as such, and that he designedly and purposely refrained from demanding such a concession from the British negotiator.

I shall conclude these remarks with a discussion of the doctrine so confidently put forward by the United States Commissioner, that "islands are appurtenant to the mainland"-" the continent embracing, as natural appendages to its coasts, the islands between it and the Canal de Haro."(1) This, for the United States, is a convenient theory, and, it must be confessed, when stated with proper limitations, has its foundation in natural law and reason. I am the more willing and ready to concede this, inasmuch as the argument based upon it tells more powerfully in favour of the claim of Great Britain than of that of the United States to the Haro Archipelago. Vancouver's Island has an area of about 1,670 square miles, or about onefourth the extent of England and Wales, and that island may be said to have an independent existence, and can scarcely be termed a natural appendage to the coast of Washington Territory. It is covered with valuable timber, and beneath its surface lie extensive deposits of coal and limestone. From the description of the Haro Archipelago which has been given above, it must be evident that the islands of which it is composed are identical in appearance and in their geological formation with Vancouver's Island, and differ in those particulars, in as marked a degree, from the mainland of Washington Territory.(2) Thus, they

(1) On this theory the United States found their alleged claims to the West India Islands, and to the distant Bermudas.

(2) American State Papers, pp. 133, 137, 139, 141.

"abound with timber, coal, and limestone," whilst "it was found necessary to obtain limestone for building on Puget Sound either from California or Vancouver's Island."(1)

It might then with greater propriety be argued that the cluster of islands composing the Haro Archipelago are natural appendages of Vancouver's Island, and that the possession of that island should carry with it the sovereignty of the group with which it is identical in its appearance and formation. This will appear more clearly if we consider the principles and origin of the doctrine referred to, which doctrine is thus stated by Mr. Wheaton. (2)

"The term 'coasts' includes the natural appendages of the territory which rise out of the water, although these islands are not of sufficient firmness to be inhabited or fortified; but it does not properly comprehend all the shoals which form sunken continuations of the land perpetually covered with water. The rule of law on this subject is, terræ dominium finitur, ubi finitur armorum vis; and, since the introduction of fire-arms, that distance has usually been recognised to be about three miles from the shore. In a case before Sir W. Scott (Lord Stowell) respecting the legality of a capture alleged to be made within the neutral territory of the United States, at the mouth of the river Mississippi, a question arose as to what was to be deemed the shore, since there are a number of little mud islands, composed of earth and trees drifted down by the river, which form a kind of portico to the mainland. It was contended that these were not to be considered as any part of the

(1) It has even been stated by those acquainted with the opposite coast of Japan that the geological formation of Vancouver's Island, Queen Charlotte's Island, and the other islands of the British Pacific coast, is more akin to that of the Japanese coast than to that of Washington Territory.

(2) Wheaton's Elements. Ed. 6, p. 234.

American territory, that they were a sort of no man's land,' not of consistency enough to support the purposes of life, uninhabited, and resorted to only for shooting and taking birds' nests. It was argued that the line of territory was to be taken only from the Balize, which is a fort raised on made land by the former Spanish possessors. But the learned judge was of a different opinion, and determined that the protection of the territory was to be reckoned from these islands, and that they are the natural appendages of the coast on which they border, and from which, indeed, they were formed. Their elements were derived immediately from the territory; and on the principle of alluvium and increment, on which so much is to be found in the books of law, Quod vis fluminis de tuo prædio detraxerit, et vicino prædio attulerit, palam tuum remanet, even if it had been carried over to an adjoining territory. Whether they were composed of earth or solid rock, would not vary the right of dominion, for the right of dominion does not depend upon the texture of the soil.

The only authority cited by Mr. Wheaton in support of this statement is that of Lord Stowell, whose remarks in the case of the "Anna" may be reproduced here with advantage, and it will be seen that they do not go to the extent of the doctrine contended for by Mr. Campbell. The facts of the case are stated by the learned judge, and it will not be necessary to allude to them further. Lord Stowell said, in the course of his judgment :(1)—

"When the ship was brought into this country a claim was given of a grave nature, alleging a violation of the territory of the United States of America. This great leading fact has very properly been made a matter of much discussion, and charts have been laid before the Court to show the place of

(1) Robinson's "Admiralty Reports." Vol. 5, p. 385.

capture, though with different representations from the adverse parties. The capture was made, it seems, at the mouth of the River Mississippi, and, as it is contended in the claim, within the boundaries of the United States. We all know that the rule of law on this subject is terræ dominium finitur, ubi finitur armorum vis, and since the introduction of fire-arms, that d'stance has usually been recognised to be about three miles from shore; but it so happens in this case that a question arises as to what is to be deemed the shore, since there are a number of little mud islands composed of earth and weed drifted down by the river, which form a kind of portico to the mainland. It is contended that these are not to be considered as any part of the territory of America; that they are a sort of 'no man's land,' not of consistency enough to support the purposes of life, uninhabited, and resorted to only for shooting and taking birds' nests. It is argued that the line of territory is to be taken only from the Balize, which is a fort raised on made land by the former Spanish possessors. I am of a different opinion. I think that the protection of territory is to be reckoned from these islands, and that they are the natural appendages of the coast on which they border, and from which, indeed, they are formed. Their elements are derived immediately from the territory, and on the principle of alluvium and increment, on which so much is to be found in the books of law, quod vis fluminis de tuo prædio detraxerit, et vicino prædio attulerit, palam tuum remanet, even if it had been carried over to an adjoining territory. Consider what the consequence would be if lands of this description were not considered as appendant to the mainland, and as comprised within the bounds of territory. If they do not belong to the United States of America any other power might occupy them; they might be embanked and fortified. What a thorn would this be in the side of America! It is physically possible at least that they might be so occupied by European nations, and then the command of the river would be no longer in America, but in such settlements. The possibility of such a consequence is enough to expose the fallacy of any arguments that are adduced to show that these islands are not to be

considered as part of the territory of America. Whether they are composed of earth or solid rock will not vary the right of dominion, for the right of dominion does not depend upon the texture of the soil.

"I am of opinion that the right of territory is to be reckoned from those islands."

The doctrine here stated is based first upon the principle of natural law, that a portion of land cut off from a man's estate by the force of a river, must be considered as still appertaining to such estate; the principle is not fully stated, or rather requires explanation. The words "vis fluminis " should be translated "sudden force of a river," for if land be gradually carried away from one estate and attached to another, it will appertain to the latter.

The doctrine is further based upon utility, as upon a consideration of the danger which might arise to a community from a contrary doctrine. An insignificant island might be fortified, and so might threaten and hold in awe the inhabitants of large tracts of country. Apply, now, these principles to the present case.

I have already shown that Vancouver's Island is of such an extent that it may be considered to have an independent existence, that its geological formation is such as to render it more than probable that it was at no time annexed to the mainland of Washington Territory. I have also shown that the islands of the Haro Archipelago have the same geological formation as that island, and the conclusion is irresistible that the force of the current, sweeping down through