Her Majesty's Government, if desirous to lay a broad foundation for friendly and satisfactory relations, might possibly think it expedient to suggest a conference, in which all the matters referred to might be considered together," and a "comprehensive settlement" attempted "without exciting the sensibilities" that were "understood to have caused that government to insist upon a limited arbitration in the case of the Alabama claims." Mr. Adams was instructed to communicate "these explanations" to Lord Stanley informally, but with the distinct understanding that the United States should not be considered "as proposing to open a new negotiation in regard to the questions referred to, or any of them."1 tion. Though public opinion in Great Britain was Naturalization Ques- daily becoming more favorable to the settlement of the Alabama claims, the question that caused at this particular juncture the most uneasiness in the United States was that of naturalization.2 The advocates of the doctrine of voluntary expatriation were strengthened by the eventful conclusion by George Bancroft, on the 22d of February 1868, of the convention with the North German Union, by which the naturalization of German subjects in the United States, after an uninterrupted residence of five years, was recognized. Mr. Seward now suggested the settlement of of the naturalization question between the United States and Great Britain on the lines of this convention; and he expressed the opinion that if this should be done, and the San Juan question should be referred for arbitration to the Government of Switzerland, the existing irritation would be so far relieved that the Alabama and other claims could be adjusted in a manner unexceptionable in either country.3 Resignation of Mr. In December 1867 Mr. Adams resigned the position which he had filled with so much honor and usefulness, but his retirement from his post was delayed till the following May. Mission of Reverdy On the 12th of June 1868 Mr. Reverdy Johnson, of Maryland, a man eminent both in the law and in politics, was commissioned for the difficult task of acting as Mr. Adams's successor. 1, p. 142. Mr. Seward to Mr. Adams, January 13, 1868, Dip. Cor. 1868, part 1, On the 20th of July Mr. Seward instructed Mr. Johnson as to the adjustment of pending differences. In the forefront he placed the question of naturalization; and Mr. Johnson was directed to say to Lord Stanley that the President believed that unless this difficulty could be removed any attempt to settle other controversies would be unavailing and therefore inexpedient. The second place in Mr. Johnson's instructions was given to the San Juan water boundary; and it was stated that the United States remained favorable to the adjustment of the question by arbitration. In the last place, Mr. Johnson was instructed that if he should find the British Government prepared to adjust the two preceding questions, he would then be expected to advert "to the subject of mutual claims of citizens and subjects of the two countries against the government of each other respectively;" and in this relation Mr. Seward said:1 "The difficulty in this respect has arisen out of our claims which are known and described in general terms as the Alabama claims. In the first place, Her Majesty's government not only denied all national obligation to indemnify citizens of the United States for these claims, but even refused to entertain them for discussion. Subsequently Her Majesty's government, upon reconsideration, proposed to entertain them for the purpose of referring them to arbitration, but insisted upon making them the subject of special reference, excluding from the arbitrator's consideration certain grounds which the United States deem material to a just and fair determination of the merits of the claims. The United States declined this special exception and exclusion, and thus the proposed arbitration has failed. "It seems to the President that an adjustment might now be reached without formally reviewing former discussions. A joint commission might be agreed upon for the adjustment of all claims of citizens of the United States against the British Government, and of all claims of subjects of Great Britain against the United States, upon the model of the joint commission of February 8, 1853, which commission was conducted with so much fairness and settled so satisfactorily all the controversies which had arisen between the United States and Great Britain, from the peace of Ghent, 1814, until the date of the sitting of the commission. "While you are not authorized to commit this government distinctly by such a proposition, you may sound Lord Stanley upon the subject, after you shall have obtained satisfactory Dip. Cor. 1868, part 1, p. 331. assurances that the two more urgent controversies previously mentioned can be put under process of adjustment in the manner which I have indicated." gotiations. Mr. Johnson arrived in England in August, Mr. Johnson's Ne- and conducted his negotiations with Lord Stanley with so much energy that on the 9th of October they signed a protocol on the subject of naturalization,' on the 17th of the same month a protocol for the arbitration of the San Juan boundary dispute, and on the 10th of November a convention concerning claims. Only one of these instruments was destined to survive. The protocol on naturalization was substantially preserved in the convention on that subject, concluded by Mr. Motley and Lord Clarendon at London on the 13th of May 1870. The protocol touching the San Juan boundary provided for the reference of the controversy to "some friendly sovereign or state," and proposed to invest the arbitrator with power, in case he should be unable to reach a precise conclusion as between the claims of the contracting parties, to "determine upon some other line," which would "furnish an equitable solution of the difficulty" and would be the "nearest approximation that could be made to an accurate decision of the point in dispute." Convention. On the 26th of November Mr. Seward teleObjections to Claims graphed to Mr. Johnson: "Claims convention unless amended is useless." This convention provided for the submission of all claims of British subjects against the United States, and of all claims of citizens of the United States against Great Britain, to a tribunal of four commissioners, two to be appointed by each government, which was to sit in London. Though Mr. Johnson had not understood that this question of place was important, Mr. Seward now declared that in view of "highly disturbed national sensibilities" Washington was "indispensable." 4 The convention also provided for the determination of all claims by a majority vote, except the Alabama claims. In regard to these it was stipulated that in case the commission should be unable to come to a "unanimous decision," they should be referred to "some sovereign or head of a friendly 1 Dip. Cor. 1868, part 1, p. 358. * Id. 361. 3 Id. 371. 4 Id. 374. state," who should Le chosen for that purpose by the two governments before any of this class of claims should be taken into consideration by the commissioners. In respect of all other claims, the commissioners, if equally divided in opinion, were authorized themselves to select an umpire; and it was provided that if they should be unable to agree upon any such person the commissioners on either side should name an umpire, and that from the two persons so named an umpire should be designated by lot in each particular case in which the commissioners might be unable to come to a decision. To these provisions Mr. Seward objected, on the ground that they discriminated against the Alabama claims, first, in that they required the decision of the commissioners upon any of those claims to be unanimous; second, in that they prescribed a different mode for the choice of an umpire for the Alabama claims from that provided in respect of all other claims; third, in that they required the umpire chosen for the Alabama claims to be a sovereign or the head of a friendly state, while no such limitation was made in regard to any other class of claims. To the provision authorizing the choice of an umpire by lot for the decision of claims other than the Alabama claims Mr. Seward did not object. The convention also provided that neither government should make out a case in support of its position touching the Alabama claims, and that no person should be heard for or against any such claim; but that the official correspondence already exchanged on the subject should alone be laid before the commissioners, and, in the event of their not coming to a unanimous decision, before the umpire, without arguments written or oral, and without the production of any further evidence. Mr. Seward objected to this provision, on the ground that its precautions against allowing as full a hearing and examination of the Alabama claims as of all other claims, American or British, would have the mischievous effect of exciting unnecessary distrust among the people of the United States, as well as among those of Great Britain. ' Johnson-Clarendon Before Mr. Johnson could act upon the amendments required by Mr. Seward Lord Clarendon had succeeded Lord Stanley as foreign secretary. But a new convention, framed in accord 1 Dip. Cor. 1868, part 1, p. 381. ance with Mr. Seward's instructions, was sigued by Mr. Johuson and Lord Clarendon January 14, 1869; and on the same day a convention was formally concluded for the reference of the San Juan boundary question to the President of the Swiss Confederation, on the lines laid down in the protocol of the 17th of the preceding October.' The claims convention as it now stood, though it provided for a board of four instead of two commissioners, followed in its general outlines the convention of February 8, 1853, which Mr. Johnson was instructed to use as a model. The Alabama claims were not expressly referred to, and the modes prescribed for the choice of an umpire applied uniformly to all claims. The provision for the appointment of an umpire by lot, in each particular case of difference, in the event of the commissioners' being unable to agree on one umpire for all cases, remained. A similar provision may be found in the convention of 1853;2 but it did not become necessary, in the proceedings under that convention, to resort to it, since the commissioners were so fortunate as to agree upon one umpire. For this reason its unsatisfactory character was not demonstrated; but it is scarcely necessary to point out that the vibration of a tribunal between two umpires is likely to produce an undesirable variety in decisions, and that the haphazard method of casting lots for an umpire in each case, without reference to the principles involved in it, makes this tendency irremediable. The Johnson-Clarendon convention, however, contained the further provision that if the commissioners, or any two of them, should think it desirable that a sovereign or head of a friendly state should be umpire in any claim, the commissioners should report the fact to their respective governments, who should within six months agree upon some such person, who should be invited to decide upon such claim, and before whom should be laid the official correspondence which had taken place between the two governments, and the other written documents or statements which were presented to the commissioners in respect of such claim. This provision, while not expressly referring to the Alabama claims, was obviously designed to take the place of the stipulation which the Johnson-Stanley convention contained in relation to the umpirage of those claims. 1 Dip. Cor. 1868, part 1, p. 400. 2 Supra, p. 391. |