of the boundaries remaining as previously settled at Paris. The new articles, which were communicated by Oswald to the American commissioners at a conference on the 25th of November, ended the discussion as to boundaries. The article on that subject was embodied as Article II. in the provisional articles of peace which were signed November 30, 1782, and which were made definitive September 3, 1783.2

Erection of Province of New Brunswick.

In 1784 the British Crown took from Nova Scotia that part of its territory which has since formed the province of New Brunswick. In the commission of Thomas Carleton as captain-general and governor-in-chief of New Brunswick of August 16, 1784, the new province is "bounded on the westward by the mouth of the River Saint Croix by the said River to its source and by a line drawn due north from thence to the southern boundary of our province of Quebec to the northward by the said boundary as far as the western extremity of the Bay des Chaleurs." The same language is employed in commissions to Carleton's successors in 1807, 1811, 1816, 1818, and 1819.

Division of Province of Quebec.

By the act of 31 Geo. III. cap. 31 (1791), and the order in council of August 24, 1791, the province of Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, the latter retaining so far as it extended the southern limits of the province out of which it was formed. Such is an outline of the history of the boundaries in regard to which the King of the Netherlands was called upon to render a decision.

In the American statement laid before the American Statement arbitrator the case was treated under three

before the Arbitrator.

heads:

1. The northwest angle of Nova Scotia and the highlands. 2. The northwesternmost head of Connecticut River.

3. The boundary line from the Connecticut River, along the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, to the River St. Lawrence, called in the treaties Iroquois or Cataraquy.

Question of the
Highlands.

As to the first question, it was declared that the fundamental point was the highlands. It was there that the northwest angle of Nova Scotia must be found. It must be formed by the intersection

Wharton's Dip. Cor. Am. Rev. VI. 72, 74.

Adams, Franklin, and Jay to Livingston, Sec. of For. Aff., Dec. 14, 1782, Wharton's Dip. Cor. Am. Rev. VI. 131-133.

of the lines constituting the northern and western boundaries of Nova Scotia. The highlands contemplated by the treaty were highlands which, at a point due north from the source of the River St. Croix, divided rivers falling into the Atlantic Ocean from those emptying into the River St. Lawrence; highlands extending eastwardly from that point (the northwest angle of Nova Scotia), and continuing for some distance in that direction to divide waters in the same manner, so as to form there the northern boundary of Nova Scotia; highlands extending, also, southwestwardly from the same point, and dividing rivers in the same manners all the way to the northwesternmost head of Connecticut River. In the treaty the term "highlands" and the words "highlands which divide the rivers" were inseparable. Avoiding the words mountains, hills, or other terms which might have referred to the peculiar nature of the ground, the treaty used the general expression highlands as applicable to any ground along which the line dividing the rivers should be found to pass. The mere fact that such ground was necessarily more elevated than the rivers and the country adjacent to their banks entitled it to the designation of highlands.

Northwest Angle of
Nova Scotia.

There were only two places, said the American statement, on the line due north from the source of the St. Croix which divided rivers thus falling in different directions, and in which those rivers had their respective sources. About 97 miles from the source of the St. Croix the due-north line reached a ridge or highland which divided the tributary streams of the River St. John, which falls into the Bay of Fundy, from the waters of the River Restigouche, which falls through the Bay of Chaleurs into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In its farther north course the same line, after crossing several upper branches of the Restigouche, reached, at a distance of about 144 miles from the source of the St. Croix, the highlands which divide the waters of the Restigouche from the tributary streams of the River Metis, which falls into the River St. Lawrence. There was, declared the American statement, no possible choice but between these two places. The northwest angle of Nova Scotia must of necessity be found at one or the other.

Term Atlantic

Ocean."

The selection between these two places evidently depended, said the American statement, upon what the treaty meant by rivers that empty themselves into the River St. Lawrence and by rivers

that fall into the Atlantic Ocean. The first class embraced only the rivers flowing into a specially designated river, and obviously could not be so construed as to include any rivers that did not empty themselves into the river thus designated. It must be inferred that all the rivers met by the due-north line which did not actually empty themselves into the River St. Lawrence were by the treaty considered as falling into the Atlantic Ocean.

This conclusion, said the American statement, perfectly accorded with what was generally understood by the term "Atlantic Ocean." The term "sea" in its general sense embraced the whole body of salt waters. Its great subdivisions were designated by the names Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, etc. Each of them generically embraced all the bays, gulfs, and inlets formed by the indentures of its shores or by adja cent islands. In the case under consideration not only was the generic appellation "Atlantic Ocean" contrasted with the River St. Lawrence alone, but every river which could have been contemplated by the framers of the treaty as falling into the Atlantic Ocean fell into it through some intermediate gulf or bay known-and in Mitchell's map specifically desig nated-by a distinct name; as, for example, the River Restigouche, through the Bay of Chaleurs and the Gulf of St. Lawrence; the River St. John, through the Bay of Fundy; the rivers Magaguadavic and Schoodiac, through the Bay of Passamaquoddy and the Bay of Fundy; the Penobscot, through the bay of the same name; the Kennebec, through the Sagadahock Bay; and the Connecticut River, through Long Island Sound. So that if the rivers which fell into the Atlantic Ocean through a gulf, bay, or inlet known by a distinct name were not under the treaty of 1783 rivers falling into the Atlantic Ocean, there was not a single one that could have been contemplated by the treaty to which the description applied. The mention of the Gulf of St. Lawrence once by its special name in another portion of the treaty relating to the fisheries could not narrow the meaning of the words "rivers falling into the Atlantic Ocean." The northwest angle of Nova Scotia was therefore formed by and determined to be at the intersection of the line drawn due north from the source of the River St. Croix with the highlands dividing the tributary streams of the Restigouche, which falls into the Atlantic Ocean, from the tributary streams of a river emptying itself

into the River St. Lawrence, and presumed, according to the map A, to be the River Metis.

Ancient Provincial

Boundaries.

The American statement next discussed the question of the ancient provincial boundaries, and, maintaining that the ancient boundaries were preserved by the treaty of peace, endeavored to prove that the line of the treaty was the same as that which had for twenty preceding years been assigned by the British Government to Nova Scotia. The only object in mentioning the northwest angle of Nova Scotia was, said the American statement, to identify the highlands described in the proclamation of 1763 and the act of 1774 as the southern boundary of the province of Quebec with the highlands contemplated by the treaty of 1783 as forming on the north the northwest angle of Nova Scotia. The only difference was that the rivers intended to be distinguished from those emptying into the River St. Lawrence were described in the proclamation and the act as falling into the " Sea," while in the treaty they were described as falling into the "Atlantic Ocean."

1783.

In order to show that the line claimed by the Maps from 1763 to United States coincided with the ancient provincial boundaries, there was exhibited with the American statement a large number of maps published between 1763 and 1783, in which the highlands forming the southern boundary of the province of Quebec appeared to be identical with those claimed by the United States as their northern boundary. In these maps the course of the line from the source of the St. Croix is in every instance northward, crosses the River St. John, and terminates at the highlands in which the rivers that empty into the River St. Lawrence have their sources; and in every instance the northwest angle of Nova Scotia is laid down on those highlands, where the northern line terminates. Four maps published in London between the signing of the preliminary and the definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States showed the same lines.

Mars Hill.

As to Mars Hill, the American statement said that it neither divided nor was near any waters but some small tributary streams of the River St. John; that it was at least a hundred miles distant from the source of any of the rivers emptying themselves into the River St. Lawrence; that no highlands extended or could extend east

wardly from it so as to form the northern boundary of Nova Scotia; that to contend for it was to claim that Nova Scotia had no northwest angle, and that toward the west the British line could fulfill the conditions of the treaty only from the point where, 115 miles in a straight line from Mars Hill, it divided the northwestern source of the Penobscot from the source of the Chaudière.

cut River.

As to the northwesternmost head of ConNorthwesternmost necticut River, the American statement said Head of Connecti- that the head branches of that river, which were imperfectly known in 1783, had been surveyed by order of the commissioners under Article V. of the Treaty of Ghent. Four of them were found to have their sources in the highlands, namely, Halls Stream, Indian Stream, Perrys Stream, and Main Connecticut, or main stream of Connecticut River. From its peculiar characteristic the last branch might be called the Lake Branch or Stream. Indian Stream, Perrys Stream, and the Lake Stream all united about two miles north of the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, and thus united they were known at the date of the treaty of 1783 by the name of Connecticut River at the place where the river was then supposed to cross that parallel. The mouth of Halls Stream, already known by that name in 1783, was about a quarter of a mile south of that place, but half a mile north of the point which, from later and more correct observations, appeared to be in latitude 45°. The source of the middle branch of Halls Stream was the northwesternmost head of all the branches above mentioned, and it had accordingly been claimed by the United States as the true northwestern head contemplated by the treaty; but the commissioner of the United States under the fifth article of the Treaty of Ghent held that the head of the west branch of Indian Stream was the true northwesternmost head of Connecticut River intended by the treaty. The British commissioner claimed that the source of the northwesternmost brook which emptied itself into the upper lake of the most eastern branch, being that designated as the Main Stream or Lake Stream of Connecticut River, was the northwesternmost head contemplated by the treaty. He based this claim principally on the ground that this branch was in fact the main branch of Connecticut River, and had for an indefinite length of time been exclusively distinguished by that name. This allegation was denied by the United States.