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* Perhaps there is authority sufficient to place the verb rend among those which are redundant. See, in the Grammar of English Grammars, four examples of the regalar form, "rended."

"Shoe, shoed or shod, shoeing, shoed or shod."-Old Gram., by W. Ward, p. 64; and Fowle's True English Gram., p. 46.

The verb stride, and its derivative bestride, each of which is used in two irregalnı

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A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in two or more ways, and so as to be both regular and irregular; as, thrive, thrived or throve, thriving, thrived or thriven. Of this class of verbs, there are about sixty-five, besides sundry derivatives and compounds.

OBS. 1.-Those irregular verbs which have more than one form for the preterit or for the perfect participle, are in some sense redundant; but, as there is no occasion to make a distinct class of such as have double forms that are never regular, these redundancies are either included in the preceding list of the simple irregular verbs, or omitted as being improper to be now recognized for good English. A few old preterits or participles may perhaps be accounted good English in the solemn style, which are not so in the familiar: as, "And none spake a word unto him."-Job, ii, 13. ་་ 'When I brake the five loaves."-Mark, viii, 19. “Serve me till I have eaten and drunken."-Luke, xvii, 8. "It was not possible that he should be holden of it."—Acts, ii, 24. "Thou castedst them down into destruction."—Psalms,

forms, show also a tendency to become redundant. "He will find the political hobby which he has bestrided no child's nag."-The Vanguard, a Newspaper.

"Through the pressed nostril spectacle-bestrid."-Cowper.
"A lank haired hunter strided."- Whittier's Sabbath Scene.

* "Writ and wrote were formerly often used as participles, and writ also as a preterit, but they are now generally discontinued by good writters."-Worcester's Dict."

lxxiii, 18.

"Behold I was shapen in iniquity."—1b., li, 5. "A meat-offer

ing baken in the oven."-Leviticus, ii, 4.

"With casted slough, and fresh celerity."-Shakspeare.

"Thy dreadful vow, loaden with death."-Addison.

OBS. 2. The list which is given below, (one that originated with G. B., and was prepared with great care,) exhibits the redundant verbs as they are now generally used, or as they may be used without grammatical impropriety. If the reader would see authorities for the forms admitted, he may find a great number cited in Brown's largest Grammar. No words are inserted in the following table, but such as some modern authors countenance. A word is not necessarily ungrammatical by reason of having a rival form that is more common; nor is every thing to be repudiated which some few grammarians condemn.

OBS. 3.-This school grammar, as now revised by the author in 1854, exhibits the several classes of verbs in the same manner as does the Grammar of English Grammars, which was first published in 1851. All former lists of our irregular and redundant verbs are, in many respects, defective and erroneous; nor is it claimed for those which are here presented, that they are absolutely perfect. I trust, however, they are much nearer to perfection, than are any earlier ones. Among the many individuals who have published schemes of these verbs, none have been more respected and followed than Lowth, Murray, and Crombie; yet are these authors' lists severally faulty in respect to as many as sixty or seventy of the words in question, though the whole number but little exceeds two hundred, and is commonly reckoned less than one hundred and eighty.

OBS. 4.-The grammatical points to be settled or taught by these tables, are very many. They are more numerous than all the preterits and perfect participles which the lists exhibit; because the mere absence therefrom of auy form of preterit or perfect participle implies its condemnation, and the omission from both, of any entire verb, suggests that it is always regular.

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The list inserted by the author contained ninety-seven verbs, of which twenty-two have, in this edition, been placed in the list of simple irregular verbs, and nine omitted from both lists as regular. The remaining sixty-six include all that, in a school textbook, it seems proper to retain; for, whatever authority may exist for considering such forms as blowed, freezed, bursted, weeped, etc., as sanctioned by past usage, [Sec Brown's Grammar of Grammars,] they cannot be deemed as grammatically proper at the present time, when they have become entirely obsolete.-Editor.

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A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles, and is used in but few of the moods and tenses; as, ware, ought, quoth.

OBS.-When any of the principal parts of a verb are wanting, the tenses usually derived from those parts are also, of course, wanting. All the auxiliaries, except do, be, and have, are defective; but, as auxiliaries, they become parts of other verbs, and do not need the parts which are technically said to be "wanting." The following brief catalogue contains all our defective verbs, except methinks, with its preterit methought, which is not only defective, but impersonal, irregular, and deservedly obsolescent.

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OBS. 1.-Beware is not used in the indicative present. Must is never varied in termination. Ought is invariable, except in the solemn style, where we find oughtest. Will is sometimes used as a principal verb, and as such is regular and complete. Quoth is used only in ludicrous language, and is not varied. It seems to be properly the third person singular of the present; for it ends in th, and quod was formerly used as the preterit: as,

"Yea, so sayst thou, (quod Tröylus,) alas !"-Chaucer.

OBS. 2.-Wis, preterit wist, to know, to think, to suppose, to imagine, appears to be now nearly or quite obsolete; but it seems proper to explain it, because it is found in the Bible: as, "I wist not, brethren, that he was the high priest."Acts, xxiii, 5. "He himself' wist not that his face shone."" -Life of Schiller, p. iv. Wit, to know, and wot, knew, are also obsolete except in the phrase to wit; which, being taken abstractly, is equivalent to the adverb namely, or to the phrase, that is to say.

OBS. 3.-Some verbs from the nature of the subject to which they refer, can be used only in the third person singular; as, It rains; it snows; it freezes; it hails; it lightens; it thunders. These have been called impersonal verbs. The neuter pronoun it, which is always used before them, does not seem to represent any noun, but, in connexion with the verb, merely to express a state of things.

CHAPTER VII-OF PARTICIPLES.

A Participle is a word derived from a verb, participating the properties of a verb, and of an adjective or a noun; and is generally formed by adding ing, d, or ed, to the verb: thus, from the verb rule, are formed three participles, two simple and one compound; as, 1. ruling, 2. ruled, 3. having ruled

OBS. 1.-Almost all verbs and participles seem to have their very essence in motion, or the privation of motion-in acting, or ceasing to act. And to all motion and rest, time and place are necessary concomitants; nor are the ideas of degree and manner often irrelevant. Hence the use of tenses and of ad

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