ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. to the height of from 100 to 200 ft. The climate of Iceland is said to be mild, considering the latitude. Dr. Henderson found the winter that he passed here not severer than the mildest which he experienced in Southern Sweden and Denmark. It appears that corn was once cultivated to a considerable extent, but the inhabitants find it more to their advantage to attend exclusively to the rearing of cattle. Hay is the great harvest of Iceland. The common food of the people is butter, milk, and fish; fresh meat and rye bread are holy-day fare. Fish are very abundant. The reindeer, which were at first introduced from Norway, have greatly multiplied, and live in a wild state. Reikiavik (ri/-ke-a-vik), a little town on the W. coast, is regarded as the cap. of the island. Although its permanent population scarcely exceeds 500, it contains a number of institutions for education, three literary and scientific societies, and a library of 5,000 vols. In its immediate vicinity there is an observatory.-Adj. ICE-LAN-DIC; inhab. ICE/-LAND-Er. ICOLMKILL. See IONA.

IDRIA, id/-re-å, a t. of the Austrian empire, in Carniola, celebrated for its mines of quicksilver, which, after those of Almaden, in Spain, are considered to be the richest in Europe. The mine is rather more than 1,000 ft. in depth. Lat. 46° N., Lon. 14° 3′ E. Pop. 5,000. (B.) IEKATARINBURG. See EKATARINBURG.

IGLAU, ig/-lou, a manufacturing t. of the Austrian empire, in Moravia. Lat. 49° 23′ N., Lon. 15° 36′ E. Pop. 14,000. (B.) Igualada, e-gwå-lå/-då, (Anc. A'quæ La'tæ,) a t. of Spain, in Catalonia, 37 m. N. W. of Barcelona. Pop. 7,731. (M.)

IL-CHES-TER, Sometimes written IVELCHESTER (Anc. Ischalis), a little t. of England, in Somersetshire, situated on the Yeo or Ivel, 18 m. E. of Taunton. It appears to have once been a very important Roman station. Its name signifies the "station of the Ivil."

ILE DE FRANCE. See FRANCE, ISLE OF.

ILFRACOMBE, ill-fra-coom', a seaport t. of England, in Devonshire, situated on the Bristol Channel, 41 m. N. W. of Exeter. Pop. 2,855. ILLE AND VILAINE, (Fr. Ille et Vilaine, eel à ve`-lane',) a dep. in the N. W. part of France, bordering on the English Channel. Pop. 547,249. (B.) Capital, Rennes.

ILLIMANI, NEVADO DE, nå-vål-Do dà eel-yå-må/-ne, a mountain summit of S. America, in Bolivia, next to the Nevado de Sorata, the most elevated on the American continent. Lat. about 16° 40' N., Lon. 67° 40′ W. Height, 3,753 toises, or about 24,000 English ft. (B.)

ILLINOIS, il-lin-oi', one of the U. S., situated between 37° and 42° 30′ N. Lat., and 87° 30′ and 91° 30′ W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Wisconsin, E. by Indiana, S. E. and S. by the Ohio r., which separates it from Kentucky, S. W. and W. by the Mississippi r., which divides it from Missouri and Iowa; and divided into 100 counties.* Length, from

Adams, Alexander, Bond, Boone, Brown,. Bureau, Calhoun, Carroll, Cass, Champaign, Christian, Clair St., Clarke, Clay, Clinton, Coles, Cook, Crawford, Cumberland, De Kalb, De Witt, Du Page, Edgar, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette,

Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, met; pine or pine, pin; nỏ, nôt; ŏŏ as in good; N. to S., 387 m.; greatest breadth about 200. The area is variously estimated from 55,000 to 59,000 sq. m. Pop. 851,470. Springfield is the capital. Illinois was admitted into the Union in 1818.

ILLINOIS, a r. of the above state, which rises near Lake Michigan, and, flowing south-westerly, falls into the Mississippi. The whole length is about 400 m. It is navigable for boats nearly to its source.

IL-LYR/-I-A, a kingdom forming a part of the Austrian empire, situated between 44° 25′ and 47° 7 N. Lat., and 12° 40′ and 15° 45′ E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Austria and Styria, E. by Styria and Croatia, S. by the Adriatic, and W. by Italy and Tyrol. The area is 10,801 sq. m. Pop. 1,212,753. (M.) Laybach is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. IL-LYR/-I-AN.

IMOLA, e-mo'-lå, (Anc. Fo'rum Corne/lii,) a t. of Italy, in the Papal State, 20 m. E. S. E. of Bologna. Pop. 8,000. (B.)

INDEPENDENCE, a co. in the N. E. part of Ark., intersected by the White r. Pop. 7,767. Co. t. Batesville.

INDEPENDENT TARTARY. See TOORKISTAN.

IN-DI-A, the name given by the ancients to a country of indefinite extent, in the S. E. part of Asia. It appears to have included Hindostan Proper, the island of Ceylon, and the still undefined region of Farther India. The name is supposed to be derived from that of the Indus, Sind or Hind.-Adj. and inhab. IN/-DI-ẠN.

The name, EAST INDIES, has an application nearly co-extensive with that of India, though the former seems to be often employed somewhat loosely to denote, besides the Indian continent, not only Ceylon (which has always been considered as a part of India), but also many other islands of the eastern seas, especially those lying near the Asiatic coast, such as Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the group of Japan.

INDIAN OCEAN, is situated between Africa, Asia, and Malaisia. Its greatest extent, from E. to W., is above 4,000 m.

IN'-DI-AN-A, one of the U. S., situated between 37° 50′ and 41° 50 N. Lat., and 84° 44′ and 88° W. Lon.; bounded on the N. by Michigan and Lake Michigan, E. by Ohio, S. E. and S. by Kentucky, and W. by Illinois, and divided into 91 counties*. Length, from N. to S.,

Franklin, Fulton, Gallatin, Green, Grundy, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Henderson, Henry, Iroquois, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jersey, Jo Daviess, Johnson, Kane, Kendall, Knox, Lake, La Salle, Lawrence, Lee, Livingston, Logan, Macon, Macoupin, Madison, Marquette, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Massac, McDonough, McHenry, McLean, Menard, Mercer, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Moultrie, Ogle, Peoria, Perry, Piatt, Pike, Pope, Pulaski, Putnam, Randolph, Richland, Rock Island, Saline, Sangamon, Schuyler, Scott, Shelby, Stark, Stephenson, Tazewell, Union, Vermilion, Wabash, Warren, Washington, Wayne, White, Whiteside, Will, Williamson, Winnebago, Woodford.

* Adams, Allen, Bartholomew, Benton, Blackford, Boone, Brown, Carroll, Cass, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Crawford, Daviess, Dearborn, Decatur, De Kalb, Delaware, Dubois, Elkhart, Fayette, Floyd, Fountain, Franklin, Fulton, Gibson, Grant, Greene, Hamilton, Hancock, Harrison, Hendricks, Henry, Howard, Huntington, Jackson, Jasper, Jay, Jefferson, Jennings, Johnson, Joseph St., Knox, Kosciusko, La Grange, Lake, La Porte, Lawrence, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Martin, Miami, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Noble, Ohio, Orange,

is

ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. 275 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., about 150 m. The area estimated at 36,000 sq. m. Pop. 988,416. Indianapolis is the capital. Indiana was admitted into the Union in 1816.

INDIANA, a co. in the W. part of Pa., bordering on Conemaugh creek, a branch of the Alleghany r. Pop. 27,170. Co. t. Indiana.

IN-DI-AN-AP-O-LIS, the cap. of Indiana, and seat of justice of Marion co., is situated on White r., nearly in the centre of the state. Lat. 39° 55′ N., Lon. 86° 5′ W. Pop. 8,034.

IND-OOR OF INDORE, a city of Hindostan, cap. of a kingdom of the same name, in the prov. of Malwah. It has risen entirely since the year 1818, on the site of the old town of the same name, which was burned to the ground, in 1801, by Sindia, who was at war with Holcar, the chief of Indoor. Lat. 22° 42′ N., Lon. 75° 50′ E. Present pop. estimated from 60,000 to 90,000.

INDOSTAN. See HINDOSTAN.

INDRE, ândr, a dep. near the centre of France, intersected by a river of the same name, which flows into the Loire. Pop. 257,350. (B.) Capital, Châteauroux.

INDRE AND LOIRE (Fr. Indre et Loire, ândr à lwår), a dep. of France, N. W. of, and bordering on the above. Pop. 304,271. Capital, Tours. IN/-DUS OF SINDH (in Sanscrit, Sindhoo), a large r. in the S. of Asia, which rises on the northern declivity of the Himalaya Mountains, and flowing, first north-westerly, and afterwards south-westerly, empties itself into the Indian Ocean by several mouths, in about 24° N. Lat. and 68° E. Lon. Its whole length is estimated at 1,700 m. In consequence of the sand-banks which obstruct the different arms of this river, it is not navigable, in the lower part of its course, except for very small vessels.

ING/-HẠM, a co. in the S. part of Mich., near the sources of Grand r. Pop. 8,631.

INGOLSTADT, ing/-gol-stått, a t. and important fortress of Germany, in Bavaria, on the Danube, 33 m. S. W. of Ratisbon. Its celebrated university, founded in 1472, was transferred to Landshut in 1800, but has since been removed to Munich. Lat. 48° 46′ N., Lon. 11° 26′ E. Pop. 7,000. (B.)

INN, a r. which rises in the E. part of Switzerland, flows through Tyrol, and after forming a part of the boundary between Bavaria and Austria, falls into the Danube at Passau.

INNSPRUCK, ins'-prŏŏk, or INNSBRUCK, (i. e. Innsbrücke, or the "bridge of the Inn,") the cap. of Tyrol, situated on the r. Inn. Its situation is highly picturesque. It stands in the midst of a

valley, the sides of which are formed by mountains from 6,000 to 8,000 ft. in height. The Inn is crossed by a wooden bridge, from which a magnificent prospect is obtained. Innsbruck contains seve

Owen, Parke Perry, Pike, Porter, Posey, Pulaski, Putnam, Randolph, Ripley, Rush, Scott, Shelby, Spencer, Stark, Steuben, Sullivan, Switzerland, Tippecanoe, Tipton, Union, Vanderburg, Vermilion, Vigo, Wabash, Warren, Warwick, Washington, Wayne, Wells, White, Whitley.

Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, mit; pine or pine, pin; nỏ, nôt; ŏŏ, as in good;

ral literary and scientific institutions; among which is a university, founded in 1672, afterwards abolished, and finally re-established in 1826. Lat. 47° 16′ N., Lon. 11° 24′ E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.) IN-VER-A/-RY, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of Argyleshire, situated near the head of Loch Fyne, on the W. coast, 25 m. Ñ. W. of Glasgow. Pop. 1,233.

ÎNVERKEITHING, in`-ver-kee/-тHing, a seaport t. of Scotland, in Fifeshire, situated on the N. bank of the Frith of Forth, 10 m. N. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. 1,674.

IN-VER-NESS', a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of Inverness-shire, on the r. Ness, about a mile above its influx into Moray Frith. It is the principal town, as regards manufactures and commerce, in the N. of Scotland. By means of the Caledonian canal, which connects the North Sea with the Atlantic, Inverness has an almost direct communication with the latter. Lat. 57° 28′ N., Lon. 4° 12′ W. Pop. 9,100. IN-VER-NESS'-SHIRE, the largest co. of Scotland, extends across the island, from the Atlantic to Moray Frith. It also includes the islands of Skye, Harris, N. and S. Uist, &c. Pop. 97,799.

IN-VE-RU-RY, a t. of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, at the confluence of the Don and Ury, 16 m. N. W. of Aberdeen, with which town it communicates by means of the Aberdeenshire Canal. Pop. 1,619.

IONA, e-o'-nạ, or Ic`-OLM-KILL', (the native name is I, pronounced like ee, and signifying "island,") one of the Hebrides, situated near the W. extremity of the island of Mull, intersected by the parallel of 56° 22′ N. Lat., and the meridian of 6° 26' W. Lon. Length about 3 m. It is chiefly interesting on account of its ruins and historical remembrances. While western Europe lay buried in ignorance and barbarity, this island was remarkable as the seat of learning and of the Christian religion, which was introduced near the middle of the 6th century, by St. Columba, a native of Ireland. The name Icolmkill is a contraction of I-Columb-kill, i. e. the “island of Columba's cell or monastery," kill or kil signifying any religious residence.

I-o'-NI-A, a co. in the S. W. central part of Mich., intersected by Grand r. Pop. 7,597. Co. t. Ionia.

I-o'-NI-AN ISLANDS, situated along the S. W. coast of Greece, and consisting of the seven principal islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Theaki, Cerigo, and Paxo, form what is termed the Ionian Republic, or the Republic of Seven Islands. The total area is 1,097 sq. m.; the entire pop. in 1836 was 204,266. This republic is under the protection of Great Britain represented by a lord high commissioner, who resides at Corfu, and, with the president of the senate (who represents the executive power of the republic), directs the most important affairs of the state. Corfu is the seat of government.

I-os/-co (Kanotin), a co. in the E. part of Mich., bordering on Saginaw Bay.

I'-o-wa, one of the United States, created from a territory of the same name in 1846, lies between 40° 30′ and 43° 30' N. lat., and between 90° and 97° W. lon., being about 275 miles in length from E. to W.,

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; Tí, as in this; N, nearly like ng. and 210 in breadth from N. to S.; including an area of about 50,914 sq. miles. It is bounded on the N. by Minnesota, E. by Wisconsin and Illinois, S. by Missouri, and W. by Indian Ter. and Minnesota. The Mississippi forms the eastern, and the Missouri and Sioux the western boundary of the State: By the census of 1850, Iowa had 192,214 inhabitants; of whom 191,879 were white, and 335 coloured persons. There were 2044 deaths in the year ending June 30th, 1850, or a fraction more than ten in every thousand.

Iowa was divided in 1850, into 52 counties.*

Rivers.-Besides the Missouri and Mississippi, which wash its western and eastern boundaries, the principal rivers in Iowa are the Des Moines, Skunk, Iowa, Red Cedar, Wapsipinicon, Mako'queta, Turkey, and Upper Iowa. All these run in a S. E. direction, and, except the Red Cedar, which is a tributary of the Iowa, all empty into the Mississippi. The sources of the Des Moines, Red Cedar, and Upper Iowa are in Minnesota. The Des Moines, which is about 400 m. long, traverses the central part of the state from the N. boundary to the S. E. extremity. This river might be made navigable for 300 miles by very moderate improvements. The Iowa river is about 300 m. long, and is navigable for small steamboats to Iowa city, 80 miles from its mouth. The other rivers mentioned are from 100 to 200 miles in length, and several of them furnish abundant water-power. The tributaries of the Missouri river from this state are small.

There are no lakes in the state which seem worthy of notice in a general description.

Face of the Country, Soil, and Productions.-The surface of Iowa is generally composed of rolling prairies, and there is nothing within its limits that approaches to the height of a mountain. A plateau called the Coteau des Prairies,† extends from Minnesota into the N. W. corner of this state, and a small section on the Mississippi in the N. E. is too rugged for cultivation. The soil, in general, is extremely fertile and easy of cultivation; and the surface is diversified with prairies and woodlands in convenient proportions. Among the forest-trees are several species of oak, walnut, ash, elm, sugar-maple, hickory, locust, poplar and iron-wood. The grape, gooseberry, and wild plum are among the indigenous fruits.

By the census of 1850, there were in Iowa 814,713 acres of land under cultivation, producing 1,442,074 bus. of wheat, 8,475,027 bus. of Indian corn, 2,012 lbs. of tobacco, 363,398 lbs. of wool, 420 gals. of wine, 1,933,128 lbs. of butter, 198,444 lbs. of cheese, 84,598 tons

* Alamakee, Appanoose, Benton, Black Hawk, Boone, Buchanan, Cedar, Clark, Clayton, Clinton, Dallas, Davis, Decatur, Delaware, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fayette, Fremont, Henry, Iowa, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Jones, Keokuk, Lee, Linn, Louisa, Lucas, Madison, Mahaska, Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Muscatine, Page, Polk, Pottawatomie, Poweshiek, Ringgold, Scott, Story, Tama, Taylor, Van Buren, Wapello, Warren, Washington, Wayne, and Winneshiek. † See Minnesota.