HAGER

1201

HAIZINGER

Hager, (JOSEPH,) an Orientalist, of German extrac- at Jena, September 23, 1869. He published the very tion, born at Milan in 1757. He published a treatise on valuable "Albanian Studies," (1854,) besides "Studies Chinese worship, called "Panthéon Chinois," (1802,) in the Science of Legends," (1872-73,) and other works. and "Elements of the Chinese Language," (London, Hähnel or Haehnel, ha'nel, (ERNST JULIUS,) a 1806.) In 1809 he became professor of Oriental lan- German sculptor, born at Dresden, March 9, 1811, studied guages at Pavía. Died in 1819. under Reitschel and Schwanthaler. Among his masterpieces are the statue of Beethoven at Bonn, (1845,) and that of Leibnitz, (1883.) Died May 22, 1891.

See ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie." Hǎg'ga-i, [Heb. '; Fr. AGGÉE, ág'zha',] one of the twelve minor Hebrew prophets, lived about 520 B.C., Hahnemann, ha'neh-man, (SAMUEL CHRISTIAN during the erection of the second temple, the glory of FRIEDRICH,) a celebrated German physician, born in which he predicted should transcend that of the first. Meissen, in Saxony, in 1755, was the founder of the sys(Haggai ii. 9.) His mission was chiefly to urge the Jews tem of medicine known as homoeopathy. He graduated to greater diligence in the erection of the temple. His at Erlangen in 1779, and practised for some years at language is quoted in Hebrews xii. 26. Dresden. About 1796 he announced his new system, Hag'gard, (ANDREW CHARLES PARKER,) an Eng- founded on the principle that in order to cure any lish soldier and author, born in Norfolk in 1854. He diseased affection we should employ a medicine having served in the army in Egypt 1883-85, and has written power to produce a similar affection in the body of a "Dodo and I," ," "A Strange Tale of a Scarabæus," healthy person: an artificial affection (caused by the "Tempest Torn," "Under Crescent and Star," etc. medicine) displaces the original disease, and on the disHag'gard, (HENRY RIDER,) a sensational novelist, continuance of the medicine this secondary disease ceases born in Norfolk, England, in 1856. He spent some of itself. Hence the motto adopted by the homoeopa years in diplomatic service in the Transvaal, and on Hahnemann afterwards settled in Leipsic. He developed thists, "Similia similibus curantur," ("Like cures like.") his return in 1879 engaged in literary labours. He his system in a work called "Organon of Rational Medifirst became widely known by his "King Solomon's cine," (Dresden, 1810.) Died in Paris in 1843. Mines," (1886.) Among his many other works are "She," (1887,) "Cleopatra," (1889,)" Montezuma's Daughter" (1894,) "Dr. Therne, A.V.," (1898,) etc. Hag'gart, (JOHN GRAHAM,) a Canadian statesman, was born at Perth, Ontario, in 1836. He was a member of the Dominion Parliament 1872-87 and 1892, postmaster-general of Canada 1888, and later minister of railways and canals.

12, 1880.

Hahn-Hahn, von, fon hân-hân, (IDA MARIE LUISE SOPHIE,) COUNTESS, a poetess and novelist, called "the German George Sand," was born at Tressow, MecklenCount von Hahn-Hahn, from whom she was divorced burg-Schwerin, in 1805. About 1826 she was married to in 1829, after which she visited France, Italy, Spain, and the Levant. She produced in 1835 "Poems," ("GeHaghe, hag, (LOUIS,) a skilful painter and lithogra- Letters," and a number of later works. Died January dichte,") in 1836 "Venetian Nights," in 1845 "Oriental pher, born in Belgium in 1806. He removed in his youth to London, where he afterwards resided. He published many fine lithographs of Flemish monuments designed by himself, and painted in water-colours the interiors of Flemish town-halls and churches. Among his most admired works are paintings of the Palais de Courtray and the Audience-Chamber of Bruges. Died in 1885. Hahn, hån, (AUGUST,) a German theologian, one of the leaders of the orthodox Protestant party, was born at Grossosterhausen, Prussia, in 1792. He became professor of theology at Leipsic in 1826, and general superintendent of Silesia in 1844. He published, besides other works, a "Text-Book of the Christian Faith," (1828,) and "On the Present State of Christianity, and the Relations which exist between Theology and Science," (1832.) Died at Breslau, May 13, 1863.

Hahn, (JOHANN DAVID,) a German natural philosopher, born at Heidelberg in 1729, published a treatise "On the Mutual Subservience of Mathematics and Chemistry," and other works. Died in 1784.

See ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie." Hahn, (LUDWIG PHILIPP,) a German dramatic poet, born at Trippstadt in 1746. He wrote tragedies entitled "The Rebellion of Pisa," (1776,) and "Robert von Hohe necken," (1778,) which are admired for energy of style and elevation of thought. Died in 1814.

Hahn, (PHILIPP MATTHÄUS,) a German, noted for inventive mechanical genius, was born near Stuttgart in 1739. He settled as pastor at Onsmettingen in 1764, before which he had inade astronomical and optical instruments. He invented a machine which represented the motions of the celestial bodies, and another which performed operations in arithmetic. He published seve ral treatises on theology, sermons, etc. Died in 1790. Hahn, (SIMON FRIEDRICH,) a German historian and publicist, born at Klosterbergen, in Prussia, in 1692. He is said to have understood Greek, Latin, and French at the age of ten. At the age of twenty-four he became professor of history and public law at Helmstedt. He published an excellent "History of the Constitution of the Empire and German Emperors," ("Teutsche StaatsReichs- und Keyser Historie," (4 vols., 1721-24,) and other historical works. Died at Hanover in 1729.

Hahn, von, fon hån, (JOHANN GEORG,) a German ethnologist and traveller, born at Jena, July 11, 1811. He became Austrian consul-general in Greece, and died

Haid, hit or hid, (JOHANN GOTTFRIED,) a German engraver, born at Augsburg in 1710, worked in England. Died in 1770. His brother, JOHANN LORENZ, born in 1702, was an engraver in mezzotint. Died in 1750.

Haid, (JOHANN JAKOB,) a German engraver of portraits, born near Ulm in 1704; died in 1767. His son, JOHANN ELIAS, (1739-1809,) was also an engraver.

Haidari, hi'da-ree, (also called SAYYID MUHAMMAD HAIDARBAKSH,) a prolific Hindostanee prose-writer, who lived at Calcutta, and died in 1828.

Haïder Ali. See HYDER ALL.

Haidinger, hi'ding'er, (WILHELM,) a German geologist, born in Vienna in 1795. He was appointed councillor of mines at Vienna in 1840, and director-in-chief of the Geological Institute of Austria in 1849. He published a "Treatise on Mineralogy," ("Handbuch der bestimmenden Mineralogie," (1845,) a "Geognostic Chart of the Austrian Empire," (1847,) etc. Died 1871.

46

His father, KARL, born in Vienna in 1756, was a mine. ralogist of merit. He was author of an Essay towards a Systematic Division of the Different Kinds of Rocks," (1786.) Died in 1797.

Hailes, LORD. See DALRYMPLE, (Sir David.) Haillan, du, dü ha'yôn', (BERNARD de Girarddeh zhe'raR',) SEIGNEUR, a French historian, born at Bordeaux in 1535. He wrote a history of France, ("De l'Etat et Succès des Affaires de France," 1570,) which passed through many editions and was approved by Charles IX., who rewarded him with the title of historiographer. Died in 1610.

See BAYLE, "Historical and Critical Dictionary."

Haimăvătă, hi'ma-va-ta, or Haimavat, hi'ma-vat, [.e. "snowy" or "snow-clad," from the Sanscrit himd mountains," was, according to the Hindoo mythology, or haimă, "cold," "frost," "snow,"] called the "king of the father of Ganga, (Ganges,) or PÂRVATÎ, which see. Haimo. See HAYMO.

Haines, (Sir FREDERICK PAUL,) a field-marshal in the British army, was born in Sussex in 1819. He entered the army as ensign in 1839, served in India and the Crimea, was commander-in-chief of the Indian army 1875-81, and was promoted field-marshal in 1890. Haizinger, (AMALIE,) a popular German actress, born at Carlsruhe in 1800; died in 1884.

€ as k; ças s; g hard; ġ as j; G, H, K, guftural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as x; th as in this.

See Explanations, p. 23.)

HALEVY

in 1793 at Newport, New Hampshire, was married in 1814 to Mr. David Hale. She published in 1823 "The Genius of Oblivion, and other Poems," followed by "Northwood," a novel, (1827.) In 1828 she became editor of the "Ladies' Magazine," Boston, which in 1837 she merged into the "Lady's Book" of Philadel phia. Among her poetic productions may be mentioned "Ormond Grosvenor," a tragedy, "Three Hours, or, The Vigil of Love; and other Poems," issued in 1848, and "Harry Guy, a Story of the Sea." Died April 30, 1879.

Halem, hå'lem, (BERNHARD JAKOB FRIEDRICH,) a German littérateur, born at Oldenburg in 1768. He translated from the English Hallam's Middle Ages,' and several of the romances of Sir Walter Scott. Died in 1823. See ERSCH und GRUBER, “ Allgemeine Encyklopaedie."

Halem, von, fon hảʼlẹm, (GERHARD ANTON,) a German historian, born at Oldenburg in 1752. Among his works are a "History of the Duchy of Oldenburg," (3 vols., 1796,) and a "Life of Peter the Great," (1805.) Died in 1819.

Hale, (JOHN P.,) an American statesman, born at Rochester, Strafford county, New Hampshire, in March, 1806. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1827, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1830. He was appointed district attorney for New Hampshire by President Jackson in 1834, and reappointed by Van Buren. In 1843 he was elected a member of Congress by the Democrats of a district in New Hampshire. He became in Congress a decided opponent of slavery, for which reason his party opposed his election in 1845. About this date he resided at Dover, New Hampshire. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives of his Hálek, нå'lek, (VITEZSLAV, or VINCENT,) a Bohenative State in 1846. By a combination of anti-slavery mian poet, born April 5, 1835. By his labours as a Democrats and Whigs, he was elected Senator of the journalist, novelist, and tragedian, and especially as a United States for New Hampshire in 1847. For sev-lyric poet, he contributed largely to the recent revival of eral years he stood almost alone in the Senate on the Czech literature. Died at Prague, October 8, 1874question of slavery, and maintained a position independent of party. He was an easy and ready speaker, and by his wit or humour was often successful in turning aside the attacks of the pro-slavery Senators or in mitigating the bitterness of party animosity. He was nominated as candidate for the Presidency by the Liberty party in 1852, and received about 155,800 votes. On the expiration of his senatorial term in 1853, a Democrat was chosen to fill his place. Mr. Hale was again elected a member of the national Senate in 1855, to fill a vacancy. Having joined the Republican party, he was re-elected a Senator by the legislature of New Hampshire for a term of six years, 1859-65. He was made minister to Spain in 1865, and recalled in 1869. Died Nov. 19, 1873. Hale, (Sir MATTHEW,) an eminent English judge, born at Alderley on the 1st of November, 1609, was educated at Oxford. About the age of twenty he entered Lincoln's Inn, where he pursued the study of law with great assiduity, and reformed his habits of dissipation. He was admitted to the bar a few years before the commencement of the civil war, during which he maintained a neutral position, and acted as counsel for royalists in several important trials, among which were the cases of Strafford and Archbishop Laud. After the execution of Charles I., he recognized the Commonwealth, and accepted from Cromwell, in 1653, the post of judge of the common bench, the duties of which he performed with great fidelity, ability, and honour. He was twice elected to Parliament,-in 1658 and in 1660. Charles II. appointed him chief baron of the exchequer in 1660, and lord chief justice of England in 1671. He is regarded as one of the greatest, wisest, and best judges that ever attained this dignity. His "History of the Common Law" and "Pleas of the Crown" are esteemed as very high authority. He wrote also several religious and moral treatises, among which we may notice his "Contemplations" and "Primitive Origination of Mankind." He was twice married, and had a numerous offspring Died in December, 1676.

See GILBERT BURNET, "Life of Sir Matthew Hale," 1682; DR. WILLIAMS, "Life of Sir Matthew Hale," 1835; RoscoR, "Life of Si Matthew Hale;" LORD CAMPBELL, "Lives of the Chief Justices;" Foss, "The Judges of England."

Hale, (NATHAN,) CAPTAIN, an American patriot, born at Coventry, Connecticut, in 1755, graduated at Yale College in 1773, and entered the army in 1775. In 1776 he took part in the battle of Long Island. He was sent by General Washington to penetrate the enemy's lines and procure intelligence in September, 1776. Having been seized as a spy, he was executed the next day.

See STUART, "Life of Nathan Hale," 1856.

Hale, (NATHAN,) a journalist and lawyer, a nephew of the preceding, was born in Westhampton, Massachu setts, in 1784. He became in 1814 owner and editor of the "Boston Daily Advertiser," the first daily paper issued in New England, which he conducted for many years with ability. It was an influential organ successively of the Federalist, Whig, and Republican parties. In 1816 he married a sister of Edward Everett. He rendered important services in both branches of the legislature of Massachusetts, and was one of the founders of the "North American Review." He published a good map of New England in 1825. Died in 1863.

Hale, (SARAH JOSEPHA,) an American authoress, daughter of Mr. Buell, of Saybrook, Connecticut, born

See his "Selbstbiographie," 1840; ERSCH und GRUBER, “Allgemeine Encyklopaedie.'

Halen, van, vẫn đ’lên, ? (Don JUAN,) Count of Pera campos, a Spanish general, of Belgian extraction, was born in the isle of Leon in 1790. He fought as officer for the Constitutional party in 1821, and went into exile about 1823. In 1830 he obtained command of the Belgian insurgents, and drove the Dutch army from Brussels. He returned to Spain in 1836, and, as general of division, defeated the Carlists in Navarre. He was president of the council of war sometime between 1852 and 1856. Died in November, 1864.

See JUAN VAN HALEN, "Relacion de su Cautividad en los Calabozos de la Inquisicion," 2 vols., 1827, and English translation, London, 1827.

Hales or Hayles, halz, (JOHN,) an English scholar and writer, born in Kent; died in 1572.

Hales, (JOHN,) THE EVER-MEMORABLE, a noted English scholar and Arminian divine, born at Bath in 1584, was educated at Oxford, and was a Fellow of Merton College. In 1618 he took part in the Synod of Dort, and in 1639 he became canon of Windsor. He wrote sermons, letters, and treatises on theology, which were highly commended for learning, subtlety, and wit. Clar endon called him one of the greatest scholars in Europe; and many writers agree in praising both his character and acquirements. Died in 1656.

See" Biographia Britannica ;"" Account of the Life and Writings of John Hales," 1719.

Hales, (STEPHEN,) D.D., an eminent English philosopher, born at Beckesbourn in 1677, resided for the greater part of his life at Teddington, of which he was curate. He made important discoveries in vegetable physiology, of which he published an account in a work entitled "Vegetable Statics,” (1727.) In 1717 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He wrote treatises on anatomy, temperance, the circulation of the blood, and other subjects, and invented an improved plan for venti. lating prisons. Died in 1761.

See FOUCHY," Eloge de Hales."

Hales, (THOMAS.) See HELE.

Hales, (WILLIAM,) an Irish clergyman and scientific author, wrote, besides works on mathematics and theology, a “New Analysis of Chronology," (3 vols., 180914,) which is highly commended by Horne and Orme. Died at Kildare in 1821.

Hales, de, (ALEXANDER.) See ALEXANDER Alensis.
Halevi. See JUDAS LEVITA.

Halévy, ha'la've', (JACQUES FRANÇOIS FROMENTAL ELIE,) an excellent French composer, born in Paris, of Jewish parents, in 1799, was a favourite pupil of Cheru. bini. He produced in 1829 "Claria," an opera, whici. was successful. His reputation was greatly increased