orange trees. Shoots from the old stocks have sprung up, but the young trees have been much injured by the ravages of insects. Before the frost,

North View in Charlotte Street, St. Augustine.

The annexed is a view in Charlotte street, running south from the public square. The form of the build. ings (mostly of stone), and particularly the narrowness of the street (five paces wide), show the antiquity of the place and the Spanish method of building their houses. On the left is a fig-tree, which produces fruit twice in a year, in August and in October.

it is stated, that the income to the city in some years from the orange trees amounted to more than seventy thousand dollars per annum.

The following is extracted from Wynne's Hist. North America, Vol. II. London, 1770:

We come now to the harbor of St. Augustine, which would be one of the best in America were it not for its bar, which will not admit vessels of great burden, as it has but eight feet of water. The bar is surrounded by breakers, that have a formidable appearance when you enter it, but is not so dangerous as it appears, on account of the bar being very short; since the government has appointed a good pilot no vessels have been lost upon it. There is a road on the north side of the bar, with good anchorage for such ships as draw too much water to go into the harbor.

A neck of main land runs to the north, and a point of Anastatia island to the south, from the entrance of the port. Opposite to the entrance lies Fort St. Mark, so called from the river it is situated upon. This fort is a regular quadrangle, with four bastions, a ditch fifty feet wide, with a covert-way, place of arms and a glacis; the entrance of the gate is defended by a raveline; it is case-mated all round, and bomb proof; the works are entirely of hewn stone, and being finished according to modern taste of military architecture, it makes a very handsome appearance, and may be justly deemed as pretty a fort as any in the king's dominions.

The town of St. Augustine is situated near the glacis of the fort, on the west side of the harbor; it is an oblong square; the streets are regularly laid out, and intersect each other at right angles; they are built narrow on purpose to afford shade. The town is above a half a mile in length, regularly fortified with bastions, and a ditch. Besides these works, it has another sort of fortification, very singular, but well adapted against the enemy the Spaniards have most to fear. It consists of several rows of palmetto trees, planted very close along the ditch, up to the parapet; their pointed leaves are so many chevaux de frise, that make it entirely impenetrable; the two southern bastions are built of stone. In the middle of the town is a spacious square called the Parade, open toward the harbor; at the bottom of this square is the governor's house, the apartments of which are spacious

and suited to the climate, with high windows, a balcony in front, and galleries on both sides, to the back part of which is joined a tower, called in America a look-out, from which is an extensive prospect towards the sea as well as inland. There are two churches within the walls of the town-the parish church, a plain building, and another belonging to the Convent of Franciscan friars, which is converted into barracks for the garrison. The houses are built of free-stone, commonly two stories high, two rooms upon a floor, with large windows and balconies; before the entry of most of the houses runs a portico of stone arches; the roofs are commonly flat. The Spaniards consult conveniency more than taste in their buildings. The number of houses in their time, in the town and in the lines, was above nine hundred; many of them, especially in the suburbs, being built of palmetto leaves, are now gone to decay.

The inhabitants, of all colors-whites, negroes, mulattoes, Indians, etc.,-at the evacuation of St. Augustine, amounted to five thousand seven hundred, the garrison included, which consisted of two thousand five hundred men. Half a mile from the town, to the west, is a line, with a broad ditch and bastions running from St. Sebastian's creek to St. Mark's River; a mile further is another fortified line, with some redoubts, forming a second communication between a stockade fort upon St. Sebastian's River, and Fort Moza, upon the river St. Mark's.

Within the first line, near the town, was a small settlement of Germans, who had a church of their own. Upon St. Mark's River, within the same line, was also an Indian town, with a church built of free-stone. The steeple is of good workmanship, though built by the Indians. The lands belonging to this township the governor has given as glebe-land to the parish church. The land about St. Augustine, in all appearance, is the worst in the province.

Opposite the town of St. Augustine lies the island of Anastatia. This island is about twenty-five miles in length, and divided from the main land by a narrow channel, called Matanza River, though in reality an arm of the sea. The soil here is but indifferent; at present it is used for pasturage, but having some creeks and swamps in several parts may in time be cultivated to advantage.

At the north end of this island is a watch-tower, or look-out, built of white stone, which serves also as a land-mark for vessels at sea. At the approach of any vessels, signals are made from this tower to the fort; a few soldiers do duty there on that account. A quarry of whitish stone is found opposite St. Augustine, of which the fort and houses are built. Stone quarries are very rare in the southern parts of America, which makes this of Anastatia the more valuable; the stone is manifestly a concretion of small shells, petrified; it is soft under ground, but becomes very hard and durable by being exposed to the air.

Fogs and dark, gloomy weather are unknown in this country. At the equinoxes, especially the autumnal, the rains fall very heavy every day, betwixt eleven in the morning and four in the afternoon, for some weeks together. When a shower is over, the sky does not continue cloudy, but always clears up, and the sun appears again. The mildness of the seasons and the purity of the air are probably the cause of the healthiness of the country, which the inhabitants of the Spanish settlements considered, with respect to its healthiness, in the same light that we do the south of France, the Spaniards from the Havana, and elsewhere, frequently resorting thither for the benefit of their health; and since it came into the hands of Great Britain many gentlemen have experienced the happy effects of the climate.

The following cut shows the appearance of the principal monuments in the graveyard situated in the rear south of the garden attached to the U. S. Barracks, and, it is believed, occupies the site of the British barracks which for merly stood in this vicinity. This is an interesting spot, as in it repose the ashes of some representative of almost every state in the Union. All the remains of the officers and soldiers who have perished in the Indian wars in Florida, as far as they could be collected, have been brought here and buried. The pyramid monuments, on the left, contain the remains of one hundred men who, with Major Dade, fell a sacrifice to the terrible vengeance of Osceola and his warlike Seminoles. The large columnar monument on the right, over the remains of officers, has the following inscription:

Sacred to the memory of the officers and soldiers killed in battle and died on service during the Florida war. This conflict, in which so many gallant men perished in battle and by disease, commenced 25th December, 1835, and terminated 14th August, 1842. A minute re

cord of all the officers who perished, and are here and elsewhere deposited, as also a portion of the soldiers, has been prepared and placed in the office of the adjutant of the post, where it is hoped it will be carefully and perpetually preserved. This monument has been erected as a token of the respectful and affectionate remembrance by their comrades of all grades, and is committed to the care and preservation of the garrison of St. Augustine.

Cemetery near the U. S. Barracks, St. Augustine.

The smaller monument of the same form is that of Major Allen Lowd, 1st Reg. U. S. Artillery, and his wife. The small inclosure on the extreme right. contains the monument of the wife of Lieutenant-Colonel Hardee. A row of orange trees is seen in the back-ground; beneath their shade are deposited the remains of many of the officers who perished in the Florida war, mostly young men in the prime of life.

Jacksonville, the most flourishing and populous town in East Florida, is beautifully situated on the left or north bank of St. John's River, twentyfive miles from the ocean, forty north-west from St. Augustine, and about two hundred and fifty eastward of Tallahasse. Population about 3,000. It has a court-house, several churches, and an academy. The lumbering business is the principal occupation of the inhabitants, and several steam-mills are kept in operation. Jacksonville is situated at what was formerly called the low crossings. At this point the St. John's River is quite contracted, so that cattle can swim across the stream. Immediately south from the town the St. John's is expanded in some places to a width of several miles, having a lake-like appearance. Jacksonville is seen from a distance of twenty miles up the St. John's, and the scenery on each bank is in many places uncommonly beautiful.

Key West, is on the N. W. end of Key West or Thompson's Island, in lat. 24° 20′ N; long. 82° 4′ W. The town was first settled in 1822, and is regularly laid out, containing a court-house, a marine hospital, several churches and schools, and about 3,000 inhabitants. The principal business of Key West is derived from salvages and other perquisites from wrecked vessels, there being usually from twenty-five to fifty vessels wrecked in this vicinity annually. The amount derived from this source by the "wreckers" has amounted in some years to $200,000. The harbor of this place is safe,

and accessible for vessels requiring twenty-two feet of water. Key West is a military station of the United States, and the entrance of the harbor is by Fort Taylor. The island of Key West is four miles long and one mile in width, and is considered as the key to the northern passage of the Gulf of Mexico. It is of coral formation, and is not elevated more than twenty feet above the level of the sea.

"The population of Key West is composed of Americans, English, Spanish and French, in varying proportions, with also a large infusion of black, brown and yellow ingredients. A peculiar race, not so well known to the world in general, is found here. A large portion of the people at Key West are vulgarly called Conchs; these are Bahamian emigrants, who have left the government of Great Britain for our own freer institutions, and wisely prefer Key West to the Bahama islands. They gained this peculiar name from the circumstance that, during an insurrection in the Bahamas, the insurgents placed the figure of a large conchshell on the flag beneath which they fought a very appropriate emblem, as most of them are fishermen.

"Key West is the nest from which issue swarms of wreckers, who lie in wait at every point, and, as certain highly respectable birds are attracted by the most distant scent of blood, assemble with marvelous rapidity at the faintest report of a wreck. Indeed, the system of wrecking may be said to have built up Key West, and now materially helps to support it. Almost every prominent man on the island either is or has been connected with wrecking; and, though the profits are necessarily uncertain, yet, in many instances they are great.

"If beacons were erected on every shoal between Cape Florida and the Tortugas, and each dangerous passage accurately marked out, the wreckers would still have employment. The frequent calms, after violent winds that excite strong currents in the ocean, place ships completely at their mercy; and, sometimes a captain beholds his vessels drifting on a shoal without the power to do anything but foresee his fate. The water may be too deep to anchor, and with a current of two or three knots an hour, setting steadily toward the bank, all efforts to avert his fate would be utterly useless. He must make up his mind to view his ship lying helpless on the sand, with as much philosophy as he can muster, and wait for the coming of the wreckers, whose eagle eyes he may be sure will not long overlook him."

Tallahassee, the capital of Florida, is situated on ground somewhat elevated, about twenty-five miles from the Gulf of Mexico, one hundred and ninety-four miles E. from Mobile, one hundred and thirty from Pensacola, and two hundred and ten W. N. W. from St. Augustine. The adjacent country is rolling but not hilly, and the soil is good. The city is of recent origin, being incorporated in 1825. It is regularly laid out, containing a number of public squares, and has among its public buildings a state-house, court-house, an academy and several churches. Population about 2,000. There is a fine mill-stream on its eastern border, with a fall of fifteen or sixteen feet, after which it disappears in a cleft of the limestone strata. It is connected by a railroad with Port Leon, twenty-six miles distant, on the Appalachee Bay, which may be regarded as the port of Tallahassee.

Tallahassee was founded in 1824, as the seat of government of the territory of Florida. The first legislature of the state met here June 23, 1845, and two days after the first executive, Governor Mosely, was installed into office. The officers of the legislature were James A. Berthelet, president of the senate; Thomas F. King, clerk: Hugh Archer, speaker of the house; M. D. Papy, chief clerk.

Appalachicola is one hundred and thirty-five miles S. W. of Tallahassee, at the mouth of the river of the same name, and is a point of large cotton shipments.

Pensacola is upon the Pensacola Bay, in the extreme south-west corner of

the state, ten miles from the Gulf of Mexico, and sixty-four east of Mobile, and has a population of 2,500. Its harbor is one of the safest on the coast, and it has considerable trade. Six miles below the city is the United States navy-yard, covering eighty acres, and, also, a dry dock. Just below it are Barrancas barracks and the naval hospital. The entrance of the harbor is defended by Forts Pickens and M'Ree.

Pensacola is the oldest town on the Gulf of Mexico in the United States. In 1696 the Spanish government sent a colony of three hundred emigrants from Mexico to occupy this point. In 1699 the colony was reinforced and placed in command of Don Andre de Riola, who fortified the harbor. In 1719, when war raged between France and Spain, Pensacola was taken by Bienville, after a brave resistance. He had under him a party of French Canadians, about four hundred Indians, and a few armed vessels. He soon after was compelled to abandon the place on the approach of a powerful French armament.

In 1764, when Florida for a time came under the English dominion, extending from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, Pensacola was made the capital of West Florida, and St. Augustine of East Florida.

In the spring of 1781, General Galvez, with a powerful Spanish fleet and land forces, invested the British fortress of Pensacola, both by land and sea. The garrison, under Colonel Campbell, having made a gallant but ineffectual resistance, surrendered the fort and port on the 8th of May, together with the whole province of West Florida. East Florida subsequently yielded to the victorious Spaniards, and the treaty of 1783 confirmed all of Florida to Spain. In May of 1818, Pensacola was taken from the Spaniards by General Jackson, in the Seminole war of that period, aid and comfort having been extended to the savages by the Spanish authorities. All of West Florida now became virtually occupied by the American troops, and soon after the purchase of the whole country was effected with Spain. When General Jackson took formal possession of Florida, in 1821, as governor, Pensacola, was his headquarters.

Bartram, the botanist, visited Pensacola in 1777. He describes the town as containing several hundred habitations. The governor's palace was a large stone building, erected by the Spaniards, and ornamented with a tower, defended by a large stockade fortress of wood, on the plan of a tetragon, with a salient angle at each corner, where stood block-houses, mounted with light artillery. The fort contained officers' houses, barracks for the troops, arsenals and magazines. The secretary resided in a spacious house, as did some eminent merchants and professional gentlemen.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, MISCELLANIES, ETC.

Osceola, the celebrated Seminole chieftain, was not a chief by birth, but raised himself, by his courage and superior abilities, to that station. His father is said to have been an Englishman and his mother a Creek woman. In person he was rather slender, but well formed, muscular, and capable of enduring great fatigue. He was an excellent tactician, and an admirer of order and discipline. His complexion was rather light, and, at the time of the Florida war, he was between thirty and forty years of age. He is said to have conducted, in person, every important action from the commencement to the battle of Withlecoochee. He died at Sullivan's Island, S. C., in 1838.

Bow-legs, who of late years has attained considerable notoriety, appears to have commenced his career as a lieutenant under King-Paine, as early as 1812. Early in this year, at the head of certain Seminoles and slaves who had run away from their American masters, these two chieftains issued forth in quest of blood and plunder. General Newman, with a party of one hundred and seventeen Georgia volunteers, marching out to destroy some Indian villages, were met by a band of one hundred and fifty Indians under King-Paine and Bow-legs. A desperate con