Catholic cathedral; there are also several other public buildings, some of which are magnificent structures, particularly the Custom House, the Academy, and the Battle House. The Spring Hill College, two miles from the city, has about 200 students, and some 7,000 volumes in its libraries. The city is supplied with excellent water, brought in iron pipes, from a hill two miles distant. Next to New Orleans, Mobile is the largest cotton market in the United States. The harbor is defended by Fort Morgan, situated on a low sandy point at the mouth of the bay, opposite to Dauphin's Island.

North View of St. Louis Wharf, Mobile.

Showing one of the principal wharves for the unlading of cotton and other articles; some of the stores and warehouses appear on the right and the shipping in the distance.

In 1702, Bienville, the French governor of Louisiana, with forty sailors and some ship carpenters, began the construction of a warehouse on Dauphin Island, at the entrance of Mobile Bay. He then sailed up the bay, and, at the mouth of Dog River, began the erection of a fort, a warehouse, and other buildings. "This place was called Mobile, from the spacious bay upon which it was situated, so named after a tribe of Indians who had resolutely fought De Soto upon the field of Maubila. In 1704, two years afterward, the colony is represented, in an official dispatch, as having 180 men capable of bearing arms, two French families with three little girls and seven boys, six Indian boys (slaves), from 15 to 20 years of age, 80 wooden houses one story high, covered with palm leaves and straw, 9 oxen, 14 cows, 4 bulls, 6 calves, 100 hogs, 3 kids, and 400 hens.

The colonists suffering from famine, were temporarily relieved by the governor of Pensacola, but being again destitute of provisions, were forced to disperse themselves along the coast, to procure fish and oysters for a subsistence. By the arrival of two vessels of war from France, abundance was restored. On board of one of these, the Pelican, was La Vente, of the foreign mission, sent as rector by the Bishop of Quebec. He was accompanied by four priests,

four sisters of charity, four families of laborers, and what was quite a novelty, twenty young women. These, it is stated, left the ship with "vailed faces, proceeding, arm in arm and two by two, to the house of the governor, who received them in state, and provided them with suitable lodgings." The next day, being Sunday, the officiating priest, after mass, read from the pulpit the following communication from the French minister to Gov. Bienville: "His majesty sends twenty girls to be married to the Canadians, and to the other inhabitants of Mobile, in order to consolidate the colony. All these girls are industrious, and have received a pious and virtuous education. Beneficial results to the colony are expected from their teaching their useful attainments to the Indian females. In order that none should be sent except those of known virtue and of unspotted reputation, his majesty did intrust the Bishop of Quebec with the mission of taking these girls from such establishments as, from their very nature and character, would put them at once above all suspicions of corruption. You will take care to settle them in life as well as may be in your power, and to marry them to such men as are capable of providing them with a commodious home."Gayarre's Louisiana.

It is stated that only a few months rolled round before they all found husbands. These were the first marriages solemnized in old Mobile, or, indeed, in any part of the soil of Alabama, by Christian marital rites. The first child born in the colony, and, consequently, the first "Creole," was named Claude Jousset: he was the son of a Canadian who carried on a small trading business at Mobile.

The settlements around the fort, at the mouth of the bay, being subject to inundations by the high floods, Bienville determined to place his people upon more elevated ground. In 1711, all the inhabitants, excepting the garrison at the fort, removed to the Mobile River, and established themselves on the present site of Mobile. Here Bienville built a new wooden fort, which, in a few years, was destroyed to give place to an extensive fortress of brick, called, in French times, Fort Conde, and during the English and Spanish rule, Fort Charlotte. In 1712, the French government granted to Crozat, an opulent merchant, the exclusive commerce of Louisiana for fifteen years. At this time the colony, including 100 soldiers, numbered 324 souls. Čadillac was appointed governor under Crozat's charter.

Cadillac showed himself to be a very inefficient magistrate, and was full of complaints against the colony. He was removed from his office, and, in 1717, was succeeded by De l'Epinay, whose administration also proved unfortunate. All the efforts of Crozat to increase the population proved futile, and several millions worth of merchandise, which he had sent to Louisiana with the hope of their finding their way to Mexico, had been lost for want of a market. Crozat finally became so discouraged that he resigned his charter to the king. In 1763, Mobile was ceded by France to Great Britain. In 1780, it was surrendered to Spain, and in April, 1813, it became a portion of the United States. It was incorporated as a city in 1819.

Fort Morgan, formerly Fort Bowyer, stands at the mouth of Mobile Bay. In September, 1814, a British fleet, under Com. Percy, made an attack on the fort, which was defended by Maj. Lawrence, with 130 men. The British were repulsed with a total loss of 232 men-the American loss 4 killed and 4 wounded. The victory of the Americans at New Orleans, forced the British to abandon the banks of the Mississippi, after which they hovered about Mobile Point. Five thousand men landed from their ships and

"The word Creole is used in Louisiana to express a native-born American, whether black or white, descended from old world parents.'

prepared to reduce the fort. Maj. Lawrence, agreeably to a council of officers, negotiated for a surrender, and the next day, Feb. 12, 1815, marched out of the fort with his little garrison, with colors flying and drums beating. They took quarters on board the British ships-of-the-line, as prisoners of

war.

Soon after the news of peace was received. Great mortality prevailed among the British shipping at this time, from wounds and disease, and hundreds of British soldiers were entombed among the white sands of Mobile Point and Dauphin Island.

The new and now principal cemetery in Mobile, is situated about one mile southwest of the court house. John N. Maffit,* the celebrated Methodist preacher, so well known in almost every section in this country, was buried in this yard in square No. 8, and in the west end of lot No. 101. He died in Toulminville, a small village about 3 miles from Mobile, on the 28th of

Mr. Maffit emigrated to New York, from Ireland, about the year 1820. He was originally connected with a clothing store in Dublin, and joined a Methodist Society in that city. Soon after his arrival in this country, he became an itinerant in the Methodist connection. Perhaps no preacher, since the days of Whitfield, ever drew such crowds together, of all classes of persons, in every part of the country. He was a most impassioned speaker: his success in turning many from the error of their ways was remarkable. Some years before his death, it was estimated that upward of 20,000 were added to the Methodist societies through his instrumentality, beside great numbers who joined other denominations. As an orator, he was pre-eminent. The various intonations of his musical voice, expressing the different passions which move the human mind, his animated countenance, his flashing eyes, all carried conviction to his audience that the speaker's soul was in his subject. Though short of stature, he was graceful in action, elegant in language, and perfectly self reliant. At times his descriptive genius was exhibited with a pathos and sublimity rarely equaled. Like Wesley and Whitfield, he left his wife behind while on his itinerating career. After the death of his first wife, at Galveston, Texas, Mr. Maffit married a young lady in Brooklyn, N. Y., nearly 40 years younger than himself. This appears to have been an unfortunate step. Continuing his intinerating career, his young wife soon after died. When preaching in Mobile, his enemies-of whom he had many-forwarded from Brooklyn various charges affecting his moral character. These were of such a grave nature, that his brethren were obliged to suspend his preaching, giving him a limited time to answer these allegations. He sunk under this last attack, and it is said that he literally died of a broken heart. Upon a post mortem examination, the left wall of his heart was found to have been worn to the consistence of thin paper. His mental sufferings at times were well known to have produced a powerful effect on his bodily frame. That he was guilty of many of what are called trifling imprudences can not be successfully denied, but it is believed that no overt act of immorality was ever proved against him. With his dying breath, he declared himself a calumniated man. He said, that during his pastoral life he had been guilty of many friv

May, 1850. At present there is nothing on the ground to designate his grave. The following inscriptions are copied from monuments in this cemetery.

Erected to the memory of HENRY GOLDTHWAITE, one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Alabama, who died of the yellow fever the 19th of Oct., 1847, aged 45 years. Leaving for his family the inheritance of a spotless reputation; and for the State of Alabama the records of a Judicial life characterized by learning, labor, the faithful observance of his pubfic duties, an unswerving rectitude of purpose. Vivit enim vivetque semper; atque etiam latius in memoria hominum et sermone versabitur, postquom ab oculis recessit.

To the memory of WILLIAM CRAWFORD, late judge of the district courts of Alabama, who died Feb. 27th, 1849, in the 65th year of his age. He was urbane and generous in his intercourse, enlightened and accurate in his judgment, learned and laborious in his profession, faithful in public trusts, and untiring in the performance of duty: affectionate, sincere and cordial as a husband, father and friend. His family who appreciate his worth and mourn his death have erected this tribute to his memory.

Here rest the remains of SAMUEL WARREN, born at Middlebury, Vermont, died at Mobile June 23d, 1844, aged 32 years. This monument is erected by his friends as a small memento of a man who nursed through all our epidemics; alike to the poor and the rich, his only reward an approving conscience and the smiles of heaven!!! Reader go, and do thou likewise!!

In memory of HENRY V. CHAMBERLAIN, who was born in Worcester, Mass., Jan. 11th, 1777, and died in Mobile, Dec. 1st, 1855, where he had spent more than 40 years of his life. He was the constant friend of the poor and lowly, whom he always sought to elevate and protect. "Alliusque et idem naceris."

Sacred to the memory of ROBERT GRIGG, Esq., formerly a merchant of East Love, Cornwall, Eng., who was appointed on the 3d of March, 1845, her Britannic Majesty's Consul for the States of Alabama and Florida, to reside in Mobile, and died in the discharge of his duties on the 20th day of Feb., 1848, in the 56th year of his age, leaving a widow and eight children in England to deplore their irreparable loss.

In Memory of DR. CARL VON EMDEN, a native of Vienna, Germany, who died Sept. 26th, 1853, in his 32d year. Because of his ardent patriotism, he was driven into exile, where he strove to soothe the wounds of his disappointed hopes and blighted affections by devotion to his humane profession, falling a martyr to it. May he find beyond the grave what was denied him on earth.

Memento of affection and gratitudo: To MARIA B., wife of Dr. GEO. LINGEN, and daughter of Sir John and Lady Oldmixon, of England. She died on the 16th of Sept., 1853, in her 54th year, closing a life of angelic purity and self devotion by following through a fearful epidemic, the example of Ruth, in whose words she spake to her husband, "Entreat me not to leave thee or to return after following thee, for whither thou goest, I will go, and where thou lodgest I will lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God, my God. Where thou diest, I will die, and there will I be buried.

MONTGOMERY CITY, the capital of Alabama, is on an elevated bluff on the Alabama River, at the head of steamboat navigation, 118 miles southeasterly from Tuscaloosa, the former capital. There is now a continuous

olous, but no criminal acts; forgave his enemies, expressed an unalterable trust in Jesus Christ, and did not doubt but that all would be well. One of Mr. Maffit's sons is an officer in the U. S. navy: his daughter is the wife of Gov. Lamar, of Texas. The following notice of Mr. Maffit's death is from the Mobile Tribune, of May 9, 1850:

"Late yesterday afternoon, after a few hours of severe illness, John Newland Maffit breathed his last, at the residence of Maj. Chamberlain, at Toulminville. Soon after the attack, Dr. Gains was called in, and found the patient suffering from excruciating pain in the pit of the stomach. Medicine was speedily administered, and a favorable change occurred within a few moments. Afterward calomel was given with the happiest effect, the cold and clammy state of the extremities and surface giving place to a warm and healthy glow. But suddenly the pain returned, and shifting to the region of the heart, soon produced death. Dr. Gains denominates it a spasm of the heart."

line of railroads to New York, Savannah, and Charleston, being 483 miles from the latter place. It is connected by steamboat navigation with Mobile, from which place it is distant, by the course of the river, 328 miles. Beside the state house, the city contains a court house, churches for various denominations, and several splendid public edifices. It is in the midst of a fertile cotton region, commands an extensive trade, and is one of the most flourishing places in the southwest. Population about 8,000. It was laid out and became the capital of the state in 1817.

Western View in the Central part of Montgomery.

The reservoir of waste water from the Artesian well is seen in the foreground, in Court Square. The State House, or Capitol, appears in the distance, on elevated ground, at the head of Market-street, about half a mile distant from the Reservoir.

The territory of the present county of Montgomery contained a few white inhabitants as early as 1792. The ancient Indian name for the location on which the city of Montgomery is now built, was Econchate, or "Red Earth." The first settlers were traders, who located themselves at the southern suburbs of the city. Among the first settlers of the county was a white woman, who

had lived with her husband at Savannah. He was a soldier in one of the British regiments, but deserted from the army, when she fled with him to the Chattahoochie. He died at Cusseta, and his bold and adventurous wife continued to wander through the Creek nation, and finally settled in the present county of Montgomery, upon the eastern side of a creek which still bears her name, for she was called by no other name than "Milly." Here among the Cuwalla Indians, she established herself, without husband, father, children, or even a single friend. Espousing one of the sons of the forest, she soon began to have comforts around her. Her stock of cattle became large, to which, in a few years, was added a drove of ponies. For many