a tribune who obstinately adhered to his veto, that the harmonious working of the system was restored. During the latter period of the republic the tribunes wielded such enormous powers that Sylla in his reform of the constitution on an aristocratic basis gave them merely the jus auxiliandi which they originally possessed. Pompey restored them to their former power, but under the empire their privileges became much restricted, although until the 5th century of the Christian era they continued to have the right of intercession against decrees of the senate and on behalf of oppressed individuals. The emperors, though patricians, found it necessary to be tribunes, and the tribunicia potestas, conferred by the senate upon Augustus and his successors, was considered an essential part of the imperial dignity.—The office of military tribune with consular power originated in a compromise between the patricians and the plebeians, during the agitation of the project of C. Canuleius to open the consulship to both orders. The patricians consented that the consulship should be suspended, and that tribunes of the soldiers having consular powers should be elected in their stead indiscriminately from patricians or plebeians. In 444 B. C. three officers having this title were elected, and thenceforth until 366 the people were allowed to elect tribunes or consuls at their option. They varied from 3 to 6 in number, and had all the powers of consuls except that of censor, which was given to a new class of public officers.-Tribunes of soldiers were a class of military officers, of whom from 4 to 6 were attached to a legion. Originally they commanded the legion by turns, each holding office for two months, but subsequently they performed staff and administrative duties. Half of them were elected by the people, and half appointed by the consuls.

TRICHINOPOLY, a town of British India, capital of a district of the same name in the presidency of Madras, situated on the right bank of the river Cavery, in lat. 10° 50' N., long. 78° 44′ E., 75 m. N. E. from Madura, and 190 m. S. S. W. from Madras; pop. 35,000. The fort of Trichinopoly is about a mile long and half a mile wide, built on the declivity of a granite peak about 600 feet high. On the top of the rock there are a citadel, a large pagoda, and some other Hindoo buildings. The walls of the fort are from 20 to 30 feet high and of great strength, and enclose a native town in which there are government stores, an arsenal, hospital, gaol, missionary chapel, &c. Outside the walls there are extensive barracks, hospitals, public rooms, a church and Roman Catholic chapel, and the tomb of Bishop Heber, who died here. The surrounding country is wonderfully fertile and populous; and the island of Seringham, which is here formed by the Cavery, is famous for the size and wealth of the Hindoo pagodas which it contains. Trichinopoly is the head-quarters of the southern division of the Madras army, and the garrison

generally consists of about 5,000 men, 1,200 of whom are British infantry and artillery. Cotton cloths, hardware, harness, cheroots, indigo, and jewelry are manufactured and exported to different parts of India and the Mauritius. Good roads connect Trichinopoly with Madras and all the surrounding districts.-Trichinopoly, after the death of its last rajah in 1732, fell into the power of the nabob of Arcot, and subsequently changed hands several times, figuring conspicuously in the contests of the French and English for supremacy in India. It finally came under English government with the rest of the Carnatic in 1801.

TRICOLOR, the name usually applied to the national banner of France, which consists of 3 colors, blue, white, and red, running in a direction parallel to the flag staff. It was adopted at the period of the first revolution, and owes its peculiar combination of colors, according to some authorities, to accident; although the liveries of Philippe Egalité, duke of Orleans, which were blue, white, and red, are also supposed to have suggested it. These colors, however, had been for many years previous used in combination as a national emblem, and were conferred upon the Dutch at their request by Henry IV., although in the flag of Holland they run in a direction at a right angle with the staff. They were successively employed in the French standards at different periods, viz.: the blue banner of St. Martin, the red or crimson of the oriflamme, and the white of the white cross, which was also the family color of the Bourbons. Since the French revolution tricolors, formed by the combination of any 3 colors, have been the favorite emblems of those engaged in liberal or revolutionary movements; and various European governments have arranged their national standards on a similar principle, as Belgium, Italy, &c. The national colors of Germany are those of the ancient empire, black, red, and gold.

TRIESTE (Ger. Triest; anc. Tergeste), the principal seaport of the Austrian empire, formerly capital of a governmental circle of the same name, and now of the crown land of Goritz, Gradisca, Istria, and Trieste, at the head of the gulf of Trieste in the N. E. of the Adriatic, 73 m. E. N. E. from Venice and 343 m. S. W. from Vienna (with both which cities it is connected by railway), in lat. 45° 38′ 50′′ N. and long. 13° 48′ E.; pop. in 1862, with its suburbs, 104,718. It is situated partly on level ground, and partly on the slopes of a hill whose summit is crowned by a citadel. It is divided into the old and new towns; the former occupies the southern and elevated portion, and has steep, zigzag, narrow, and dirty streets and blank walls. There are also numerous lofty, winding, labyrinthine flights of stone steps, with houses on both sides. Still it contains many broad streets and stately houses. The new town is separated from the old by a broad corso or avenue, and has wide straight streets, fine buildings, and numerous

public squares with fountains. The environs are very picturesque, the hillsides being built up in terraces and sprinkled with villas. The limestone hills behind the town contain numerous caverns hung with stalactites, which, before the railroad had made Adelsberg so accessible, were much visited. A wall surrounds the city. The Maria Theresa canal, large enough to admit vessels of ordinary size, penetrates into the heart of the new city. The most remarkable buildings are the cathedral of San Giusto, founded in the 5th century, in the Byzantine style, but injured by alterations made in the 14th century, the tower of which is said to stand on the foundation of a temple of Jupiter, which, with its crumbling Corinthian columns bound together by iron hoops, may be seen through arches cut in the tower; the church of St. Anthony, erected in 1830 at the head of the Maria Theresa canal; the Tergesteum, a splendid modern edifice comprising a bazaar, a fine concert and ball room, the exchange, the rooms of the Austrian Lloyd's, and the Casino Tedesco; the old exchange in the Piazza della Borsa, on which is a fountain and statue of the emperor Leopold I.; an opera house, and 3 theatres. Musical entertainments of a superior kind are given almost every evening; the annual musical festival in September is one of the finest in Europe. Beside the churches already mentioned, there are many others, including two Greek churches (one of the oriental, the other of the SerboIllyrian rite), an Anglican church dependent on the bishop of Malta, an Evangelical Lutheran church, and one of the Helvetic confession. This last occupies a small building which is said to stand on the foundation of the house of the martyrs Eugenia and Thecla, and to have been used as the first Christian church. The new lazaretto is one of the largest and best arranged in Europe. The railroad depot buildings are on a magnificent scale, the grounds covering 40 acres. This station, and those of Grignano and Nabrisina (where the road diverges, one branch to Venice and the other to Vienna), are supplied with water from the Timarus of the Romans, which, after a subterranean course, bursts from under the mountain into the gulf. The water is pumped up by steam to the height of 580 feet, and carried in iron pipes to its destination. There are also a custom house, post office, hospital, a large new poorhouse, barracks, governor's palace, and numerous schools. The public library of 30,000 volumes contains, among other things, a complete collection of all the printed editions of Petrarch, with all the books in all languages relating to him, and several fine manuscripts, one or two written by his own hand. In the same building, which contains also the imperial naval school, is a museum of natural history. There are also a botanic garden, a public garden, and a fine grove of oaks on the steep declivity of a hill laid out in gravel walks and open to the public. The archduke Maximilian's

beautiful villa of Mira Mare with its fine grounds is open to visitors, and a road 5 m. in length along the shore of the gulf has been constructed for that purpose. The grounds of several other villas not far from the city are also open to visitors. Several merchants and bankers have fine collections of paintings and statuary. Near the cathedral is an enclosure containing a large collection of Roman monuments, to which additions are constantly made. In this enclosure is the tomb of Winckelmann, who perished at Trieste by the hand of an assassin. There are 6 newspapers published, of which 4 are in Italian, one in German, and one in Greek.-The harbor is small, but very good, being protected on all sides except the N. W. It is deep enough for vessels of 300 tons to come up to the quays, and for those of any draught except the very largest to ride at anchor. It is in crescent form, and the S. W. horn is formed by the Theresa mole, which terminates in a fort and lighthouse, and encloses a large quarantine anchorage ground. There are extensive shipbuilding docks near the harbor. The trade has steadily increased since it was made a free port by the empress Maria Theresa, in the middle of the last century, and is now very large. Its principal exports are grain, rice, wine and liqueurs, oil, flax, hemp, tobacco, silk, wool, wax, marble, iron, lead, quicksilver, copper, alum, vitriol, silk stuffs, glass, leather, soap, printed cottons, and coarse and fine linens. The imports comprise cotton, silk, dye-stuffs, hides, raisins, Odessa wheat, rice, oil, and fruits and produce from the West Indies, Brazil, and the United States. The value of the imports in 1850 was $17,485,728; in 1855 it had fallen to $12,406,024, but in 1859 had increased to $66,342,773, and in 1860 to $72,102,440, of which amount $2,693,298 was from the United States. The exports in 1859 amounted to $56,491,949, and those of 1860 to $60,562,547, including $583,275 to the United States. The arrivals in 1860 were 10,243 vessels, tonnage 717,296, of which 963 were steamers, tonnage 252,212; the departures were 10,322, tonnage 736,078, of which 959 were steamers, tonnage 251,730. Of these more than were under the Austrian flag. The Austrian Lloyd's steam packet company, formed in 1833, has 40 or 50 steamers plying between Trieste and the principal ports of the Adriatic, the Levant, and the Black sea. Trieste, though notable mainly for its commerce, has considerable manufactures. Beside the ship building already noticed, there are manufactories of earthenware, leather, wines, spirits, soap, playing cards, and musical instruments, sugar refineries, tanneries, and dye houses. The people are of various races, Italians, Slavi, Greeks, Germans, Jews, &c. There are many foreign commercial houses in the city. The climate is variable, and subject to sudden changes owing to the alternate prevalence of the hot and oppressive sirocco and the cold and cutting bora; but in the winter and spring

it is oftenest calm.-Tergeste was a city prior to the Roman conquest, which took place in 179 B. C. Augustus fortified and surrounded it with walls. It escaped the invasion of Attila by which Aquileia was destroyed, and passed under the dominion of the Ostrogoths, and afterward of the Greek emperors, till the period of the Lombard invasion. Subsequently Trieste became independent under its bishop, who bore the title of count, and who gradually sold to the inhabitants the privileges of a free city. Long wars ensued with the patriarchs of Aquileia, who as margraves of Istria claimed the allegiance of the bishops of Trieste, and in these wars Venice and Genoa also took part. The peace of Turin in 1381 acknowledged Trieste as an independent city, and the next year the citizens voluntarily submitted to the house of Austria. Charles VI. declared it a free city in 1719, and Maria Theresa made it a free port in 1750. It was taken by the French in 1797 and again in 1805. From 1809 to 1814 it belonged to the French province of Illyria, and subsequently, till 1850, to the Austrian kingdom of that name.

TRIGG, a S. W. co. of Ky., bordering on Tenn., bounded W. by the Tennessee river and drained by the Cumberland and Little rivers; area, 530 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 11,052, of whom 3,449 were slaves. The surface is hilly and the soil fertile in parts. The productions in 1850 were 604,515 bushels of Indian corn, 87,090 of oats, and 1,653,485 lbs. of tobacco. There were 18 churches, and 631 pupils attending public schools. Horses, cattle, mules, and swine are raised and exported in great numbers. Iron, bituminous coal, and limestone are found. Capital, Cadiz.

TRIGONOMETRY, that branch of mathematics which undertakes to compute the unknown elements of triangles when certain other elements are given. It is called plane when it considers triangles which lie wholly in a plane surface, and spherical when it considers triangles formed in the surface of a sphere by the intersection of 3 great circles, that is, circles whose plane passes through the centre of the sphere. Of the 6 elements (3 sides and 3 angles), 3 must always be given for the determination of the rest. The angles are not employed as in geometry, but in their stead certain functions of them called the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, &c. These functions have been calculated for all acute angles and arranged in logarithmic tables. To explain them briefly: consider a plane right-angled triangle, abc, in which ac represents the hypothenuse; will express the sine of the angle at a, and likewise the co

bo

ab

sine of the angle at c; will express the tangent of the angle at a, and likewise the cotangent of the angle at c. If the hypothenuse be taken as unity, be will express the sine and ab the cosine of the angle at a; from which it appears that the sine of an acute angle will in

crease, and its cosine diminish, as the angle increases; at 90° the sine reaches its maximum or unity, and the cosine its minimum or zero. For acute-angled plane triangles the following propositions are of leading importance: 1, any two sides of a triangle have to each other the same ratio as the sines of their opposite angles; 2, the sum of the two sides of a triangle is to their difference, as the tangent of half the sum of the angles lying opposite them is to the tangent of half their difference.--For the application of trigonometry to surveying see COAST SURVEY, and SURVEYING.

TRILL, or SHAKE, in music, an embellishment consisting of the alternate reiteration of two adjoining notes, the lower of which, being the chief or essential tone, is marked with the character tr. It comprehends an interval not greater than a whole tone nor less than a semitone, and is generally commenced with the upper or assistant note, ending with the lower. Both notes should be distinctly heard, and the interval carefully preserved.

TRILLIUM (Lat. trilix, triple), a genus of North American herbaceous perennial plants, of the natural order smilacea, and much admired either when wild or under cultivation. About 12 species are enumerated as occurring in the United States, all having a general resemblance. The stem is simple, arising singly from a short tuber-like rootstock, which is stout, from 3 to 8 inches high, bearing on its summit 3 broadly ovate leaves and a terminal flower consisting of 3 lanceolate, persistent, spreading sepals, 3 larger petals which wither as the flower advances, 6 stamens with linear anthers, the styles consisting of 3 awl-shaped processes spreading above and persistent, the inner surfaces being stigmatic, succeeded by an ovate, angular, 3-celled, purple or crimson berry, containing several seeds affixed horizontally in each cell. The finest for the flower border is the large white trillium (T. grandiflorum, Salisbury), having large dark green foliage and very conspicuous white petals, changing to rosy pink just before they wither. It is found in forests from Vermont to Wisconsin and northward, and increases rapidly under cultivation both from its seeds and multiplication of its roots. A smaller species, appearing in April with its pretty white flowers, is the dwarf trillium (T. nivale, Riddell), found in Ohio and Wisconsin. The painted trillium (T. erythrocarpum, Mx.) has oval, pointed, wavy white petals, which are striped with purple lines at their base. It grows in cold damp woods from New England northward, and in portions of the Alleghanies of Virginia. The birthroot (T. erectum, Linn.) is a conspicuous plant, with broad, rhomboidal, and abruptly pointed leaves, and ovate, spreading, dark purple petals, which sometimes are greenish white or yellowish, when it becomes the variety album of Pursh. They grow together in rich woods of New England and New York, northward and westward. The root affords a violent emetic. An

other species is the T. sessile (Linn.), with its leaves and flowers sessile, the petals dull purple varying to greenish, found from Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. Its root has similar medicinal properties. Two or three species are particularly southern, and have rose-colored petals. The drooping trillium (T. cernuum, Linn.) has clustered stems, 2 or 3 together, broadly rhomboidal leaves, and small, acute, wavy, recurved, short, whitepetalled flowers, concealed by the curved peduncle beneath the leaves. Its distribution is very wide from New England southwardly. -A blue coloring matter can be procured by treating the juice of the ripe berries of the trillium with alum, and the general medicinal properties of the species are emetic.

TRILOBITE (Gr. Tpets, three, and Xoßos, lobe), the name of a group of fossil crustaceans, so called from the 3 lobes into which the body is divided; they form the palaade of Dalmann and the branchio-podaires of Milne-Edwards. They were once supposed to be mollusks with 3-lobed shells and a fleshy gasteropodous foot, but are now known to be articulates; they do not correspond exactly to any living group, but, according to Burmeister ("Organization of Trilobites," Ray society's publications, 4to., London, 1846), were a peculiar family of crustaceans, nearly allied to the existing phyllopoda (like apus and branchipus), and forming a connecting link between these and the pacilopoda (like argulus, caligus, and other parasites called fish lice); they come nearest to phyllopods, especially in the double large eyes, undeveloped antennæ, and soft membranous feet, and nearest of all to branchipus; a marked resemblance in the form of the limulus (king-crab, or common horseshoe of our coasts) is also observed to that of many species of trilobites. The general form of the animal is oval, divided into 3 well defined regions, the head or buckler, the thorax, and the abdomen or pygidium, the last 2 composed of semicircular plates or segments, varying in number, by whose movements the animal could roll itself into a ball like the common wood louse and pill bug (oniscus and armadillo). Each of these 3 divisions presents 3 lobes limited by 2 longitudinal depressions; the head is generally the largest and considerably the widest, varying from to the total length, semicircular, with a border often ornamented with granulations, depressions, and spines; the middle portion is the glabella, the grooves which mark its lateral limit corresponding, according to Barrande (Système silurien de Bohême, 4to., Paris, 1853), to the insertion of the jaws or first pair of feet; the different pieces are united by distinct sutures, which are important zoological characters. Eyes were denied to some genera, conocephalites being the only one in the primordial fauna in which these organs are certainly known to have been present; some had eyes when young, but lost them when old; others had 2 well formed, compound, facetted,

prominent eyes, which are often perfectly preserved in the fossil state; they are sometimes larger than half the length of the head, the greatest diameter being almost always the longitudinal; they had no simple eyes. Traces of a mouth have been distinguished in a few; no traces of antenna have been found, and they were probably short and feebly developed. The number of the thoracic segments varies in different genera, and at different stages of growth, but is constant in adults of the same species; the terminal portions on the sides are the pleura, and are curved backward and sometimes very long; no traces of feet have been discovered, but they were doubtless soft, membranous, and leaf-shaped, as in phyllopoda. The pygidium was made up of segments like those of the thorax, but consolidated to form a posterior buckler; it was usually semicircular, less long than wide, developed inversely to the thorax, and the largest in the more recent genera. The shell had a thinner horny membrane covering it, becoming more delicate toward the median line; between the two is found in the fossils a stony layer measuring their distance from each other; the lower surface was soft and membranous; the skin was undoubtedly cast as in other articulates, and Wahlenberg has suggested that some supposed new species may have been founded on their cast shells. They have been divided into 3 families, according to the nature of their covering: 1, eurypterida, without shell, including the single genus eurypterus (De Kay); 2, cytherinida, with bivalve, bean-shaped shell, including the single genus cytherina (Lam.); and 3, trilobitæ, with a shell having as many rings as there are joints to the body, containing many genera and species, and divided into 2 large groups, one with the power of rolling into a ball, like ogygia (Brongn.), and the other with no such power, as in calymene (Brongn.); the first are found chiefly in limestone strata, and are less ancient than the second, which occur principally in the lowest silurian rocks. According to Burmeister, the trilobites moved only by swimming, just below the surface of the water, with the back downward, rolling into a ball when danger threatened from above, and did not creep upon the bottom; they lived in shallow water, near the coast, associating in immense numbers, chiefly of the same species; while only 6 or 8 species occur in a given stratum, the number of individuals was very great; their food consisted of small aquatic animals and their spawn; they underwent progressive metamorphoses, and varied considerably according to age; their metamorphoses are given at length by Barrande, who makes 4 distinct types, according to the serial development of the different parts.-Trilobites are the oldest of the articulata, and among the first created animals on this planet; though none are now living, during the palaozoic period they were very abundant, and almost the only representatives of their class.

They have been most studied in Bohemia, and by M. Barrande. There are none found above the carboniferous rocks, and only one genus (Phillipsia), according to Pictet, in that; Barrande's primordial fauna, or the lower silurian, has one genus but no species passing to his second fauna or middle silurian, and this has many genera but no species common to it and the third fauna or upper silurian, which in turn has several genera passing to the devonian fauna-the whole series affording remarkable proofs of the limitations of faunæ in time; their distribution in space was also very circumscribed, probably on account of their feeble locomotive powers. In America several trilobites, especially paradoxides and its allied genera, have been met with in slates formerly classed among the metamorphic rocks, as the P. Harlani (Green), found in Braintree, Mass., in 1856, by Prof. W. B. Rogers, and this and other trilobites in Canada and Newfoundland.-The trilobites have long attracted much interest, as well on account of the great numbers in which they have been found in many localities, as from their singular conformation, and the perfect state in which their forms are preserved. They were noticed in the "Philosophical Transactions" for Aug. 1698, and Burmeister, in his work referred to above, cites 98 authors whose writings he has examined on this subject. The eye is a feature of great beauty in this animal, and its perfection in many of the stony fossils, especially some brought from the Hartz mountains, and from the upper silurian limestone of Dudley, England, is very remarkable; the facets or lenses, sometimes nearly 400 in number, are like those observed in the eye of the dragon fly and butterfly, and as in these insects are arranged around a conical-shaped tube through which the visual rays enter from almost every direction; in the asaphus caudatus each eye thus has a range of nearly of a circle, and both together command a panoramic view. Buckland in his "Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology," vol. i. p. 370 (London, 1858), avails himself of this interesting feature, so perfectly developed in the most ancient periods of organic life, to draw an argument of the identity of mechanical arrangements existing through the long succession of animated beings down to the present time, and hence of the continuance of the same intelligent creative power. The structure of the eye also indicates the prevalence in those ancient periods of the same conditions of the waters and the atmosphere, as regards their adaptation to the organs of vision, as now obtain; and it affords a strong argument against the theory of a gradually advancing development in animal structures in the progress of geological periods.-The geographical range of trilobites is very extensive; these fossils are met with at most distant points, both of the southern and northern hemispheres; they are found all over northern Europe, and in numerous localities in North America, in the

Andes of Bolivia, and at the Cape of Good Hope. Trenton Falls, N. Y., has afforded, in the limestone known by its name, fine specimens of the species calymene Blumenbachii (Brongn.). Lebanon, Ohio, is another interesting locality. In Adams co., Ohio, Dr. Locke procured an isoletus, to which he gave the specific name megistos, that measured more than 20 inches in length and 12 in width. The isoletus gigas (De Kay) and paradoxides Harlani have been found 12 inches long.

TRIMBLE, a N. co. of Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio river; area, 150 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 5,880, of whom 831 were slaves. The surface is generally hilly and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 286,795 bushels of Indian corn, 19,516 of wheat, 30,754 of oats, and 454,722 lbs. of tobacco. There were 14 churches, and 320 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Bedford.

TRIMMER, SARAH, an English writer of juvenile and educational works, born in Ipswich, Jan. 6, 1741, died Dec. 15, 1810. She was the daughter of Joshua Kirby, author of "The Perspective of Architecture," and subsequently tutor in perspective to George III., then prince of Wales, and at the age of 21 was married to Mr. Trimmer. About 1780 she began her literary career with an "Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature," and from 1782 to 1784 appeared 6 volumes under the title of "Sacred History, selected from the Scriptures, with Annotations and Reflections, adapted to the Comprehension of Young Persons." In 1786 she published the "Economy of Charity," of which a revised and enlarged edition appeared in 1801. She also edited the "Family Magazine," designed for the instruction of the lower classes, and subsequently carried on a periodical work called the "Guardian of Education." She wrote books for the use of charity schools, which received the sanction of the society for the promotion of Christian knowledge. In 1806 she published a "Comparative View of the New Plan of Education," which caused much controversy by the views it took of the education of the poor. An "Account of the Life and Writings of Mrs. Trimmer" was published in 1814 (2 vols. 8vo.).

TRINCOMALEE, a town of Ceylon, situated in the S. E. part of the island, in lat. 8° 33′ N., long. 81° 14' E.; pop. about 20,000. It stands on the N. side of the entrance to a capacious and secure harbor at the foot of well wooded hills, and two heights crowned by forts, beside which the port is defended by numerous fortifications which extend for about a mile along the shore. The inner harbor is landlocked, and has water in many places sufficient to float the largest vessels close to the shore; but its peculiar superiority over all other harbors of India consists in its being accessible to all descriptions of ships during both monsoons. The inhabitants are mostly Tamulians and their descendants, from the S. E. coast of India. The trade is of little importance, but a consid