Young single men, hired by the year as farm servants, may reside in the house with the farmer, who will then be enabled to superintend their conduct-an object of great importance, that has of late been too much neglected. The same may be said with reference to the female servants, to whom the mistress stands in the relation of a parent. The heads of families have a serious duty to perform in these respects, their example and precepts governing in a great measure the moral conduct and habits of their dependants.

The farmer who wishes to thrive, must not only be active and industrious in his own person, the first up, the first a-field, and the last in the house at night: but he must also attend most carefully to receipts and expenditure, and keep an accurate account of every transaction, so as to be able to see, at any moment, how he stands generally, and what is the state of profit or loss in each particular department, whether of live stock, corn, or other produce. Full and accurate accounts are the groundwork of success in business. Without these, neither the farmer, the merchant, nor the manufacturer, can hope to prosper.

The farmer should likewise keep a Labour Book, in which to record daily the names of his labourers, and how and where each has been employed; and also a memorandum book, for recording, from time to time, observations upon occurrences and matters of interest on his own or the neighbouring farms,—such as experiments on manures, or particular modes of cultivation, or anything, in short, calculated to be useful or interesting to himself or others. Such memorandums, if made accurately at the time, may afford important information at a future day.

Every considerate landlord, will be forward to assist a good tenant in making improvements upon his farm. The immediate benefits of such improvements will be enjoyed by the tenant, but the eventual, the permanent benefits will belong to the landlord. Both parties are benefited, the one immediately, the other remotely; and both should join in bearing the cost, in such proportions as the circumstances in each case may equitably

warrant. The usual mode of dividing the charge, is for the landlord to find materials, and the tenant labour; but this may require to be modified in certain cases, having regard to time, and the nature of the improvements entered upon.

But an intelligent landlord will not only be ready to contribute towards the expense of improvements, he will take all opportunities of stimulating his tenant to undertake them, and will aid, advise, and encourage him during their progress. If draining or fencing is required, the landlord's eye will detect the want, and his counsel will point out the remedy. If the farm buildings are defective, or insufficient for the proper accommodation of the stock; if tanks for liquid manure are to be constructed, or a better disposition of the outbuildings is to be made, with a view to economizing labour, and the more profitable occupation of the land, the landlord will not be backward in doing whatever may be requisite on his part.

A farm may be compared to a great machine, the value of which depends on its profitable working, and this will depend upon its completeness in all its parts. It is, therefore, most decidedly the interest of its owner to see that nothing is defective about it; whilst the occupier has also an interest in this respect, proportionate to the expected duration of his occupancy, and the amount of outlay he has incurred: for without some kind of assurance or certainty that he will be permitted to reap the fruits of his outlay, a tenant can hardly be expected to incur the risk and expense of improvements. Whether this assurance, this certainty is given in the form of a lease for a term of years, or by the custom of the country, or by such an understanding between landlord and tenant as will relieve the latter from all apprehension on the point, does not appear to be very material; but it is assuredly of the very first importance, that there should be no doubt or misgiving in the matter. The tenant must feel secure, or he will not improve; and the imparting of this feeling, in whatever shape the security may be given, rests with the landlord.

An intelligent landlord may moreover do much for his tenantry in other respects, by imparting information on all matters connected with agriculture-by circulating or distributing useful publications among them, and thus bringing under their view the results of experience in other districts, or in other countries. He may also confer a most material benefit on his tenants, at little risk or cost to himself, by making experiments on the comparative advantages and disadvantages of different modes of cultivation on the qualities of different manures, and the best mode of collecting and applying them on the natures of the several soils-on the best rotation of crops. He might likewise make trial of the various implements from time to time invented, with a view to economizing labour, or the more perfect working of the land; and such as he finds to be worthy of adoption, he might recommend or procure for his tenantry,-all improvements in the mode of cultivation, leading to an improvement in their condition, and virtually to an improvement in his own.

The judicious landlord will not fail to pay attention to the stock of his tenantry, and assist them in obtaining the best breeds. Perhaps there is no part of the duty of a good landlord that can be more readily, extensively, and beneficially exercised than this. Bad stock is destructive to the farmer, and yet it is not always within his reach-certainly it is not always within reach of the small farmer-to obtain stock of a better description, which can only be done by a large outlay, or by procuring males of approved breeds at a considerable cost. In such cases, the landlord should assist his tenantry, by procuring for them males of the breeds best suited for their purpose. If this course were adopted by landlords generally, it would in a few years lead to the extinction of all the bad and inferior breeds of stock which are now so frequently seen, to the farmer's injury and the country's loss.

A considerate landlord will also attend to the state of the cottages on his property. He is aware how much the health, comfort, and correct moral conduct of the labourers and their families, will depend upon the con

dition and arrangement of their dwellings; and he will take especial care that the cottages on his estate are constructed with a due regard to these objects,-that there is proper drainage and ventilation, and that the rooms are sufficient in size and number for the accommodation of the labourer's family, without young persons of different sexes being compelled (as is now too often the case) to sleep in the same apartment, to the subversion of decency and decorum, and to the destruction of those feelings of delicacy and moral restraint, which constitute so important a safeguard to correct

conduct in after-life.

It is only by attending to each and all of these points that the best results can be secured for the landlord, the tenant, and the labourer, each of whom will then form a part of one great domestic whole, bound together and identified in interest and in feeling-each ready to support the other in the various contingencies of life, and in working out the great problem of obtaining the largest amount of produce from the land, at the smallest cost, and for the longest period. How this important object is to be accomplished, is proposed to be shown under separate heads, in the following pages.

CLIMATE.

In all agricultural operations, attention must be paid to the nature of the climate. The climate which permits field labour for the greatest number of days in the year, and which brings forward and ripens the largest amount of produce with the greatest degree of certainty, must be considered the best; and the worst kind of climate is that which is unequal, and subject to great and sudden changes. From this latter cause, in some countries, entire crops are often destroyed, at one time from continued drought, at another from excess of rain; whilst sometimes nearly equal injury is done by blight and mildew. The climate most desirable for the agriculturist is that affording a dry seed-time, with spring showers, summer and autumn heats, and winter frosts in seasonable succession.

The elevation of the land has great influence on the climate. In proportion as the height is greater, the air is found to be colder, lighter, and thinner, and is less in quantity in a given space. A person breathing at the top of Mont Blanc draws into his lungs only half the quantity of air which he breathes at the level of the sea, and the air is colder in the same proportion. Vegetable life is affected in this respect similarly to animal life. At a great elevation, vegetation cannot proceed with the same energy as in a low-lying country; and from the retarding effects of cold, and a deficiency of atmosphere, vegetation is slower on high than on low grounds. In general, an elevation of 400 feet above the level of the sea, is fully ten days later, and requires ten days' earlier sowing, than on lands about the level of the coast.

Climate is also affected by situation, and the nature of the country. Vicinity to the sea, which is the great equalizer of temperature, and the interposition of hills to break the force of the winds, generally moderate the severity of a cold climate. The same causes will also increase the dampness of a climate, for