ral, to some word or phrase going before, which is thence called the antecedent: they are, who, which, and that: as, "The man is happy who lives virtuously."*

What is a kind of compound relative, including both the antecedent and the relative, and is equivalent to that which: as, "This is what I wanted;" that is to say," the thing which I wanted."

Who is applied to persons, which to animals and inanimate things: as, "He is a friend, who is faithful in adversity; "The bird, which sung so sweetly, is flown;""This is the tree, which produces no fruit."

That, as a relative, is often used to prevent the too frequent repetition of who and which. It is applied to both persons and things: "as," He that acts wisely deserves praise ;""Modesty is a quality that highly adorns a woman."

Who is of both numbers, and is thus declined :

Singular and Plural,

Nominative.

Possessive.
Objective.

Who.

Whose.

Whom.

Which, that, and what, are likewise of both numbers, but they do not vary their termination: except that whose is sometimes used as the possessive case of which: as, “Is there any other doctrine whose followers are punished?”

*The relative pronoun, when used interrogatively, relates to a word or phrase, which is not antecedent, but subsequent to the relative. See note under the VI. Rule of Syntax.

"The lights and shades whose well-accorded strife Gives all the strength and colour of our life." POPE.

"This is one of the clearest characteristics of its being a religion whose origin is divine."

BLAIR.

By the use of this license, one word is substituted for three: as," Philosophy, whose end is to instruct us in the knowledge of nature," for," Philosophy, the end of which is to instruct us," &c.

Who and which have sometimes the words soever and ever annexed to them: as, "whosoever or whoever, whichsoever or whichever ;" but they are seldom used in modern style.

The word that is sometimes a relative, sometimes a demonstrative pronoun, and sometimes a conjunction. It is a relative, when it may be turned into who or which without destroying the sense: as, "They that (who) reprove us, may be our best friends;" "From every thing that (which) you see, derive instruction." It is a demonstrative pronoun when it is followed immediately by a substantive, to which it is either joined, or refers, and which it limits or qualifies: as, "That boy is industrious ;" "That belongs to me;" meaning that book, that desk, &c. It is a conjunction, when it joins sentences together, and cannot be turned into who or which, without destroying the sense as, "Take care that every day be well employed." "I hope he will believe that I have not acted improperly."

Who, which, and what, are called Interrogatives, when they are used in asking questions; as, "Who is he?" "Which is the book?" "What art thou doing?"

Whether was formerly made use of to signify interrogation: as "Whether of these shall I chuse ?" but it is now seldom used, the interrogative which being substituted for it. Some grammarians think that the use of it should be revived, as, like either and neither it points to the dual number; and would contribute to render our expressions concise and definite.

Some writers have classed theinterrogatives as a separate kind of prononouns; but they are too nearly related to the relative pronouns, both in nature and form, to render such a division proper. They do not, in fact, lose the character of relatives, when they become interrogatives. The only difference is, that without an interrogation, the relatives have reference to a subject which is antecedent, definite, and known; with an interrogation, to a subject which is subsequent, indefinite, and unknown, and which it is expected that the answer should express and ascertain.

SECT. 3. Of the Adjective Pronouns.

Adjective Pronouns are of a mixed nature, participating the properties both of pronouns and adjectives.

The adjective pronouns may be subdivided into four sorts, namely, the possessive, the distributive, the demonstrative, and the indefinite.

1. The possessive are those which relate to pos sesson or property. There are seven of them; viz. my, thy, bis, her, our, your, their.

Mine and thine, instead of my and thy, were formerly used before a substantive, or adjectiveļ beginning with a vowel, or a silent b: as" Blot out all mine iniquities."

The possessives, his, mine, thine, may be accounted F

either possessive pronouns, or the possessive cases of their respective personal pronouns.

When the possessive pronouns, are prefixed to substantives, or are parted from them only by an adjective, they admit of no variation, whatever be the number or case of the noun: as, My young cousin is dead; I know thy parents; I have heard of his extraordinary merit; she lives with her mother; our books are torn; I will come to your house; their situation is miserable.

When they are separated from the noun by a verb, or when the noun is understood, all of them except his, vary their terminations: as, This hat is mine, and the other is thine; those trinkets are hers; this house is ours, and that is yours; theirs is more commodious than ours. But these variations are in fact the possessive cases of the personal pronouns.

The two words own and self, are used in conjunction with pronouns. Own is added to possessives, both singular and plural: as, " My own hand, our own house." It is emphatical, and implies a silent contrariety or opposition: as, "I live in my own house," that is, "not in a hired house." Self is added to possessives: as myself, yourselves; and sometimes to personal pronouns: as, himself, itself, themselves. It then, like own, expresses emphasis and opposition as," I did this myself," that is, "not another;" or it forms a reciprocal pronoun: as "We hurt ourselves by vain rage."

Himself, themselves, are now used in the nominative case, instead of hisself, theirselves: as, "He came himself;" "He himself shall do this ;" "They performed it themselves.".

2. The distributive, are those which denote the persons or things that make up a number, as taken separately and singly. They are each, every, either: as "Each of his brothers is in a favorable situation;"66 Every man must account for himself;" "I have not seen either of them."

Each relates to two or more persons or things, and sighifies either of the two, or every one of any number taken separately.

Every relates to several persons or things, and signifies each one of them all taken separately. This pronoun was formerly used apart from its noun, but it is now constantly annexed to it, except in legal proceedings: as, in the phrase "all and every of them."

Either relates to two persons or things taken separately, and signifies the one or the other. To say, "either of the three," is therefore improper.

Neither imports "not either;" that is, not one nor the other; as, "Neither of my friends was there."

3. The demonstrative are those which precisely point out the subjects to which they relate this and that, these and those, are of this class: as, "This is true charity; that is only its image."

This refers to the nearest person or thing, and that to the most distant: as, "This man is more intelligent than that." This indicates the latter or last mentioned; that, the former or first men. tioned as, "Both wealth and poverty are temptations; that tends to excite pride, this discontent."

Perhaps the words former and latter may be properly ranked amongst the demonstrative pronouns, especially in many of their applications. The following sentence may serve as an example: "It was happy for the state, that Fabius continued in the command with Minucius: the former's phlegm was a check upon the latter's vivacity."

4. The indefinite are those which express their subjects in an indefinite or general manner. The following are of this kind: some, other, any, one, all, such, &c.