giving it the name of Astoria, and a small military post was established for its protection. This fort was in the possession of Great Britain at the conclusion of her war with the United States, commenced in 1812, and, being claimed on the part of the latter country, was given up to her under the first article of the treaty of Ghent, 1814, express reservation being made by Great Britain in respect of her claims to the whole of the territory surrounding the fort, and upon which territory the fort and settlement was then declared to be an encroachment. By the third article of the convention between the United States and Great Britain, in 1818, it was agreed as follows:

"That any country that may be claimed by either party on the north-west coast of America, westward of the Stony Mountains, shall, together with its harbours, bays, and creeks, and the navigation of all rivers within the same, be free and open, for the term of ten years from the date of the signature of the present convention, to the vessels, citizens, and subjects of the two powers; it being well understood that this agreement is not to be construed to the prejudice of any claim. which either of the two high contracting parties may have to any part of the said country; nor shall it be taken to affect the claims of any other power or state to any part of the said country; the only object of the high contracting parties in that respect being to prevent disputes and differences amongst themselves."

The arguments, by which the claim of the United States to the territory which I have termed the debatable ground is supported, are thus put by a United States authority, Mr. Wheaton. (1)

(') Wheaton's "Elements of International Law." 6th Edition, p. 229.

"1. The first discovery of the mouth of the river Columbia by Captain Gray, of Boston, in 1792; the first discovery of the sources of that river, and the exploration of its course to the sea, by Captains Lewis and Clarke, in 1805-6; and the establishment of the first posts and settlements in the territory in question by citizens of the United States.

"2. The virtual recognition by the British Government of the title of the United States in the restitution of the settlement of Astoria, or Fort George, at the mouth of the Columbia River, which had been captured by the British during the late war between the two countries, and which was restored in virtue of the 1st Article of the treaty of Ghent, 1814, stipulating that all territory, places, and possessions whatever taken by either party from the other during the war,' &c., shall be restored without delay.' This restitution was made, without any reservation or exception whatsoever communicated at the time to the American Government.

"3. The acquisition by the United States of all the titles of Spain; which titles were derived from the discovery of the coasts of the region in question, by Spanish subjects, before they had been seen by the people of any other civilised nation. By the 3rd Article of the treaty of 1819, between the United States and Spain, the boundary line between the two countries, west of the Mississippi, was established from the mouth of the river Sabine, to certain points on the Red River and the Arkansas, and running along the parallel of 42 degrees north of the South Sea; his Catholic Majesty ceding to the United States all his rights, claims, and pretensions to any territories east and north of the said line; and' renouncing for himself, his heirs, and successors, all claims to the said territories for ever.' The boundary thus agreed on with Spain was confirmed by the treaty of 1828, between the United States and Mexico, which had, in the meantime, become independent of Spain.

"4. Upon the ground of contiguity, which should give to the United States a stronger right to those territories than

could be advanced by any other power. If,' said Mr. Gallatim, a few trading factories on the shores of Hudson's Bay have been considered by Great Britain as giving an exclusive right of occupancy as far as the Rocky Mountains; if the infant settlements on the more southern Atlantic shores justified a claim thence to the South Seas, and, which was actually enforced, to the Mississippi; that of the millions of American citizens already within reach of those seas cannot consistently be rejected. It will not be denied that the extent of contiguous country to which an actual settlement gives a prior right must depend, in a considerable degree, on the magnitude and population of that settlement, and on the facility with which the vacant adjacent land may, within a short time, be occupied, settled, and cultivated by such population, compared with the probability of its being occupied and settled from any other quarter. This doctrine was admitted to its fullest extent by Great Britain, as appeared by all her charters, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific, given to colonies established then only on the borders of the Atlantic. How much more natural and stronger the claim when made by a nation whose population extended to the central parts of the continent, and whose dominions were by all acknowledged to extend to the Rocky Mountains.'"

The counter arguments in support of the claim of Great Britain are put by him as follows:(1)—

"1. That the Columbia was not discovered by Gray, who had only entered its mouth, discovered four years previously by Lieutenant Meares, of the British navy; and that the exploration of the interior borders of the Columbia by Lewis and Clarke, could not be considered as confirming the claim of the United States, because if not before, at least in the same and subsequent years, the British North-West Company had, by means of their agents, already established their posts on the head waters or main branch of the river.

(1) Wheaton's "Elements," p. 230.

"2. That the restitution of Astoria, in 1818, was accompanied by express reservations of the claim of Great Britain to that territory, upon which the American settlement must be considered an encroachment.

"3. That the titles to the territory in question, derived by the United States from Spain through the treaty of 1819, amounted to nothing more than the rights secured to Spain equally with Great Britain by the Nootka Sound Convention of 1790; namely, to settle on any part of those countries, to navigate and fish in their waters, and to trade with the natives.

"4. That the charters granted by British sovereigns to colonies on the Atlantic coasts, were nothing more than cessions to the grantees of whatever rights the grantor might consider himself to possess, and could not be considered as binding the subjects of any other nation, or as part of the law of nations, until they had been confirmed by treaties."

In the year 1827 an attempt was made at a settlement of the question, Messrs. Huskisson and Addington being deputed to treat on behalf of Great Britain; and the claim of the power whose representatives they were, was supported by them in a lucid statement, of which Mr. Wheaton gives the following summary :(1)—

"Great Britain claims no exclusive sovereignty over any portion of the territory on the Pacific between the 42nd and the 49th parallels of latitude. Her present claim, not in respect to any part, but to the whole, is limited to a right of joint occupancy, in common with other states, leaving the right of exclusive dominion in abeyance; and her pretensions tend to the mere maintenance of her own rights, in resistance to the exclusive character of the pretensions of the United States.

(1) Wheaton's "Elements," p. 231.

"The rights of Great Britain are recorded and defined in the convention of 1790. They embrace the right to navigate the waters of those countries, to settle in and over any part of them, and to trade with the inhabitants and occupiers of the same. These rights have been peaceably exercised ever since the date of that convention; that is for a period of nearly forty years. Under that convention, valuable British interests have grown up in those countries. It is admitted that the United States possess the same rights, although they have been exercised by them only in a single instance, and have not, since the year 1813, been exercised at all; but beyond these rights they possess none.

"In the interior of the territory in question, the subjects of Great Britain have had, for many years, numerous settlements and trading posts; several of these posts are on the tributary waters of Columbia; several upon the Columbia itself; some to the northward, and others to the southward of that river; and they navigate the Columbia as the sole channel for the conveyance of their produce to the British stations nearest to the sea, and for its shipment thence to Great Britain; it is also by the Columbia and its tributary streams that these posts and settlements receive their annual supplies from Great Britain.

"To the interests and establishments which British industry and enterprise have created Great Britain owes protection; that protection will be given, both as regards settlement and freedom of trade and navigation, with every intention not to infringe the co-ordinate rights of the United States, it being the desire of the British Government, so long as the joint occupancy continues, to regulate its own obligations by the same. rules which govern the obligations of every other. occupying party.'

No definite settlement of the controversy was arrived at in that year, but a convention was concluded between the two powers, which was in the terms following: