Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, mêt; pine or pīne, pin; nỏ, nôt; õõ as in good; covered with a white incrustation of saline and alkaline matter, and the western with a mixture of salt, sand, and clay, in which animals sink to their knees. Several detached mountains traverse this basin, the principal of which are the Humboldt mountains, which run from N. to S., near the centre of the basin, and are elevated from 2,000 to 5,000 ft. above the surrounding country. The eastern portion of Utah, lying between the Wasatch and Rocky mountains, is believed to be even more sterile than the western.

Rivers, Lakes, &c.-The Grand and Green rivers, with their tributaries, drain the eastern portion of Utah. The Green r. rises in the S. E. of Oregon, and running southerly about 500 m., joins the Grand r. near the southern boundary of Utah, and forms the Colorado. The Grand r. rises in the Rocky mountains, in the E. of Utah, and runs in a S. W. course about 300 m., to its junction with the Green river. The Great Basin has no large rivers. The Humboldt, or Mary's r., rises in the Humboldt mountains, and running S. W. about 300 m., loses itself in a slough or lake, called Humboldt's lake. Near the base of the Sierra Nevada mountains, on the western border of the Great Basin, is a series of small lakes (the largest, Pyramid Lake, is about 40 m. long), which receive the waters flowing from the eastern declivity of the Sierra Nevada. There are several streams in other parts of the desert, which lose themselves in like manner in sloughs, or small lakes. Nicollet r., on the E. rim of the basin, has a N. and W. course of about 300 miles, and empties into a lake of the same name. Great Salt Lake, the largest body of water in Utah, lies in the N. E. part of the Great Basin, and is about 75 miles long by 35 wide, but has a much greater extent at the melting of the snows. This lake is so salt that no living thing is found in it, and on the receding of the waters from the beach in the dry season, it is left covered with thick incrustations of salt. About 25 m. S. of this, and communicating with it by the Jordan r., is lake Utah, about 35 miles in length. Its water is fresh and well stocked with trout and other fish. The elevation of these lakes is from 4,200 to 4,500 feet above the level of the sea. Bear river, from Oregon, is the largest tributary of Salt Lake, and has a course of about 200 m. in a S. W. direction.

Agriculture and Productions.-The arable portions of Utah are but a small fraction of the whole territory, and are confined to the valleys of the rivers and lakes. The Great Salt Lake Valley, Bear r. valley, Utah valley, Yoab valley, South valley, Sevier valley, and Sand Pitch valley, are the principal agricultural districts. The first of these is much the largest, being about 120 m. long, and from 20 to 40 broad; but of this area a very large proportion is occupied by the lake itself. South valley is 30 m. long by 20 wide; Utah 60 m. long by 20 wide; and Sand Pitch 40 or 50 by 20 m. "There are tracts of land in each of these valleys of considerable extent, which are not susceptible of cultivation, because they cannot be irrigated,'

*See Dr. Bernishel's letter to Senator Smith.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. a necessary part of husbandry in Utah. The upper portion of the valleys of the Grand and Green rivers is "incapable of supporting any population whatever. The Unitah and Green river valleys, lying lower down on the tributaries of the Colorado, are, however, not so sterile." There is a belt of fertile land at the base of the mountains, and on the borders of most of the streams. The Humboldt r. is important in this respect, as it supplies emigrants to California with pasturage for their animals. Wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, Indian corn, and the garden vegetables of the Middle States are the agricultural products of Utah. By the census of 1850, there were 15,219 acres of land under cultivation, producing 103,441 bushels of wheat; 9,144 bushels of Indian corn; 8,897 b of wool; 74,064 Mb of butter; 32,646 lb of cheese; and 4,288 tons of hay. The value of live stock was $533,951, and of farming implements and other machinery $78,495.

Timber." This whole country is almost entirely destitute of timber, except on the sides of some of the high rocky mountains, or in the cañons whence issue the mountain streams. There are some groves of cottonwood and box-elder in the bottoms of some of the principal streams."

Manufactures.-There were also, according to the census reports, 16 manufacturing establishments, producing $500 per annum and upwards. Home-made manufactures were produced to the value of $1,391.

Climate and Meteorology.-Dr. Bernishel and Mr. Snow, in their letters to Senator Smith on this subject, say that "the climate of Great Salt Lake City, in Lat. 40° 45′ N., is milder and drier than in the same parallel on the Atlantic coast, and the temperature more uniform, the thermometer rarely descending to zero. During three years, according to observation, the highest point attained by the thermometer was 100° above, and 5° below zero. The variation between the temperature of day and night, in midsummer, is from 20° to 40°. Frosts in Utah valley fall as late as the last of May and as early as the first of September, and slight ones during the intermediate months, rendering Indian corn and vines rather uncertain crops. Rain seldom falls between April and October, except on the high mountains, where thunder-showers are frequent."

Great Salt Lake City is the principal town, and the capital of this territory.* It is a Mormon settlement (the most of the inhab. of Utah are Mormons), situated near the E. bank of the Jordan r., and about 22 m. S. of Great Salt Lake. The streets cross each other at right angles, forming squares of ten acres each, with eight lots to a square. There are four public squares in the city. The houses are mostly small, and built of adobes or unburnt brick, but are re

* It is stated that the capital is about to be removed to a place to be called Fillmore, in a county to be named Millard, in Pauvan valley, 161 miles south of Great Salt Lake City.

Tate, far, fäll, fât; mẻ, mét; pine or pine, pin ; nó, nột; čo as in good ; garded merely as temporary. It is in contemplation to erect a temple larger than that at Nauvoo. There are good schools in this town, in some of which Greek, Latin, German and French are taught. Lying on the emigrant's route to California, this is important as a place at which to refit and rest the caravans. Pop. about 6000. URUMIYA. See OOROOMEEA.

USTIUG. See OOSTIOOG.

U'-TI-CA, a handsome city of Oneida co., in the E. central part of New York, is situated on the Mohawk r. and on the R. R. from Albany to Buffalo, 82 m. in a direct line W. N. W. from the former and 231 by R. R. from the latter. The streets are wide and regular, and the houses are chiefly constructed of brick and stone. It is surrounded by a rich, well cultivated country, and is the centre of an active trade, which is facilitated by the Erie and Chenango canals. The former, which is here 70 feet wide, passes through the town and is crossed by several bridges; the latter extends from Utica to Binghamton. Utica is enlivened in the summer and autumn by the arrival of a large number of travellers on their way to Trenton Falls, which are about 15 m. distant. Among the public buildings and institutions are a court-house, an exchange, two academies, the Utica Library, a Museum, a Mechanics' Institute which supports popular lectures, and the State Lunatic Asylum-a large stone edifice, situated 1 m. W. from the centre of the town. This place is the seat of extensive manufactures of iron, leather, paper, and flour. It was incorporated as a village in 1798, and as a city in 1830. The pop. in 1840 was 12,782; in 1850 it amounted to 17,565.

UTRECHT, u'-trekt, (Dutch pron. ü/-treêt; Anc. Trajec/tum,*) a noted city of Holland, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Rhine, 20 m. S. S. E. of Amsterdam. It is the seat of a celebrated university, founded in 1634, and attended by about 600 students. (M.) This city is the head-quarters of the Jansenists, who have here an archbishop and chapter Lat. 52° 5′ 31′′ N., Lon. 5° 7′ E. Pop. about 45,000. (P. C.)

UTRECHT, PROVINCE OF, is situated in the N. or N. central part of Holland, bordering on the Zuyder Zee. Pop. 147,681. (P. C.) Utrera, 00-trà -rå, a t. of Spain, in Andalusia, 15 m. S. by E. of Seville. Pop. 11,000. (B.)

UTTOXETER, ux/-e-ter, a small t. of England, in Staffordshire, 17 m. W. by S. of Derby.

Ux/-BRIDGE, a t. of England, in Middlesex, on the r. Colne and the Grand Junction Canal, 15 m. N. by W. of London. It is remarkable as having the largest country corn-market in the kingdom. Pop. 3,219.

Uzès, ü`-zace', a t. of France, in the dep. of Gard, 12 m. S. by E. of Nismes. Lat. 44° 1' N., Lon. 4° 25′ E. Pop. 5,986. (M.)

*

The name of Utrecht is supposed to be derived from its position, ultra Trajec· tum [Rheni], “ beyond the passage of the Rhine.'

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. VAL-DE-Peñas, vål-dà-panel-yås, (i. e. the "valley of rocks,") a wellbuilt t. of Spain, in New Castile, 112 m. S. of Madrid, celebrated for its wines. Pop. 8,000. (B.)

VALAIS, vål`-là, (Ger. Wallis, wål'-lis,) a large canton, forming the S. S. W. extremity of Switzerland. Length, 85 m.; greatest breadth, 40 m. Area, 1,672 sq. m. Pop. in 1837, 75,798. (P. C.) Sion, se`-on', (in German, Sit/-ten; Anc. Sedu/num,) a little t. near the right bank of the Rhōne, with 2,500 inhabitants (B.), is the capital. Lat. 46° 14' N., Lon. 7° 22′ E.-Adj. and inhab. VAL`-AI-SAN/.*

VALDIVIA, vål-deel-ve-å, a t. of Chili, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on an estuary formed by the confluence of several small rivers. Its harbour is one of the best on the W. coast of S. America. Lat. 39° 53' S., Lon. 73° 33′ W. Pop. estimated at 5,000. (B.)

VALENCE, vå`-lånce', (Anc. Valen/tia), a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Drôme, on the Rhone, (here crossed by a handsome suspension bridge,) 60 m. S. of Lyons. Lat. 44° 56' N., Lon. 4° 53′ E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)

VALENCIA, Val-en/-she-a, (Sp. pron. vå-len/-the-å,) formerly a kingdom and now a large province of Spain, in the E. part of the peninsula; bounded on the N. by Aragon, N. E. by Catalonia, E. and S. E. by the Mediterranean, and W. by Murcia. Length, above 200 m.; greatest breadth, about 70 m. Valencia occupies one of the finest and most fertile portions in the Spanish peninsula.-Adj. and inhab. VALENCIAN, val-en/-she-an (Sp. Valenciano, vâ-lẻn`-the-å/-no).

VALENCIA (Anc. Valen/tia Edetano'rum), an archiepiscopal city of Spain, cap. of the above prov., in a wide and fertile plain, called La Huerta (lå wẻR/-tå) or "the garden," on the Guadalaviar, about 7 m. above its entrance into the Mediterranean. It is enclosed by massive walls, built by the Moors, flanked at intervals with round towers, and is entered by four gates. Among its remarkable edifices may be mentioned the magnificent Cathedral, regarded as one of the finest in Spain. Valencia is distinguished as a seat of literature and science. Its university, founded in 1411, was formerly considered the best in Spain, particularly for the study of medicine, and is now the most frequented of any in the kingdom; in 1830, it had nearly 2,500 students. There are also seven colleges, a royal academy of fine arts, and several other similar institutions. Valencia holds a conspicuous place in Spanish history. It was taken from the Moors about the year 1090, by the celebrated Cid; and though it was reconquered by the Mahometans, it has since been generally distinguished from other towns of the same name, as VALENCIA OF THE CID (Valencia del Cid). Lat. 39° 29′ N., Lon., 0° 23′ E. Pop. estimated at about 66,000. (B.)

VALENCIA, Sometimes called NEW VALENCIA, a flourishing commercial t. of S. America, in the republic of Venezuela, near the W. extre

* "There did she blossom till a VALAISAN,
A townsman of Martigny, won her heart."

ROGERS's Italy, Part First, V.

Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, mêt; pine or pine, pin; nò, nôt; õõ, as in good,

mity of the lake of Tacarigua (tå-kå-ree/-gwå), and about 20 m. S. S. E. of Porto Cabello, on the sea coast. Lat. 10° 12′ N., Lon. 67° 55′ W. Pop. estimated at 15,000. (B.)

Valenciennes, vål`-lån`-se-enn', (Lat. Valentianæ,) a manufacturing t. and fortress of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the Scheldt, 28 m. S. S. E. of Lille. Lat. 50° 21' N., Lon. 3° 31' E. Pop. 16,679. (M.) VAL`-LA-DO-LID (Sp. pron. vål-yå-no-leed', almost vål-ya-тHO-leeтн'; Anc. Pin/tia), a celebrated though now decayed city of Spain, in Old Castile, cap. of a prov. of its own name, on the Pisuerga (pe-swer/-gå), about 15 m. above its junction with the Douro, and about 100 m. N. N. W. from Madrid. It has a university, founded in 1346, which was formerly celebrated as a school of jurisprudence, and is now, with respect to the number of students, the second in Spain; eight colleges, and a school of the fine arts, besides less important institutions. Lat. 41° 40' N., Lon. 4° 42′ W. The pop., which, at the time of its greatest prosperity, was estimated at above 100,000, is now reduced to about 21,000. (B.)

VALLADOLID or MECHOACAN, mêch`-o-å-kån', a city of Mexico, cap. of the state of Mechoacan, in a fine valley, 140 m. W. by N. of Mexico. Lat. 19° 42′ N., Lon. 100° 52′ W. Pop. estimated at 25,000. (B.) VALPARAISO, vål-pår-il-so, the principal seaport t. of Chili, on the Pacific, 60 m. N. N. W. of Santiago. It is a very flourishing place, and one of the most important commercial towns on the Pacific. The first printing press in Chili was established here in 1811; in 1826, twelve newspapers were published in the town. (B.) The harbour of Valparaiso is protected from all winds except the north: its entrance is defended by three forts and a battery. Lat. 33° 2' S., Lon. 71° 43' W. Resident pop. in 1834, 25,000. (P. C.)

VALTELLINA, vål-tel-lee/-nå, a fertile and beautiful valley in the N. of Italy, drained by the r. Adda.

VAN, vån, a fortified t. of Asiatic Turkey, on the E. side of a lake of the same name. Lat. about 38° 30′ N., Lon. 43° 40′ E. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 20,000, but by some other writers as high as 40,000 or 50,000.

VAN, LAKE, a salt lake in Asiatic Turkey, principally between 38° and 38° 40′ N. Lat., and 42° 30′ and 43° 40′ E. Lon. Length above 60 m.; greatest breadth about 45 m.

VAN BU-REN, a co. in the N. central part of Ark., N. E. from the Arkansas r. Pop. 2,864. Co. t. Clinton.

VAN BUREN, a co. in the E. central part of Tenn., a little N.W. from the Tennessee r. Pop. 2,674.

VAN BUREN, a co. in the S.W. part of Mich., bordering on Lake Michigan. Pop. 5,800.

VAN BUREN, a co. on the W. border of Mo., N. of Osage r. Pop.4,693. VAN BUREN, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, intersected by Des Moines r. Pop. 12,270. Co. t. Keosauque.

VAN-DER-BURG, a co. in the S.W. of Ind., on the Ohio r. P. 11,414. Co. t. Evansville.