THOU, of the SECOND PERSON, any of the genders.

HE, of the THIRD PERSON, masculine gender.

SHE, of the THIRD PERSON, feminine gender.

OBS. 1.-Most of the personal pronouns have two forms of the possessive case, in each number; as, my or mine, our or ours; thy or thine, you or yours; her or hers, their or theirs. The former is used before a noun expressed; the latter, when the governing noun is understood, or so placed as not immediately to follow the pronoun; as, "My powers are thine.”—Montgomery.

OBS. 2.-Mine and thine were formerly used before all words beginning with a vowel sound; my and thy, before others: as, "It was thou, a man, mine equal, my guide, and mine acquaintance."-Psalm, But this usage is now obsolete, or peculiar to the poets; as,

"Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow."-Byron.

COMPOUND PERSONALS.

The word self added to the simple personal pronouns, forms the class of compound personal pronouns, which are used when an action reverts upon the agent, and also when

atively; and the question is, whether the figure always necessarily changes the gender of the antecedent noun. Pronouns are of the same gender as the nouns for which they stand; and if, in the following example, gold and diamond are neuter, so is tho pronoun me. And, if not neuter, of what gender are they?

"Where thy true treasure? Gold says, 'Not in me;'
And, Not in me,' the diamond. Gold is poor."-Young.

*The use of the pronoun ye is mostly confined to the solemn style, and to the burlesque. In the latter, it is sometimes used for the objective case.

In ancient times, he, his, and him, were applied to things neuter. In our translation of the Bible, the pronoun it is employed in the nominative and the objective, but his is retained in the possessive, neuter; as, "Look not thou upon the wine, when it is red, when it giveth his color in the cup, when it moveth itself aright."Prov., xxiii, 31. Its is not found in the Bible, except by misprint.

The word self was originally an adjective; but when used alone, it is now gen. erally a noun. This may have occasioned the diversity in the formation of the compound personal pronouns. Dr. Johnson calls self a pronoun; but he explains it as being adjective and substantive.

some persons are to be distinguished from others: as, sing. myself, plur. ourselves; sing. thyself, plur. yourselves; sing. himself, plur. themselves; sing. herself, plur. themselves; sing. itself, plur. themselves. They all want the possessive case, and are alike in the nominative and objective.

RELATIVES AND INTERROGATIVES.

The relative and the interrogative pronouns are thus de clined ::

THAT, applied to persons, animals, and things.

The compound relative pronouns, whoever or whosoever, whichever or whichsoever, and whatever or whatsoever, are declined in the same manner as the simples, who, which, what.

ANALYSIS.

A clause is a sentence that forms a part of another sentence. Clauses are either dependent or independent.

A dependent clause is one used as an adjunct, or as

* Hisself, itsself, and theirselves, are more analogical than himself, itsself, themselves; but custom has rejected the former, and established the latter. When an adjective is prefixed to self, the pronouns are written separately in the possessive case; as, My single self,-My own self,-His own self,-Their own selves.

+ Whose is sometimes used as the possessive case of which; as, "A religion whose origin is divine.”—Blair,

6*

one of the principal parts of a sentence. The clause on which it depends, is called the principal clause.

Clauses may be connected by conjunctions, relative pronouns, or adverbs.

A complex sentence is one composed of a principal clause, and one or more dependent clauses.

A compound sentence is one composed of two or more independent clauses.

Compound or complex clauses are sometimes called members.

Obs.-The relative clause is a dependent clause, and the sentence in which it occurs is therefore complex. It is not, however, always a modifying clause, being sometimes used to express an additional fact. Thus in the sentence, "This is the man that committed the deed," the relative clause modifies the noun man; but in the sentence, "I gave the book to John, who has lost it," it is equivalent to "and he has lost it." case it is used like an adjective.

EXERCISES IN ANALYSIS AND PARSING.

PRAXIS IV.-ETYMOLOGICAL.

In each

In the Fourth Praxis, it is required of the pupil to clas sify the sentences; to point out the component clauses; to analyze and parse each as in the preceding praxis;_ and to state the classes and modifications of the

pronouns.

EXAMPLE ANALYZED AND PARSED.

Thus :

"Children who disobey their parents, deserve punishment.” ANALYSIS. This is a complex declarative sentence; the principal clause is, Children deserve punishment, and the dependent clause is, Who disobey their parents, an adjective adjunct of children; the connective word

is who. The subject of the principal clause is children; the predicate is deserve; and the object is punishment. The adjunct of the subject is the dependent clause; the other parts have no adjuncts. The subject of the dependent clause is who the predicate is disobey; the object is parents. The subject and the predicate have no adjuncts; the adjunct of parents is their. PARSING.-Who is a relative pronoun, because it represents the antecedent word children, and connects the two clauses of the sentence; it is of the third person, because it represents the persons spoken of; of the plural number, because it denotes more than one; of the masculine gender, because it is a term equally applicable to both sexes (see Obs. 3, page 51);* and in the nominative case, because it is the subject of the verb disobey; its declension in both numbers is, Nom. who; Poss. whose; Obj. whom.

Their is a personal pronoun, because it shows by its form that it is of the

It would be preferable, in the opinion of the editor of these exercises, to desig nate this the common gender, there being no reason to consider the masculine gender more "worthy" than the feminine. Besides, gender is not a distinction of objects as to sex, but a distinction of words with respect to the sex which they denote; and therefore such words as belong, in common, to both sexes, are manifestly of the common gender.

third person; it is of the plural number, masculine gender, and in the possessive case, because it denotes the possession of parents. Ita declension is, Nom. they, Poss. their, theirs, Obj. them."

(Parse the other words as in the preceding praxes.)

no gram.

He who conquers his passions, overcomes his greatest enemies Every teacher must love a pupil who evinces a love of study. Savages who have no settled abode, wander from place to place. Avoid rudeness of manners, which always hurts the feelings of others. A good reader will often make a pause, where marian would place a point. He who, in nature, recognizes the Creator's hand, will ever survey its varied scenes with reverence. The poems of Homer celebrate the exploits of Achilles, who slew the Trojan prince, Hector. Prosperity gains many friends, but adversity tries them. I disregard their imputations, because I do not merit them. When he had sold his patrimony, he engaged in traffic.

CHAPTER VI.-OF VERBS.

A Verb is a word that signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon: as, I am, I rule, I am ruled; I love, thou lovest, he loves.

CLASSES.

Verbs are divided, with respect to their form, into four classes; regular, irregular, redundant, and defective.

I. A regular verb is a verb that forms the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed, as, love, lovED, loving, lovED.

II. An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed; as, see, saw, seeing, seen.

III. A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in two or more ways, and so as to be both regular and irregular; as, thrive, thrived or throve, thriving, thrived or thriven.

IV. A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles, and is used in but few of the moods and tenses; as, be ware, ought, quoth.

OBS.-Regular verbs form their preterit and perfect participle, by adding d to final e, and ed to all other terminations. The verb hear, heard, hearing, heard, adds d to r, and is therefore irregular.

Verbs are divided again, with respect to their signifi cation, into four classes; active-transitive, active-intransitive passive, and neuter.

I. An active-transitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has some person or thing for its object; as, "Cain slew Abel."

II. An active-intransitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has no person or thing for its object; as, "John walks."

III. A passive verb is a verb that represents its subject, or nominative, as being acted upon; as, "I am compelled."

IV. A neuter verb is a verb that expresses neither action nor passion, but simply being, or a state of being; as, "Thou art."—"He sleeps."

OBS. 1.-In most grammars and dictionaries, verbs are divided into three classes only; active, passive, and neuter. In such a division, the class of ac tive verbs includes those only which are active-transitive, and all the activeintransitive verbs are called neuter. But, in the division adopted above, active-intransitive verbs are made a distinct class; and those only are regarded as neuter, which imply a state of existence without action. When, therefore, we speak of verbs without reference to their regimen, we apply the simple term active to all those which express action, whether transitive or intransitive. "We act whenever we do any thing; but we may act without doing any thing."-Crabb's Synonymes.

OBS. 2.-Active-transitive verbs generally take the agent before them and the object after them; as, "Cæsar conquered Pompey." Passive verbs (which are derived from active-transitive verbs) reverse this order, and denote that the subject, or nominative, is affected by the action; and the agent follows, being introduced by the preposition by: as, "Pompey was conquered by

Cæsar."

OBS. 3.-Most active verbs may be used either transitively or intransitively. Active verbs are transitive when there is any person or thing expressed or clearly implied, upon which the action terminates; when they do not govern such an object, they are intransitive.

OBS. 4.-Some verbs may be used either in an active or a neuter sense. In the sentence, "Here I rest," rest is a neuter verb; but in the sentence, "IIere I rest my hopes," rest is an active-transitive verb, and governs hopes. OBS. 5.-An active-intransitive verb, followed by a preposition and its object, will sometimes admit of being put into the passive form, the object of the preposition being assumed for the nominative, and the preposition being retained with the verb, as an adverb: as, (Active,) "They laughed at him." (Passive,) "He was laughed at."

Verbs have modifications of four kinds; namely, Moods, Tenses, Persons, and Numbers.

MOODS.

Moods are different forms of the verb, each of which