER, [possessive,] hur, hir, hire, hyr, hyre, hŷne, hýna, heɲa;—HER, [objective,] hir, hire, hen, hyre, hi.

5. Ir, itt, hyt, hytt, yt, yt, hit, it, hit. According to Horne Tooke, this pronoun is from the perfect participle of hæcan, to name, and signifies the said; but Dr. Alexander Murray makes it the neuter of a declinable adjective, "he, heo, hita, this."-Hist. Europ. Lang., Vol. i, p. 315.

II. The relatives are derived from the same source, and have passed through similar changes, or varieties in orthography; as,

1. WHO, ho, wha, hwa, wua, hua, qua, quha, hya, hue;-wHOSE, who's, whos, quhois, quhais, quhase, hpær;-WHOM, whome, quhum, quhome, hwom, hpam, hwæm, hwane, hwone.

2. WHICH, whiche, whyche, whilch, wych, quilch, quilk, quhilk, hwile, hpile, hwyle, hwele, whilk, huilic, hvile.

3. WHAT, hwat, hwæt, hwet, quhat. This pronoun, whether relative or interrogative, is regarded by some as a neuter derivative from the masculine or feminine wha, who. It may have been thence derived, but, in modern English, it is not always of the neuter gender.

4. THAT, in Anglo-Saxon, is that, or þær. Horne Tooke supposes this word to have been originally the perfect participle of thean, to take. This derivation is doubtful.

From its various uses, the word that is called sometimes a pronoun, sometimes an adjective, and sometimes a conjunction; but, in respect to derivation, it is, doubtless, one and the same. As an adjective, it was formerly applicable to a plural noun; as, "That holy ordres.”—Dr. Martin.

SECTION V.-DERIVATION OF VERBS.

In English, Verbs are derived from nouns, from adjectives, or from verbs. 1. Verbs are derived from Nouns in the following ways: