3. No royal officer, sheriff, or coroner, was to be, ii. Constitutional. 1. Taxation. No taxation, except the three great 2. Commune Concilium. Tenants-in-chief, lay and 3. The royal right of Purveyance was limited by D. People. (a) "No freeman shall be taken, or imprisoned, or (b) "To none will we sell, to none will we deny or 2. Trade. Merchants were to be free from excessive iv. Its limitations. 1. It left the King still supreme in the State. 2. It laid greater stress on ends to be gained at once (a.) The Great Council would remain in practice (b.) The provision by which the 25 Barons were to (G. & M. 68.) (G. & M. 68.) struggle. (Green 130.) the Pope's action. Louis to take the John at once set to work to break his promises. He ob- VII. John's last tained a release from the Pope by pleading that as he was the Pope's vassal the Papacy had been insulted. He brought a, over mercenaries to crush the people. These ravaged the estates of the Barons and over-ran the south of England. In b, the Barons invite despair the Barons offered the Crown to Louis, eldest son of Philip and husband of Blanche of Castile, Henry II.'s granddaughter (p. 31). It seemed only an extension of the principle of election by which John himself had obtained the crown (p. 38) and the situation appeared to demand desperate remedies. Louis came to London while John retired to Winchester. Public opinion however could not be really satisfied with c, John's supporters (Green 131.) the Baronial solution. Hubert de Burgh, and William the Marshall, keen patriots both, and able statesmen, were true to the house of Anjou, and the trading towns on the east coast d, his last struggle. remained loyal. Hubert, by his stalwart defence of Dover, did more than anyone else to ruin Louis' project. The Baronial opposition was divided between the conflicting claims of despair and patriotism, and John, with his plundering mercenaries, .marched up and down the country ravaging and plundering, northwards as far as Berwick, southwards in a vain attempt on London, westwards to the Welsh Marches, eastwards to relieve Lincoln. In crossing the Wash his baggage was caught by the rising tide and his treasure lost. A gluttonous debauch in the Abbey of Swineshead brought on a fever, and John entered Newark Castle only to save the kingdom for the English Kings by his fortunate death. e, his death. 1216. THE 12th AND 13th CENTURIES. 45 THE 12th AND 13th CENTURIES. 1. Survey of 12th Century (from 1066) a. Growth of national unity 2. constitutional 3. Separation from France b. growth of trade and towns 2. Characteristics of 13th Century a. its greatness b. constitutional progress c. religious revival d. growth of trade e. Architecture f. intellectual vigour Looking back upon the century and a half which has passed 1. Survey of 12th since the Norman Conquest we are able to see a great develop ment. Century from 1066. (Stubbs i, 482.) unity. The nation which then possessed no feeling of unity, and a, growth of national which seemed indeed by the Conquest to be still further divided into warring factions and conflicting interests, has now become one. Normans and English have blended. The common language has become English, almost intelligible to modern 1. language. ears. Interests have coalesced, so that the united nation has been able to state its claims to civil liberty and self government as a coherent organised society. All parties have begun to find their true and common 2. constitutional. interest. The Baronage has been reduced by the royal power to its proper subordination. The royal power itself has been curbed. The people have begun to take their share in government. France. England has become the chief possession, and therefore the 3. Separation from chief interest, of the English Kings, whose concerns with other nations come henceforth from the claims of Commerce (cf. Hundred Years War, later) or from a desire to unite the British Isles (cf. Edward I.'s relations with Wales, Scotland and Ireland). and towns. Progress in settled government, and increased communica- b. growth of trade tion with the continent, have caused trade to expand. This in turn has helped the growth of towns; which have gained powers of self-government from royal policy (p. 42) and royal (Taswell Langmead needs (p. 34). Merchant Gilds have arisen, at once the witnesses to, and the helpers of, trade, commerce, and order. 236.) Learning has shown itself in the Monastic Annals, in the c, intellectual growth Histories of William of Malmesbury (1095-1142), William of Newborough (1136—1208), and Roger Hovedon (died 1201), (Green 118, 132.) (Green 120.) (Green 121.) 2. Characteristics of 13th Century. (Stubbs ii, 2. Lightfoot's Essays. a, its greatness. 46 THE 12th AND 13th CENTURIES. and in the Romances of Geraldus Cambrensis (1147-1222), Geoffrey of Monmouth (1110-1154) and Walter Map; and in the legal works of Ranulph Glanville (died 1190) and Fitz Nigel (died 1199). At the end of the period Layamon, a priest of Worcestershire, wrote an epic of the history of England in the English tongue. This progress and development continued and increased in strength during the thirteenth century, which is indeed in many ways the Golden Age of English History. It was an age of heroism, devotion, and self-sacrifice. It was Wakeman 137-142.) prolific and luxuriant in goodness, though the results were often more permanent than the means by which they were won. There were great men, and their influence remained though ́at the time they often seemed to fail; there were great schemes and noble aspirations, which ebbed and flowed in strange vicissitudes of fortune; but at the end a real and definite progress is to be seen. b, constitutional progress. (G. & M. 62.) c, religious revival. (Green 147.) In politics the work of the twelfth century had been to draw close the bonds between the strengthened central administrative and the strengthened local organisations. The work of the thirteenth century was to make the whole organisation representative of the nation and not merely of the King or of the baronage. There was a real religious revival. It was led by the Friars Jessop Coming of the and by such men as Grosteste, Bishop of Lincoln but it was shared by all classes and influenced all movements (p. 51). Friars; Adderley Francis Wakeman 140, 178-181.) d, growth of trade. e, Architecture. (Wakeman 142. Barnard 10, 336.) f, intellectual vigour (Green iii, 4; Wakeman 148. Barnard 307.) The towns increased in number and size as settled government made itself felt and trade grew. There was much building, especially of churches, as art improved (Lincoln, Beverley, Westminster Abbey, Salisbury). The style of architecture is known as the Early English, severe and simple, but beautiful and graceful. The century saw a real intellectual revival, and the University of Oxford took its place among the centres of learning in Europe. HENRY III. 1216-1272. i. His accession: a, title; b, advantages of youth; c, supporters ii. Government of William Marshall 1216-1219 1. removes opposition a. adopts Magna Carta b. Fair of Lincoln c. Battle of Sandwich d. Treaty of Lambeth 2. reissue of Charter with wise modifications iii. Regency of Hubert de Burgh 1219-1232 a. his aims and methods b. his measures 1. ejection of foreigners 2. opposition to Papal claims-Abp. of Canterbury Legatus natus 3. successful abroad iv. Regency of Peter des Roches 1232-1234 Growth of abuses v. Henry's personal government 1234-1258 a. his marriage increases influence of foreigners c. loss of Poitou brings more foreigners d. general mismanagement e. foolish attempt on Sicily f. excessive taxation g. absence of opposition vi. Opposition a. Baronage under de Clare b. Reformers under de Montford c. Policy of Baronage-' Provisions of Oxford' 1258 d. breakdown of opposition 1. divergence of aims 2. Henry repudiates 'Provisions of Oxford' |