tail, there would be a portion of the mud displaced, and this would project above the surface, forming a slight ridge around the body, but the tail would not displace anything. Such is the appearance of the effigies; the earth mould retains the shape of the animal, but the embankment is without any definite form. The intaglio is as purely imitative as if it was a mould, but the wall is merely a fragmentary heap of earth. The distinctively fetichistic character of the pits may be seen in the care with which the effigies were constructed. The mechanical contrivance was also admirable. The hunter could hide himself in the excavation and place his head at the openings between the embankments, and there watch the animals as they passed over the adjoining plats of ground. The connection of the pit with the observatory would indicate that the hunter was in the habit of standing on the summit of the mound and watching the animals as they came out from the forest, but while the animals were passing down into the valley and up the hill he would go down the path and hide himself, so that the field would be apparently unoccupied. The number of the intaglio effigies would indicate the fact that more than one hunter was engaged in watching the game, and that a number of animals were in the habit of visiting the place. The shape of the effigies would indicate the kind of animals which were in the habit of committing depredations. The panther and bear are seen in the Intaglios. The same is true of the locality at Ft. Atkinson. Here, however, the Intaglio is in the shape of a panther and the mound is in the shape of a bear. The bear did not require as much secrecy, and was not as dangerous. Here the hunter was in the habit of running out and hiding behind a long mound or ridge, making the ridge a screen, but in the other place the whole process was conducted with stealth and by the excavations only. The protection of the garden-beds we consider to be the main object of the Intaglio effigies. S. D. P. CORRESPONDENCE. FOOTMARKS IN KENTUCKY. Editor American Antiquarian: The following information was given me by Prof. J. F. Brown, of Berea College, Ky., who personally examined the locality. It may prove of some interest: Sixteen miles in an easterly direction from Berea, Ky., on what is known as Big Hill, in Jackson county, one of the spurs of the Cumberland Mountains, is a strata of carboniferous sandstone on the very summit. A wagon road now crosses it, and in ancient times a trail crossed the hill in the same locality. Recent removal of debris, consisting of dirt and leaves, exposed a new section of this ledge, and showed very distinctly marked in the stones a series of tracks. Two of these are the tracks of a human being, good sized, toes well spread, and very distinctly marked; one or more bear tracks, and two resemble the tracks of a horse of large size. E. A. ALLEN. CONICAL MOUNDS IN EUROPE. [Translated by A. S. Gatschet.] Editor American Antiquarian : Being an attentive reader of your AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN, I beg you to accept some published studies upon some conical hills, frequent also in Europe and Asia. In one of these Schliemann pretends to have discovered Troy. Between these cones and the mounds, cones and pyramids of America there exists a connection, and it is of the highest importance to establish the natural and casual connection between these structures of both hemispheres. But the classical (Roman and Greek) archæology is moving in a too narrow circle, never lifting its horizon above the two classic countries. America was never discovered for our philologists! They are deaf for everything brought to light by prehistoric archæology. Even prehistoric archæology is still tied up to the belief derived from the Old Testament, that the largest part of the earth's surface had to be peopled by emigration. Nobody knows how often a country may have changed its inhabitants before the beginning of history; but all these nations have left relics of their manufacture on the soil. Our business is to classify this material with correctness, and divide it with its historic periods. Europe does not study enough what is discovered in America in this respect; men, beasts and plants may have immigrated from there into our European countries. I propose to institute a comparison between our conic hills, tombs and pyramids with those of America, and would be much obliged to you for sending materials for the purpose. What I have sent is destined for publication in the AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN, and more of my writings will follow. The Museum Journal (inclosed) contains in each of its bi-monthly numbers a summary of all publications of the best known archæological periodicals. E. BOETTICHER. BERLIN, GERMANY, March 5, 1884. BANGS AMONG THE INDIANS. Editor American Antiquarian: The article in your valuable periodical for March, with above title, may be further developed by consulting "Emory Report United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, Vol. I, 1857," also, "Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. III, 1877." In Emory's Report we find types of several Arizona tribes figured, including the Yumas, Cocopas, Pimas and Papagos. They are represented with the hair cut square across the forehead, just as the "bangs" of the more civilized Caucasian, the hair hanging down over the ears and behind. The Yumas are also represented holding large sunflowers in their hands, just as American girls did two years ago. In "Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. III," by Stephen Powers, we find nine figures of California Indians, all with well-cut bangs, and hair otherwise like that of the Arizona Indians; but the California Indian faces are all represented as tattooed. We thus find that the civilized adopt fashions from the barbarians. G. C. BROADHEAD. PLEASANT HILL, MO. ROCK PILES AND ANCIENT DAMS IN THE KLAMATH VALLEY. In traveling through the Klamath Lake country one continually sees rocks piled up one upon the other in the most grotesque and singularly simple manner. They assume all kinds of shapes, and it is almost impossible to dislodge them, they are so stationary. The common form is where several flat and at the same time rounded rocks, the size of a hat or larger, are placed on each other to the number of four or five. We should say that the piling process is generally upon large boulders. There is quite a pretty story or legend connected with this rock-piling. Mr. O. C. Applegate says that some of the Indians claim that it is done by the children; that it is an emblem of bravery; that the children do it after dark, and that the one who goes the farthest from the lodge and erects a pile of rocks is considered the most brave. Others say it is done as a religious rite; and still others hold that it is done to mark a camp and show that it has been occupied. One thing that gives us reason to believe it is a religious rite is, that under no circumstances will any other camp or tribe disturb them. We found evidence of a race of people, of whom the present Indians at Klamath know nothing, who inhabited a All that remains are the Klamath Lake country many years ago. the ruins of dams, one of which is located on Link river, within a stone's throw of Linkville, and a number of others, notably, one on Lost river. The Indians claim no knowledge of the formation of these dams, and their symmetry of architecture show that they are not freaks of nature. We can not describe as well as we could wish the shape of the dam at Linkville. It is a semi-circle, pointing down stream, with a narrow channel extending some distance down stream. The water barely covers the wall, but its outline is plainly visible. The only surmise we can make is that channels were used to put willow or reed nets in, and that the dam was built for fishing purposes. There is another very peculiur feature about Link river, and that is that it is occasionally blown dry. This must seem astounding to our readers, but such is the fact. It is caused by a steady wind blowing from the south and up the river-this through a seemingly canyon-and the waters of Big Klamath Lake roll up towards the north, and the water is literally all blown down toward the northern end of the lake, and there being but a shallow outlet into Link river, and the water being blown up the lake, leaves no water, and so the river runs dry. The shallow outlet of Big Klamath Lake has been caused by the aforesaid Indians, who wish to confine the waters of the lake for the sake of the tule lands. There is a movement on foot to remove these obstructions at the mouth of Link river. Such being done would decrease the depth of the lake a foot or so, and make thousands of acres of land arable that are now nothing but tule.-Wm. F. Clarke, of Willamette Farmer. NEW VOCABULARIES SECURED. Editor American Antiquarian: According to your wish I send the following: August 8th I was sent to the Siletz Reservation, Oregon, to obtain linguistic and other information relating to the tribes at that place. I remained there from August 19th to October 29th, in which time the gains were as follows: Vocabularies of the languages or dialects of nineteen tribes and sub-tribes, ranging from 150 to 3,000 entries, exclusive of phrases, paradigms and a letter (epistle) dictated in the Tutu or Tutu tunne dialect (with an interlinear translation). A fragment of a Creation myth of the Tce-me tunne or Joshua gens told in English. Parts of it were told in Chinook and English by a man of the Mal-tun-ne tunne gens of the same tribe. The names and (approximate) locations of 270 villages, extending from the south side of the Klamath river, California, at the south, along the coast and the streams flowing into the Pacific, as far north as the Siletz river. map of Western Oregon and Northwestern California, scale three miles to the inch, will soon be ready for the insertion of the locations of these villages. The names of the vocabularies follow: A Athabascan Family.-Smith River, (California) dialect, Chetcoe dialect of the Tutu, Johua and cognate gentes of the Lower Rogue River Indians, Naltunne tunne dialect, Mi-kwu-nu tunne dialect, Yu-kwi-tce or Euchre dialect, Kwa-ta-mi or Sixes dialect, Upper Coquille dialect, Applegate Creek dialect, Galice Creek dialect, Chasta Costa, *Shista kkhwu-sta dialect. II-Siuslaw dialect, Dialect of Umpqua Valley, nine entries, ditto of Umpqua Bay-over 600 words; Alsea dialect, Yaquina ditto. III-Mul-luk or Lower Coquille. IV-Ta-kel-ma or Upper Rogue River. V-Sas-ti or Shasta. VI-Klikitat. The Upper and Lower Coquille belong to *Ci-sta Kqwu-sta in official notation. distinct stocks; the same may be said of the Upper and Lower Rogue River Indians, and, probably, the Indians of the Upper and Lower Umpqua. They have been confounded. Recapitulation of the villages whose names have been gained: I-California Tunne (Athabascan family).. .14 villages 9 villages Tutu, etc. (partly on Lower Rogue river). 34 villages Chasta Costa (on Rogue river or a tributary) 33 villages Upper Coquille (on Coquille river)..... Oregon Tunne: Chetcoe (on Chetcoe river)....... II-Siuslaw (on Siuslaw river)... Umpqua (on Umpqua bay and river) Alsea (on Alsea river).. Yaquina (on Yaquina river).. IV-Upper Rogue River.... Total.. 32 villages .34 villages J. OWEN DORSEY. Further details must be reserved for a future letter. Yours, RELICS OF COPPER FROM EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. Editor American Antiquarian: In addition to the copper relics from Eastern Pennsylvania, mentioned by Mr. E. A. Barber in his article on "The Lenni Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania," on page 387, No. 6, Vol. VI. of THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN, which are indeed rarely found, the writer would direct attention to a few known to him, and not noted. by the above author. As native copper has been found in pieces weighing several pounds along the Connecticut river, and also in the state of New Jersey, it is not certain that they were brought here from the copper-producing region of the West, as Mr. Barber supposes. Several of the specimens known to the writer are much corroded, caused, as they were found on the surface, by the action of the elements. No doubt many brought here have been obliterated in this manner. The first is a small celt-like object, much oxidized, found by Mr. H. L. Illig, on the surface, near Millbach, Lebanon county, Pa. It is now in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. For further description of the same see AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN, No. 2, Vol. II, page 154. Copper is found in its native state in the Cornwall mines. A wonderful deposit of iron and copper are in the same county, although not in pieces large enough to produce implements. No. 2 is the lowest or broadest part of a celt or chisel, much changed by the elements. It was found on the surface on a farm about four miles south of Reading, Berks county, Pa. At the base, or where its edge should be, it has a thickness of one-eighth of an inch. Its length may have been about three inches, with a width at cutting edge of about one and three-quarter inches. What now remains of it is two inches long; enough to show what its shape once was. If restored it would nearly resemble in shape a copper celt, shown by Mr. Charles Rau, as figure 126, on page 61 of No. 287, |