3. Mary.

1558.

4. Elizabeth.

1565.

1578.

expense incurred. The policy of Mary's reign was that of planting English settlers on the lands confiscated from rebels (hence the names of "King's County" and “Queen's County.")

Elizabeth, with her exhausted exchequer and characteristic parsimony, affords the most notable examples of the “hand to mouth policy which has always been the curse of Ireland. 1. Shan O'Neil was encouraged to exterminate his rivals in Ulster, but becoming too strong was attacked by the Lord Deputy, Sir Henry Sidney. His rivals were thus able to assassinate him. The confiscated lands were given to English adventurers like Essex and Raleigh, who thus became the first "Irish landlords," i.e., English absentees who merely drew the rents and had no further interest in their estates.

2. The project of "planting" English settlers in Munsterchiefly Devonshire men-caused Desmond, Fitz Maurice, and Ormond to rise in rebellion. They were checked by ruthless massacres, but the project of colonisation failed in the south. 3. The second Desmond Rebellion was fomented by the Jesuits, as part of their attack on England (see page 185) and was helped by Spain. For a time it looked serious but the Ormonds were persuaded to attack their hereditary foes the Desmonds, and in terrible scenes of civil war the rebellion was ruined. Some 800 Spanish soldiers who had landed were blockaded in Smerwick and, although they surrendered, were (cf. Westward Ho!) massacred in cold blood by Lord Grey and Raleigh, under the excuse of religious zeal. The revolt having been crushed by terror fresh lands were granted to new "Irish landlords Raleigh, Spenser, and others.

1580.

1584.

1599.

1601.

4. Sir William Fitzwilliam, the new Lord Deputy, despised the Irish and soon created a strong feeling of insecurity throughout the country. Everywhere the Irish felt that their national customs were in danger and their very tenure of lands unsafe. For the moment all Ireland was united in patriotic

resentment.

Hugh O'Neil, Earl of Tyrone, had been educated in England and had fought for England against the Desmonds. He now became a dangerous foe. He drew all Ireland to his side. The Earl of Essex had become Lord Lieutenant. He allowed himself to be beguiled into negociations with O'Neil, who had won a victory at Blackwater and whose only object was to prevent Essex from striking. When it dawned upon the incompetent Essex that he had been befooled, he rushed back to England to explain matters to the queen. Received with coolness, and punished as he thought by the withdrawal of a monopoly which he held, he tried to force a passage to the queen's presence by arms. He failed and his act was construed into rebellion, for which he was executed.

Meanwhile Mountjoy had succeeded him in Ireland. Having subdued the country piecemeal by establishing garrisons from which flying columns made frequent raids, he finally inflicted a complete defeat on O'Neil himself (to whose aid some thousands of Spaniards had come) at Kinsale, and forced him to surrender. He was treated with leniency, but the Irish difficulty was very far from being solved.

2nd Parliament-the "Addled Parliament " 1614 (Undertakers)

v. Foreign Policy

1. James I.'s title.

(See Table in Appendix.)

1. The German Match 1613

2. The Spanish Match

(i.) Execution of Raleigh

(ii.) War with Spain 1624
(iii.) The Duke of Buckingham

3. The Thirty Years' War 1618-48

When Elizabeth died Parliament and the nation quietly accepted James VI. of Scotland as a matter of course. This seems strange to us who know how quickly he became unpopular.

His title was obtained from Henry VIII.'s sister Margaret, who had married the King of Scotland: he was her greatgrandson. This line had been set aside by Henry VIII's will in favour of Suffolk, the son of his other sister Mary. But the lawfulness of the will was questionable, and it was Other claimants. certainly unjust. There were doubts about the legitimacy of Seymour, the representative of the Suffolk line, which made

1. Seymour.

it easy to pass him over. were also passed over.

by a second marriage.

The Lady Arabella Stuart's claims 2. Arabella Stuart. She, too, was descended from Margaret

Her claim was advanced by a few men

in what was called the Main Plot. It had little effect, though Main Plot, 1603. it led to the imprisonment of Arabella Stuart for life when, in 1610, she united her claims with those of Seymour by marrying

him.

difficulties.

The religious difficulty at once came to the front. All II. Religious parties had ceased their rivalry as the old Queen, who had done so much for England, lived out the last years of her long reign. The hopes of both extremes awoke afresh when James I. became king.

The Puritans, that is to say those who were dissatisfied a, Puritans. with the Prayer Book (which was virtually the one we use to-day), and who did not like government by Bishops, presented to the King, while he was on his way to London, the

413.)

'Millenary Petition." It was so called because they hoped it 1. Millenary Petition would be signed by a thousand 'ministers.' It asked, not for (Frere 292; Prothero the establishment of Presbyterianism, which was what the petitioners really wanted, but for the disuse of some of the Prayer Book customs, such as the use of the surplice and the wedding ring.

To discuss their grievances James summoned a Conference of Bishops and Puritans at Hampton Court. Here it quickly appeared that the real desire of the Puritans was to undo the religious settlement of the Reformation. To meet their wishes it would have been necessary to draw up a new Prayer Book and to abandon the order of Bishops which had been the rule of the Church since the days of the Apostles. The question at issue really was whether the Church of England should remain a branch of the Catholic Church or should become a Protestant sect.

(Frere 296-300.)

2. Hampton Court Conference. 1604.

James had had painful experience of the intolerance of (Frere 287; Green 479 Presbyterianism in Scotland. He believed that the abolition of Episcopacy would quickly lead to the abolition of Monarchy, and, expressing this belief of "No Bishop, no King," in terms more vigorous than polite, he dismissed the Conference. It was, indeed, useless to discuss details where only a revolution would have sufficed to satisfy the discontented.

1611.

The Conference however appointed a Committee to take in 3.Authorised Version hand a new translation of the Bible. In 1611 the result of (Green viii, Section i. their work appeared in the form of "the Authorised Version." Harrison's Cromwell Puritan dissatisfaction soon found vent in opposition to the 4. Parliamentary King in Parliament, and thus added to the difficulties of the

Stuarts.

Ch. 2.)

Opposition.

The Roman Catholics, like the Puritans, hoped much from b, Roman Catholics. James, for his mother, the ill-fated Mary Queen of Scots, had been a devoted adherent of the Papacy. They formed the Bye

1. Bye Plot, 1603.

(Frere 289.)

2. Gunpowder Plot, (Frere 324-9; Green

483.)

1605.

(Green 474-6.)

Plot to get him into their hands and make sure of favourable treatment. It failed, and of course increased their unpopularity. James however, as an educated man, was anxious for toleration and remitted the Recusancy fines. This at once led many, who had hitherto been Roman Catholics in secret, to make open avowal of their faith. The result was widespread alarm, and James was obliged to enforce the persecuting laws with fresh vigour. Disappointment led to counsels of despair, and a few extreme men formed the Gunpowder Plot, to blow up King and Parliament. But one of them, anxious to save the life of one of the lords, wrote a mysterious warning letter which, by James's own shrewdness, led to the cellars being searched. There Guy Fawkes was found, watching over the powder which was to have blown James back to his native hills."

This Plot, coming at a time when the Papacy was winning back on the Continent much of the influence it had lost at the 3. Its lasting effects. Reformation (and it has always been the misfortune of the

III. Parliament.
Causes of

Difficulty.

1. Puritans.

2. James' character (Green 477.)

Roman Catholics to be a foreign-minded party) had results far more lasting than it deserved. There was fresh increase in bitterness against the Roman Catholics, and severe laws, shutting them out from offices and rights, for many years. A picturesque memorial of Gunpowder Plot is the search which is still made through the cellars of the Houses of Lords and Commons before the opening of each new Parliament.

It has been pointed out that Puritanism, exerted through Parliamentary opposition, increased the difficulties of the Stuarts. The relations between King and Parliament soon became very different from what they had been in recent reigns. Even so late as the last reign there had been no real opposition between them, though in the later years of Elizabeth it was probably due mainly to the commanding personal influence of the Queen that greater friction did not arise.

With James I. all was changed. The tact which had invariably shown Elizabeth when to stand firm and when to yield was absent from the character of James. Though not without some statesmanship he had no real faculty for governing. Though learned and witty, and not devoid of shrewdness, his pedantry made him ridiculous, while his high ideas of royal rights were wholly out of date. A Frenchman cleverly 3. His ignorance of described him as the wisest fool in Christendom." Moreover, as a Scotsman he could not understand English politics or English character; and Englishmen on their part have seldom taken kindly to "foreigners." James failed, not unnaturally, to see that the Tudor Absolutism' had been exercised through constitutional forms and in harmony with the nation's wishes, and in any case it was quite certain that the House of Commons would now be sure to insist on far

English Affairs.

4. His idea of Royal power.

5. Parliament had

gained power.