L'Italia liberata dai Goti, an epic in blank verse; and La poetica, a treatise on poetical art. To his suggestion is attributed the present method of writing the v and j of the Roman alphabet differently from the u and i with which they were before confounded. He also endeavored to introduce distinct signs for the different sounds of o and e.

TRISTAN DA CUNHA, the largest of a cluster of three islands in the S. Atlantic ocean, claimed by Great Britain, lying S. S. E. from St. Helena, in lat. 37° 6' S., long. 12° 2' W. The others are called Nightingale and Inaccessible islands, and can only be approached in a calm. Tristan da Cunha is about 20 m. in circumference, and rises abruptly from the water on 3 sides to a height of 8,326 feet. On the N. side an extensive plain stretches along the base of the mountain, which is an extinct volcano. Vessels touching can procure supplies. It was named after a Portuguese navigator who discovered it in 1506.

TRITON, in Greek and Roman mythology, a marine deity, the son of Neptune. He was represented as having the form of a man above and that of a fish below, and as bearing a conch-shell trumpet, the sound of which soothed the turbulence of the waters. Tritons are mentioned in the plural as identical with the fabulous mermen of the northern nations.

TRITON, the proper name of the tailed batrachians of the old genus triton (Laur.), generally called newts or water salamanders; they all belong to the northern hemisphere, and their species are most numerous in North America. The tail is depressed and adapted for swimming in most, though many are not strictly aquatic, but pass much of their life on the land, some visiting the water only during the breeding season; indeed, by reference to the article SALAMANDER it will be seen that the distinction into terrestrial and aquatic species is very indefinite, species with either of these habits being found in one genus. In the breeding season, in the spring, the males acquire a fin-like fringe along the back and tail and membranous appendages to the toes; the species are difficult to distinguish on account of the varieties of sex, age, and season. Reproduction takes place by means of eggs, which are fecundated before they are deposited, and the young resemble tadpoles in form and gills. The most carefully studied species is the great triton or water newt of Great Britain (T. palustris, Flem.), about 6 inches long, of which the tail is about; this species will suffice for the generic description. The body is naked, but covered with warty tubercles, and with glandular pores behind and over eyes and along sides; toes without nails, 4 anterior and 5 posterior; the dorsal and caudal crests separate; tongue slightly free on sides, and more free and pointed behind; palate with a double longitudinal series of teeth; no parotids nor glands along the back. The smooth-skinned species, without lateral pores and with a continuous

dorsal and caudal crest, have been noticed under EFT. The head is flattened, nose rounded, gape large, teeth numerous and small, and the neck hardly distinct from the head and body. It is common in ponds and ditches, and one of the most aquatic of the family, swimming by means of the tail, the legs being turned back against the body; the legs are used as balancers in the water, and for a slow and feeble creeping on land; the skin comes off in shreds in the water, and is swallowed. It is said not to be able to breed until the 3d year, and to pass the entire period between the end of the tadpole state and the breeding season on the land, the young in winter hiding in solitary holes in the ground, and the adults hibernating in company rolled together in a ball a few inches in diameter. The eggs are deposited on the leaves of aquatic plants which are folded around them, one egg to each leaf; the anterior lobes of the branchia are modified into prehensile organs by which the tadpole fixes itself to bodies under water, being absorbed when the anterior feet are sufficiently developed; the young, which are born in June or July, remain, according to Bell, without much change till the following spring, when they acquire legs and leave the water, their parents in a few weeks resuming a terrestrial existence. In the water they are voracious, feeding on aquatic animals, insects and larvæ, the tadpoles of the frog, and even those of their own species. They are noted for their tenacity of life under mutilation and exposure to severe cold, and for their power of reproducing lost parts; yet with all this tenacity of life, it is remarkable, says Prince Musignano, that they should die in violent convulsions on having a little salt sprinkled upon the body. It is blackish or light brown above with darker round spots, and bright reddish orange below with round black spots, and the sides dotted with white.The common many-spotted triton of the Atlantic states (T. dorsalis, Harlan; genus notophthalmus, Raf.) is about 4 inches long, of which the tail is one half; it is olive or greenish brown above, with a row of circular ver milion spots on each side, and below orange studded with small black dots; eyes prominent, with flame-colored iris; posterior limbs twice as large as anterior; it is eminently aquatic, and dies soon out of water from the drying of the skin; it is torpid only in the severest weather; it is found from Maine to Georgia, forming a very lively and interesting animal for the fresh water aquarium, and easily obtained. The tiger triton (T. tigrinus, Holbr.; genus ambystoma, Tschudi) is 64 inches long, bluish black above and on limbs, with irregular markings of lemon color, and below ashy with dusky yellow blotches; it is found in the New England and middle states. The black triton (T. niger, Holbr.; genus desmognathus, Baird) is 4 inches long, black above, with a tinge of blue, and purplish below; it is found from Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana, and is said

to be entirely aquatic. The great triton (T. ingens, Holbr.; genus ambystoma, Tsch.) is 10 to 13 inches long, bluish slate above, with irregular pale ash blotches, throat dark brown, and abdomen slate-colored; this is the largest species, eminently aquatic, and found in the western states.-The name of TRITON is also given to a genus of gasteropod mollusks of the murex family, having a conical and elongated shell, spirally convoluted. The T. variegatum (Lam.), 12 to 16 inches long, from the Indian seas, is the well known sea conch or trumpet of the god Triton; this species, as well as the T. australe (Lam.), is used by the Polynesians as a horn; by blowing in the shell through a hole in the apex, a loud and mellow sound is produced.

TRIUMPH (Lat. triumphus), generally, a solemn procession for the purpose of celebrating a victory. Although honors of this kind have been bestowed from time immemorial by warlike races upon victorious generals, they became nowhere else so closely identified with national habits and institutions as among the ancient Romans, who encouraged the observance of them as a stimulus to martial exploits. Hence a triumph may be defined as the highest military honor that could be obtained by a Roman general, who entered the city in a chariot drawn by 4 horses, preceded by his captives and spoils and followed by his army, with which escort he passed along the Via Sacra, and ascending to the capitol sacrificed a bull to Jupiter. A triumph was granted by the senate to a general who had gained important successes by land or sea, if he had already held one of the great offices of state; if the victory had been gained under his auspices and with his troops; if the advantage had been positive and the number of enemies slain in a single battle at least 5,000, and if it had been gained over a foreign enemy and not in a civil war; if the national dominion had been extended, and not merely recovered or relieved from the presence of the enemy; and if the war had been actually concluded so as to permit of the army's being withdrawn from the conquered country. Occasional deviations from these conditions are recorded, but they were in the main strictly observed. The general claiming the triumph having sent to the senate an account of his exploits, that body, if the intelligence proved satisfactory, generally decreed a public thanks giving, called a supplicatio; and at the conclusion of the war he met them without the city walls to urge his pretensions in person. The right of the senate to bestow triumphs, however, was not an exclusive prerogative, instances being on record in which the comitia of the tribes assumed it, and even where generals triumphed in defiance of the senate and the people. But a disappointed general commonly contented himself with going through the forms of a triumph on the Alban mount. The consent of the senate having been obtained, and a sum of money voted to defray the necessary expenses, the

successful general was invested with the imperium within the city for the day of triumph, until which occasion he remained outside of the walls. The procession, at first simple and impressive, was in later times transformed into a pageant of extraordinary splendor, and minute regulations prescribed the arrangement of its various parts. The populace in holiday attire were present along the whole route, altars and temples were adorned with garlands, and a general festival prevailed. The general himself, attired in a gold-embroidered robe and flowered tunic, and bearing in one hand a laurel bough and in the other a sceptre, stood upright in a circular chariot drawn by 4 horses, in which was also stationed a slave, who, according to some authorities, reminded him amid the acclamations of the multitude that he was but mortal. The inhuman practice also prevailed of putting to death several of the captive leaders while the procession was ascending the Capitoline hill. After the sacrifice was performed at the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, the general deposited his laurel wreath in the lap of the god, and the ceremonies of the day ended with a public banquet. Naval triumphs were similar in character, but fewer in number, and generally on a smaller scale. After the overthrow of the republic, the emperors, in virtue of their authority as commanders-inchief of the armies of the state, claimed the exclusive right of celebrating triumphs; and until A. D. 534, when Belisarius entered Constantinople in triumph after the overthrow of the Vandal kingdom in Africa, no subject had for more than 5 centuries enjoyed that distinction. This was the 350th triumph in Roman history, and the last ever celebrated. A lesser kind of triumph, called an ovation (ovatio) from the practice of sacrificing a sheep (ovis) instead of

bull, was granted to a general whose success had been considerable, though not of a charac-' ter to entitle him to a triumph. In such cases the victor entered the city on foot, attended by a less imposing retinue, a conspicuous feature of which was a numerous band of flute players. TRIUMPHAL ARCH. See АRCH.

TRIUMPHAL COLUMN. See COLUMN. TRIUMVIRATE, an office filled coördinately by 3 persons. Several magistracies of this description were recognized in the Roman government, of which the most important was that for the regulation of public affairs-triumviri reipublicæ constituendæ. Though magistrates with this title are thought to have been appointed as early as 360 B. C., there is no certain mention of them till toward the close of the republic, when the supreme power was shared between Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus, as triumvirs. They received the office for 5 years in 43 B. C., and upon the expiration of that term for 5 years more. The coalition between Julius Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, in 60 B. C., is often called a triumvirate, but improperly, as they were never invested with any office under that title. Administration by tri

umvirs was apparently much favored by Roman legislators. A triumvirate was instituted in 292 B. C. of officers to inquire into all capital crimes (triumviri capitales); another superintended the formation of every colony (triumviri colonia deducenda); another was charged with the prevention of fires, and went the rounds of the city every night for that purpose (triumviri nocturni); and there were many other triumvirates of minor importance, either permanent or temporary.

TROCHEE (Gr. rpexw, to run), in poetry, a foot consisting of a long and a short syllable. It is also called choreus, and is especially used in verse requiring rapid movement, from which circumstance it derives its name. Trochaic verse is generally employed in lines of 2, 4, and 6 feet, and the trochee (- -) interchanges easily with the dactyl (-~-~), tribrach (~~~), anapæst (~~), and spondee (- -). In addition to the trochaic verse of 2, 4, and 6 feet, known to the ancients and the moderns, the latter have also employed the trochaic verse of 5 and of 7 feet, although the tetrameter is the one principally in use.

TREZEN, an ancient city of Greece, situated in a fertile plain in a territory of the same name, forming the S. E. corner of Argolis. It was founded probably by the Ionians, and according to Homer was subject at the time of the Trojan war to Argos, from which it afterward received a Doric colony. Subsequently it became a prominent maritime city, founded Halicarnassus and Myndus in Caria, and probably Pæstum in Magna Græcia, and was conspicuous in the wars with Persia, its harbor being the rendezvous of the Grecian fleet after the sea fight at Artemisium. During the Peloponnesian, Corinthian, and other wars, it adhered to the side of Sparta. After the establishment of the Macedonian rule over Greece it was in the 'hands of various contending parties, and continued a place of some importance until the time of Pausanias, who describes its public buildings in detail; but after this period we have no account of its history. The ruins of the ancient city lie near the village of Damala, and consist principally of Hellenic foundations with Frankish or Byzantine superstructures. In 1827 the Greek national assembly was held here, at which Capo d'Istria was chosen president for 7 years. Trozen is celebrated as the birthplace of the Attic hero Theseus.

TROGLODYTES (Gr. Tрwyλodvrns, from Tрwyλn, a cave, and duw, to enter), the name given by the ancients to tribes of men who resided in caves. Several such are mentioned by ancient writers as inhabiting parts of Ethiopia, upper Egypt, the borders of the Red sea, Moesia, Mauritania, and the northern part of the Caucasus. At the present time, in part of Arabia, the mountainous region encompassing the wadys are filled with caves, which have been converted into permanent habitations by half savage tribes of Bedouins, and it is probable that these belong to the same race as the troglodytic

population of Ptolemy and other Greek geographers. In the early history of the Christian church the name was also applied to certain heretics, who, rejected by all parties, held their meetings in caves. In natural history, Linnæus placed the African orang-outang under the genus homo with the specific name of troglodytes, next to homo sapiens; and this is the troglodytes niger of Geoffroy and the simia troglodytes of Blumenbach. The term is now applied to a genus which includes the chimpanzee and the gorilla, and also to a genus of the troglodytina or wren family of birds.

TROGON, and COUROUCOU, names given to the fissirostral birds of the family trogonida, the second name being derived from their peculiar melancholy cry. The bill is short, strong, curved, broader than high, triangular seen from above, with the margins and tip usually serrated, the base provided with tufts of bristles, and the gape wide; wings moderate and rounded; tarsi short and weak, more or less feathered; toes of unequal length, and arranged in 2 pairs, the inner being turned backward. There are about 40 species in the tropical regions of both hemispheres, but especially numerous in South America; they frequent thick and damp forests, feeding on insects, which they seize on the wing or pick from the bark of trees, and on fruits and berries; they are most active in morning and evening. A few live in the islands of the Indian archipelago, belonging to the genus harpactes (Swains.), having the edges of the bill smooth; and one genus (apaloderma, Swains.) in Africa, with only the lower mandible serrated; the American may be distinguished from the old world species by their barred tail. Though the neck and feet seem too short for the bulky body, the plumage is usually beautiful, often with metallic brilliancy, the splendor of their appearance being increased by the elegant and long tail. The eggs, 2 to 4, are laid in the holes of rotten trees, and several broods are raised in a year. The species vary in size from a thrush to a magpie; it is rare to obtain good specimens, as they frequent the highest trees of the thickest forests, and when shot lose many of the soft and delicate feathers by the fall to the ground; the skin is very tender, and renders the operation of skinning so difficult that the natives dry the body with the feathers on.-In the genus trogon (Mohr.) the 1st quill is short and the 4th the longest. The red-bellied trogon (T. curucui, Linn.) is about a foot long, green above, red below, with the throat black, and the coverts and tail striped with the same; it is a native of Mexico. The peacock or splendid trogon (calurus resplendens, Swains.) has the edges of the bill smooth, the wing coverts long and curved, and the upper tail coverts greatly prolonged, entirely concealing the tail; it is larger than the last named, and the middle tail coverts are 3 to 3 feet in length; it is of a beautiful bronzed and golden green above and on the throat, and scarlet below; it is found in Mexico and Cen

tral America, and was celebrated in the mythology of the ancient Mexicans; the gorgeous feathers of this and the preceding species are much prized by the natives for ornaments, and for use in their festivals, wars, and religious ceremonies; a crest of silky green feathers adds to the graceful appearance of the bird; it is the T. pavoninus (Temm.). There are many other species in Mexico and South America, generally green above and red or yellow below; the females are brownish where the males are green. The Asiatic species resemble the American ones in colors and habits. For descriptions and figures of this brilliant family, see the "Monograph of the Trogonidæ," by John Gould (fol., London, 1838).

TROLLOPE, FRANCES (MILTON), an English novelist, born in Heckfield, Hampshire, about 1780. She was the daughter of the Rev. William Milton, was well educated, and in 1809 was married to Anthony Trollope, barrister at law and a member of a distinguished family of Lincolnshire, who died at Bruges in 1835. A large portion of her married life was spent at Harrow, but in 1829 she visited the United States, where she remained 3 years. On her return she gave an account of her impressions in a work entitled "Domestic Manners of the Americans" (2 vols. 8vo. London, 1832), in which the indelicate and ridiculous phases of American character and habits were depicted in a manner which showed the writer's intimate acquaintance with the coarseness she described. The work was very successful in England, and created much bitter feeling at the time in the United States. She afterward produced in rapid succession so large a number of novels and accounts of travels, as to render her the most voluminous English authoress of the times. Her first work on America was followed by a novel entitled "The Refugee in America" (1832), and in 1836 by "The Adventures of Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw." About 1844 she went to Florence, where she has since resided. Among her books of travels are: "Belgium and Western Germany in 1833" (2 vols., 1834); "Paris and the Parisians in 1835" (3 vols., 1836); "Vienna and the Austrians" (2 vols., 1838); "A Visit to Italy" (2 vols., 1842); and Travels and Travellers" (2 vols., 1846). In the province of romance some of her best works are: "The Vicar of Wrexhill" (3 vols., 1837); "The Romance of Vienna" (1838); "The Widow Barnaby" (3 vols., 1839); "Life and Adventures of Michael Armstrong, a Factory Boy" (3 vols., 1840); "The Widow Married," a sequel to "The Widow Barnaby" (3 vols., 1840); "One Fault" (3 vols., 1840); and "Charles Chesterfield, or the Adventures of a Youth of Genius" (3 vols., 1841). Her later writings are much inferior to her earlier ones, but her works throughout are distinguished by keen observation, coarse satire, and amusing details. Her literary activity continued unabated until 1856.-THOMAS ADOLPHUS, an English author, son of the preceding (born in 1810), has

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published "The Girlhood of Catharine de' Medici," a biographical work under the title of "A Decade of Italian Women," "Paul the Pope and Paul the Friar" (1861), and other works, including several volumes of travels. His brother ANTHONY is a successful novelist. Occupying in Ireland the situation of a surveyor of the general post office, he began his literary career by two novels on Irish subjects, "The Macdermots of Ballycloran" (1847), and "The Kellys and the O'Kellys" (1848). These were followed by "La Vendée" (1850), a historical romance, "The Warden" (1858), "The Three Clerks," ""Barchester Towers," Doctor Thorne" (1858), "The Bertrams" (1859), "Castle Richmond" (1860), "Framley Parsonage" (1861), and "Orley Farm," a serial novel begun in 1861. He writes largely both for English and American periodicals. He has also published "The West Indies and the Spanish Main." He has repeatedly visited the United States, his last journey in that country having taken place in 1861-22.

TROMBONE, a brass wind instrument, supposed to be identical with the sackbut, and which constitutes one form of the trumpet. By means of sliding tubes great depth and power of tone are produced, and the instrument when judiciously employed, as in the last act of Mozart's Don Giovanni, is capable of splendid effects. It is however too frequently a noisy and unwelcome element in the orchestra, and is used to better purpose in military bands. Trombones are of 3 kinds, alto, tenor, and base; the first having a compass from C, the 2d space in the base, to G, an octave above the treble clef; the 2d from B, the 2d line in the base, to A, the 2d space in the treble; and the 3d from C, an octave below the 2d space in the base, to G, the 2d line in the treble.

TROMP, MARTEN HARPERTZOON VAN, a Dutch admiral, born at Briel in 1597, killed July 29, 1653. He was the son of a naval officer, and when 8 years old was taken to sea by his father, who was killed in an engagement off the coast of Guinea with an English vessel. Young Van Tromp was taken prisoner, and from this time the events of his life are very uncertain until 1622, when he was a lieutenant on board a ship of the line. Two years afterward he commanded a frigate under Prince Maurice, and later served under Peit Hein, who fell dead by his side in an engagement with the Spaniards in August, 1629. About this time Van Tromp resigned his position, but in 1637 he was created by the stadtholder lieutenant-admiral, and placed in command of 11 vessels, with which he did so much damage to the Spanish shipping that he was presented with a gold chain by the states, and decorated with the insignia of the order of St. Michael by the French king. Created admiral of Holland in 1639, he attacked the Spanish fleet near Gravelines, and destroyed 5 ships of the line and 4 frigates; and in October of the same year he gained such a victory over the Spanish fleet

under Oquendo, between Dunkirk and Nieuwport, that his name became famous throughout Europe. War breaking out between Holland and England in 1652, Van Tromp fought several great battles in that and the succeeding year (see BLAKE, ROBERT); and in July, 1653, he engaged the English fleet under Monk, near the coast of Holland, and during the conflict was shot through the head by a musket ball. Courage, my boys," he exclaimed as he fell; "my course is ended with glory." Van Tromp was the most celebrated of the Dutch naval officers, and is said to have been successful in 33 engagements. He was buried with great splendor in the church at Delft.-CORNELIS VAN, a Dutch admiral, second son of the preceding, born in Rotterdam, Sept. 9, 1629, died in Amsterdam, May 29, 1691. Educated for his hereditary profession, he was appointed in his 19th year to the command of a ship destined to act against the African pirates, and two years later was created viceadmiral. From this time he was constantly .engaged in naval enterprises until 1656, when he retired to private life, but resumed active employment in 1662. When war broke out between England and Holland in 1665, he was attached to the squadron commanded by Admiral Opdam, and was present at the battle of Solebay. Here, although the Dutch fleet was defeated, Van Tromp gained great reputation by the skilful manner in which he conducted the retreat. When a new squadron was fitted out, he was appointed to the chief command, although belonging to the party of the prince of Orange; but on the return of De Ruyter, he was superseded by that commander, under whom he refused to serve. In 1666 he was present at the naval battle in the Downs between De Ruyter and Monk, which lasted 4 days and ended in a victory for the former. In August of the same year he participated in another battle, and was successful in defeating the portion of the English fleet opposed to him, but, following his victory too far, was unable to render any assistance to De Ruyter, who was worsted. The latter commander complained of his conduct, and the states, on the advice of De Witt, deprived him of his command, and forbade his holding any communication with the fleet. In 1673, while war was again raging between Holland and the united powers of France and England, his commission was restored him by the prince of Orange, and a reconciliation took place between him and De Ruyter. In this war he distinguished himself highly. In 1675 he visited England, where he was received with great honor, and created a baronet by Charles II. In 1676 he was sent at the head of a fleet to assist Denmark, then carrying on a war with Sweden, and for his services was invested by the king of the former country with the order of the elephant, and raised to the dignity of count. On his return to Holland he succeeded De Ruyter as admiral lieutenant-general of the United Provinces. In

1691 he was appointed commander of the fleet destined to act against the French, but died before it was fully equipped and ready for sea. TRONDHJEM. See DRONTHEIM.

TROOPIAL (Fr. troupiale), a name given to several species of the ictering and agelaine, sub-families of American conirostral birds, in some respects resembling the starlings of the old world, and in others coming near the finches; they have the 9 primaries of the finches, but the bill is larger, straight, the base without bristles and the tip without a notch. The name is derived from their habit of associating in large troops. In the ictering the bill is generally longer than the head, straight and sharp-pointed; wings long and pointed, and tail usually wedge-shaped; toes moderate and formed for perching. The prevailing colors are yellow or orange and black; they are generally called orioles in North America, and a well known species has been described under BALTIMORE BIRD; hang-nest is another appropriate name, derived from their habit of suspending the nest from the extremity of slender branches.-The common troopial (icterus vulgaris, Daud.) is about 10 inches long, with a straight bill; back and abdomen yellow; head, neck all round, breast, and tail black; a white band on the wings; feathers of throat elongated and pointed; it is a native of northern South America and the West Indies, sometimes coming to the southern United States. They move in flocks, sometimes mingled with other species, and show a great partiality to the neighborhood of man, in whose cultivated fields they find a rich supply of insect food; they are excellent fliers, and equally at home on the ground or in trees; they are loquacious at all seasons of the year; their flesh is excellent. There are several other species in Mexico, Texas, and Central America. The orchard troopial (I. spurius, Bonap.) very much resembles the Baltimore oriole in the pattern of its colors, the orange red of the latter being replaced by dark chestnut, the tail entirely black and more graduated, and the bill slenderer and more curved. It frequents orchards, where it does good service in destroying insects in the blossoms; it is found throughout the United States from the Atlantic to the high central plains; the nest is hemispherical, 3 or 4 inches deep, made of long grasses very neatly interwoven, and suspended to drooping twigs, frequently of the weeping willow. It is often kept in a cage for its lively movements and pleasing song.-The only other genus of the icterina which can be mentioned here is cassicus (Cuv.), so called from cassis (a helmet), the bill rising on the forehead in a crescent shape: nostrils basal, naked, pierced in the substance of the bill; 3d and 4th quills longest, and tail long and graduated; tarsi and toes strongly scaled. There are about 20 species, peculiar to tropical America, living in the forests and also near human habitations, in vast troops; they eat fruits, berries, insects, and larva.