Abrial, 'bre'l', (JOSEPH ANDRÉ,) a French advocate, born in 1750, at Annonay, was educated in the College of Louis-le-Grand, at Paris. He was sent in 1800 to Naples, in order to organize a republican government, in which work he manifested great ability. During the whole of his administration, his mildness and moderation won for him the affection of the Neapolitans. He was made senator, and received the title of count, under Napoleon, but was nevertheless one of the first to vote for his dethronement in 1814. He was afterwards created a peer by Louis XVIII. Died in 1828.

Abriani, 3-bRe-a'nee, (PAOLO,) an Italian poet, born at Vicenza in 1607. He was employed as professor or teacher in Genoa, Verona, and Padua. Among his works are a volume of sonnets, "Canzoni," etc., and a

poetical version of Horace's "Art of Poetry," (1663.) Died at Venice in 1699.

Abruzzi, a landscape-painter who lived in Rome towards the close of the eighteenth century.

Abruzzi, (Prince LUIGI AMADEO MARIA,) DUKE OF, son of Amadeus, duke of Aosta and ex-King of Spain, was born at Madrid, January 29, 1873. He became a lieutenant in the Italian navy, and in 1897 engaged in a scientific expedition to Alaska, and ascended Mount Saint Elias, being the first to reach its summit and accurately measure its height. In 1899 he sailed for Franz Josef Land, where he spent the winter, and in the summer of 1900 reached the latitude of 86° 33', the highest attained to that time, being about twenty miles beyond the point reached by Nansen a few years previously.

Ab'sa-lom, [Heb. O,] the third son of David, was born in Hebron after his father ascended the throne. Possessed of winning manners and an exceedingly handsome person, he became very popular throughout the land of Israel, and at length sought openly to dethrone his father. In the battle which was subsequently fought, Absalom was slain by Joab, although King David had expressly commanded that the life of his son should be spared. The rebellion of Absalom is supposed to have occurred in 1036 B.C. (See II. Samuel xiii.-xviii.)

Absalon, ab'så-lon', called also Axel, a descendant of Slagus, was born in Iceland in 1128. He studied in Paris, and in 1178 was appointed to the archbishopric of Lund, in Scania, which office he held till his death in 1201. Absalon was undoubtedly one of the greatest men of his age; he was a wise counsellor to his king, a brave general, and a generous patron of learning.

Abschatz, ap'shåts, (HANS Assmann-ass'mån,) BARON OF, a poet and statesman, born in Silesia in 1646. He studied jurisprudence at the Universities of Strasburg and Leyden. In 1675 he was appointed governor of the principality of Liegnitz, and afterwards was Silesian ambassador at the court of Vienna. Died in 1699. He is ranked among the principal German poets of the seventeenth century. Many hymns of his composition are still sung in the Protestant churches.

Abstemio, ab-stā'me-o, or Astemio, [Lat. ABSTE MIUS,] (GIAMPIETRO,) an eminent teacher, who lived in Friuli about the middle of the sixteenth century. His school was attended by young men of the first Italian families.

Ab-stē'mi-us Lau-ren'ti-us, (lau-rên'she-us,) [It. ASTEMIO, ås-ta'me-o,] an Italian writer, who was born at Macerata in the latter half of the fifteenth century. Besides several works on grammar and criticism, and one on geography, he wrote, in Latin, a book of Fables, which at one time enjoyed considerable popularity.

Ab-syr'tus or Apsyr'tus, [Gr. 'Aupros; Fr. AB SYRTE, ab'seRt',] a son of Eetes, King of Colchis, was a brother of Medea, who took him with her when she fled with Jason. When she was pursued by her father, she killed her brother and scattered his severed limbs along the road, in order to retard the pursuit.

Abt, abt, (FRANZ,) a German musical composer, born at Eilenburg, in Prussian Saxony, December 22, 1819. He studied theology at the University of Leipsic, but

relinquished the Church and devoted himself to music. In 1841 he acted as kapellmeister at Zurich, and in 1852 accepted a position in the theatre at Brunswick. In 1855 he was appointed kapellmeister in that town. Abt composed a number of songs which have been widely popu lar, his greatest success having been achieved in part songs for men's voices. Died April 1, 1885. ABU, ABU, or ABU, a prefix to many Arabian names. See ABOO.

Abu-Bakr, (or -Bacr.) See ABOO-BEKR. Abubeker or Abubekr. See ABOO-BEKR. A-bu'ca-ra, [Gr. 'Aßovкapú,] (THEODORUS,) a Christian theological writer, who lived in the eighth century. Of the circumstances of his life little or nothing is known. He wrote a great number of works, mostly in Greek, though a few are in Arabic.

Ab-u-dac'nus, (JOSEPH,) a native of Cairo, who, about the year 1600, was a teacher of Arabic at Oxford. Besides some grammatical treatises on Hebrew, he wrote History of the Copts," ("Historia Jacobitarum seu Coptorum in Ægypto Libya," etc.)

a

Abulfaragius. See ABOOlfaraj.

Abul-Faraj, (or Farage.) See ABOOLFARAJ.
Abulfeda. See ABOOLfeda.

Abul-Kasim or Abû-l-Kâsim. See A BOO-L-KASIM.
Abu-l-Kâsim-Mansur. See FIRDOUSee.
Abulola. See ABOO-L-ALA.

Abulpharagius. See ABOOLFARAJ. Abûl-Walid-Ibn-Roshd. See AVERROËS. Abundance, d', dẫ′bŭn ́dônSS', (JEAN,) a French poet and satirist, who flourished in the early part of the sixteenth century. Nothing is known of his life; the name is supposed by some to be fictitious. One of his works is entitled "The Great and Marvellous Acts of Nobody," ("Les Grands et Merveilleux Faits de Nemo.")

Ab-y-de'nus, ['Aßudηvós,] a Greek historian, who wrote a work on Assyria, very valuable, so far as can be judged from the few fragments which remain. Of his life nothing is known.

Acace. The French spelling of ACACIUS, which see. Acacius, a-ka'she-us, [Gr. 'Akakios; Fr. ACACE, kass',] a bishop of Cæsare'a, who succeeded Eusebius in 339 A.D. Died about 366.

Acacius, a philosopher and rhetorician of Cæsarea, contemporary with the preceding.

Acacius, a bishop of Beroë, who lived in the fourth and fifth centuries.

Acacius, a bishop of Amida, in Mesopotamia, who ransomed 7000 Persians that had been taken prisoners by the Romans, about the beginning of the fifth century.

Acacius, a patriarch of Constantinople, to which dignity he was appointed in 471 A.D. He was ambitious and crafty, and aimed to raise the church of Constantinople above all other Eastern churches. Died in 489.

Ac-a-de'mus ['Akádnμos] or Hec-a-de'mus, an Athenian, who disclosed, it is said, to Castor and Pollux the place where their sister Helen was secreted. The garden or grove called Academia, in which Plato founded his school of philosophy, is supposed to have been named in honour of Academus.

Acamapichtli, a-ka-må-pètch'tlee, the first king of Tenochtitlan or Mexico, was elected to the throne, according to the Mexican annalists, in the year 1352. His authority extended only to the Aztecs inhabiting the island on which Tenochtitlan was built. Under his reign the Aztecs increased in fame, stone edifices were built, and canals were constructed. Died in 1389.

Ac'a-mas, ['Aкáμaç,] a son of Theseus and Phædra, is said to have been sent with Diomede to Troy to demand the surrender of Helen. According to Virgil, he was one of the band enclosed in the wooden horse. Açarq, d', da's Rk', a French critic and grammarian, who was born in 1720 and died in 1795.

A-cas'tus, [Gr. 'AkaσToc; Fr. ACASTE, t'kist',| a son of Pelias, King of Iolcus, was one of the Argonautæ. He married Astydami'a, who, by false accusations, produced an enmity between Acastus and Peleus.

Ac'ca, a learned bishop of Hexham, a contemporary and friend of the celebrated Bede. Died in 740 A.D.

ACCA

Ac'ca Lauren'tia, (lau-ren'she-a,) or Larentia, laren'she-a, the wife of the shepherd Faustulus, is said to have been the nurse of Romulus and Remus. According to one tradition, she was a courtesan who was renowned for her beauty, and who bequeathed a large sum of money to the Roman people in the time of Ancus Martius.

Accama, åk'ka-må, (BERNARD,) a Dutch historical and portrait painter, born in Friesland. Died in 1756. Accarigi, åk-kå-ree’jee, or Accarisi, åk-kå-ree’see, [Lat. ACCARIS'IUS,] (FRANCESCO,) a distinguished professor of civil law, born at Ancona about 1550. He taught successively in the Universities of Sienna, Parma, ind Pisa. Died at Pisa in 1622.

Accarrigi, (JACOPO,) a native of Bologna, who was professor of rhetoric in the University of Mantua. Died in 1654.

Accarisio, åk-kå-ree'ŝe-o, (ALBERTO,) an Italian, born at Centɔ, near Ferrara, in the early part of the sixteenth century, was the author of an Italian grammar of some celebrity.

Accíajuoli or Acciaioli, at-cha-yo'lee, (DONATO,) a distinguished Italian scholar, born at Florence in 1428, wrote commentaries on the ethics and politics of Aristotle. Died in 1478.

Acciajuoli or Acciaioli, (FILIPPO,) a dramatic writer and composer, born at Rome in 1637; died in 1700. Acciajuoli or Acciaioli, (NICCOLÒ or NICHOLAS,) an eminent statesman, born at Florence about 1310. He was for many years the chief adviser of Joanna, Queen of Naples, to whom he was recommended by his talents, eloquence, and fine personal appearance. Died in 1366. Acciajuoli or Acciaioli, (RENIER,) a Florentine, who obtained possession of Athens and Corinth about 1364, and was styled Duke of Athens.

See GIBBON, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." Acciajuoli or Acciaioli, (ZENOBIO,) a classical scholar, born at Florence in 1461, became librarian of the Vatican and a friend of Politian. He translated Eusebius and Theodoret into Latin, and wrote Latin verses, which were praised by Giraldi and other critics. Died in 1519.

Acciajuoli-Salvetti, åt-châ-yoʻlee sål-vet'tee, (MADDALENA,) an Italian poetess of Florence, wrote "Rime Toscane," and other works. Died in 1610.

ACCURSIUS

name assumed by several members of his family,) born at Arezzo about 1418, was a brother of Benedetto the historian. In 1440 he was made professor of law at Bo logna, and in 1479 was appointed senior professor of law at Pisa, which position he held till his death, about 1485. Besides a number of works of a strictly profes sional character, he wrote several essays in general literature, including translations from the ancient authors. See MAZZUCHELLI, "Scrittori d'Italia."

Accolti, (PIETRO,) Cardinal, son of Benedetto the historian, was born at Florence in 1455. He held for some time the professorship of law in the University of Pisa ; afterwards, in 1511, he was made Cardinal of St. Eusebius. He has generally been called, though incorrectly, Cardinal of Ancona: it is under this title that he is said to have had the principal share in preparing the bull against Luther, in 1520. It is certain that he possessed great influence at the court of Leo X. Died in 1549.

See MAZZUCHELLI, "Scrittori d'Italia."

Accolti, (PIETRO, the younger,) grandson of Cardinal Benedetto, lived in the early part of the seventeenth century. He lectured on canon law at Pisa.

Accoramboni, åk-ko-râm-boʻnee, (FABIO,) an Italian lawyer, born in 1502. In 1523, or soon after, he was appointed professor of civil law in the University of Pisa, and afterwards, about 1527, became professor of canon law at Rome. Died in 1559.

Accoramboni, (FELIX,) an Italian philosopher and physician, a grandson of Geronimo, noticed below, lived about 1600. He wrote commentaries on Aristotle and Galen.

Accoramboni, (GIROLAMO,) an eminent Italian physician, born about 1467, at Gubbio, in the duchy of Urbino. He was professor of medicine at Perugia, and afterwards at Rome. Leo X. chose him as his own phy. sician. Died in 1537.

Accoramboni, (VITTORIA,) an Italian woman famous for her beauty and her tragic history, was the wife of Francesco Peretti, a nephew of Pope Sixtus V. She was murdered by Luigi Orsini in 1585.

"Historical and Political Memoirs of the Province of Bahia," (6 vols., 1835 and the years following.)

Accius, ak'she-us, or Attius, at'she-us, (LUCIUS,) a celebrated Roman tragic poet, born about 170 B.C. None of his dramas has come down to us entire; but the numerous fragments which remain justify the admiration with which the ancients regarded him.

date of his death is unknown.

The

Accius, (TITUS,) a Roman orator, born at Pisaurum, (now Pesaro,) in Umbria. He lived about 70 years B.C. Accolti, ak-kol'tee, (BENEDETTO, or BENEDICT,) an Italian writer, born at Arezzo in 1415. He was doctor and professor of law at Florence; in 1459 he was made chancellor of the republic, which office he held till his death in 1466. He wrote a Latin history of the conquest of Palestine by Godfrey of Bouillon, from which Tasso derived the materials of his great poem.

century. He wrote commentaries on the writings of Cæsar and other Latin classics.

Accorso, (or Accursio, ak-koor'se-o,) (MARIANGELO,) an Italian writer and critic, who lived at Rome in the time of Leo X.

Accum, ák'kům or åkʼkům, (FRIEDRICH,) a German chemist, born at Bückeburg in 1769. He emigrated to London in 1793, and became professor of chemistry Treatise on Gas Light," (1815,) which contributed greatly there about 1802. He published an excellent "Practical to promote the use of gas for illumination of cities. Among his other works are, "On the Adulteration of Food," (1822,) and "Essay on Chemical Reagents," (London, 1816.) Died in Berlin in 1838.

Accurse. See ACCORSO and ACCURSIUS. Accursii, ak-kurʼshe-ī, (CERVOTʼTUS,) second son of Accursius, noticed below, born about 1240; died in 1287. Accursii, ak-kur'she-ī, or Accursius, ak-kur'she-us, (FRANCISCUS,) or Accorso, (FRANCESCO,) the son of Accursius mentioned below, was born at Bologna in 1225. He was for several years a counsellor to Edward of England, and afterwards a professor of law at Bologna, where he died in 1293.

Accursii, (WILHELMUS,) a third son of Accursius, mentioned below, born in 1246, obtained several ecclesiastical preferments, and was for some time ir the service of the pope. Died about 1310.

Accursius, ak-kur'she-us, (the Latinized form of Ao corso,) [Fr. ACCURSE, küRSS',] an Italian lawyer, whose Christian name is supposed to have been FRANCESCO, was born in or near Florence about 1182. He was for many years a teacher of law in Bologna. His “Glossa,” i.e. a collection of glossa, or notes, made by different commentators on Justinian, is very celebrated Died in 1260.

A-çer'bas, or Sichæus, si-keeʼus, a Tyrian priest, who married Dido and was murdered by her brother Pygmalion. Servius gives Sicharbas or Sicharbes for

Sichæus.

Acerbi, 3-chêR'bee, (ENRICO,) an Italian surgeon, born at Castano, near Milan, in 1785. Died in 1827. Acerbi, (GIUSEPPE,) an Italian traveller, born near Mantua in 1773. He performed, in 1799, a journey through Lapland to Cape North, and published a narrative of that journey in English, (1802.) In 1816 he founded, at Milan, the "Bibliotheca Italiana," (" Italian Library,") a literary periodical of some merit. Died in 1846.

Aç'e-sas [Gr. 'Akeσaç] or Aceseus, as'e-sūs, ['Akeocus, a celebrated embroiderer or weaver of remote antiquity, was born in Cyprus. The time in which he lived is unknown.

Acesius, a-see'she-us, ['Axéolos,] a bishop of Constantinople, who flourished in the early part of the fourth century.

A-çes'tor, ['AkéσTwp,] a sculptor of Gnossus, or Cnosus, in Crete, lived about 430 B.C.

Acevedo or Azevedo, a-tha-va'DO, (FELIX AL. VAREZ,) a brave Spanish officer, born in the province of Leon, was one of the chiefs of the popular party in the revolution of 1820. Having gained a victory near the Minho, he was shot in March, 1820, by some roy. alists whom he had approached with friendly overtures. The Junta ordered that his name should be retained on the army list as if he were alive.

Acevedo, de, då å-thà-vā'Do, (ALONZO MARIA,) an advocate in the royal council at Madrid, and doctor of canon law in the University of Salamanca, flourished from about 1760 to 1770. Died about 1775

Acevedo, de, (CRISTOBAL,) an eminent Spanish historical painter, born at Murcia. He studied with B. Carducci, at Madrid, about 1590, after which he worked in Murcia. He excelled in design and in grandeur of expression.

See CRAN-BERMUDEZ, "Diccionario Historico."
Ach, (JOHANN VAN.) See ACHEN.

Achæmenes, a-kem'e-nèz, [Gr. 'Axaquévns,] the father of a line of Persian kings, named from him ACHÆMENIDÆ, (ak-e-men’I-dē.) He is supposed to have ⚫ been the great-grandfather of Cyrus the Great. Achæmenidæ. See ACHÆMENES.

Achæus, a-kee'us, [Gr. 'Axauóç; Fr. ACHÉE, 'sha',] the mythical ancestor of the Achæans, was said to be a son of Xuthus, a grandson of Helen, and a brother of Ion. Achæus, a Greek dramatic writer, born at Eretria, 484 B.C. He wrote several tragedies, but succeeded best in the satiric drama. Only a few fragments of his works remain.

Achæus, a cousin of Antiochus III., by whom he was appointed governor of Asia Minor. Having rebelled against his sovereign, he was taken and put to death, 214 B.C.

Achard, (LOUIS AMÉDÉE EUGÈNE,) a French writer of fiction, born at Marseilles in 1814. He removed to Paris about 1838, and wrote for several journals, among which was the "Charivari." His romance "La Belle Rose" (1847) obtained success. Died March 25, 1875.

Achards, de la Baume des, d'la bōm da-za'shaR',

(ELÉAZAR FRANÇOIS,) a French bishop, born at Avignon in 1679. He is commended for acts of charity during the prevalence of the plague at Marseilles in 1721. Died in Cochin in 1741.

Acharius, a-ká're-is, (ERIK,) a distinguished botanist and physician, born at Gefle, in Sweden, in 1757. He studied at Upsal, under the celebrated Linnæus. As a botanist, his attention seems to have been chiefly directed to cryptogamous plants, and especially to lichens. He published "Lichenographia Universalis," (1810.) Died in 1819.

See Biographiskt Lexicon öfver namnkunnige Svenska Män Upsala and Oerebro, 1835-1856.

A-chā'tēš, [Fr. ACHATE, 'shat',]* a friend of Æneas, whose fidelity was so exemplary that "Fidus Achates" became a proverb. (See VIRGIL, "Æneid," lib. i. 188 and 312.)

Achates, a-ka'tàs, (LEONARDUS,) one of the early printers, who carried the art from Germany into Italy. He flourished in the latter half of the fifteenth century. Achelom. See ANTIQUUS.

Ach-e-lo'us, ['Axɛλos,] a river-god of Greek mythology, was a son of Oce'anus. The poets relate that he had the assurance to compete with Hercules as a suitor of Dejanira, and was defeated by that hero in a combat.

Achen or Aachen, van, vån å'Kẹn, (JOHANN,) written also Acken, Fanachen, and Janachen, an eminent German painter of history and portraits, born at Cologne in 1552. He was employed at Munich by the Elector of Bavaria, and afterwards at Prague by the em perors Rudolph and Matthias. Died at Prague about 1620. He was reputed the richest artist of his time. See DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands," etc.

Achenbach, a'кẹn-båк', (ANDREAS,) a German painter, of the Dusseldorf school, born at Cassel in 1815. He excels in landscapes and marine views. He obtained a medal of the first class at Paris in 1855, when he exhibited "High Tide at Ostend;" a "Moonlight Scene," etc.

Achenbach, (OSWALD,) a brother of the preceding, and like him distinguished as a painter of landscapes, was born at Dusseldorf in 1827.

Achenwall, 'Ken-ŵål, (GOTTFRIED,) an eminent writer on statistics, born at Elbing, in Prussia, in 1719. He may almost be said to have created the science of statistics, called by him, in German, Staatswissenschaft, (in Latin, "Scientia Statistica,") i.e. "the science or information relating to States." He appears to have included in the terms above cited all those facts of which a knowledge is necessary to thorough statesmanship. Accordingly, in his lectures he treated of the laws of nations and history, as well as of statistics in the present acceptation of the word. He first taught in the UniGöttingen, where he continued till his death, in 1772.

Achard, a'shaR', (ANTOINE,) a Swiss Protestant minister, born at Geneva in 1696, was an eloquent preacher. He settled in Berlin in 1724, received the title of privy counsellor, and was admitted into the Royal Academy of Berlin in 1743. Two volumes of his sermons were

published, (1774) Died in 1772. Achard, 'shaR', (CLAUDE FRANÇOIS,) a French writer, born at Marseilles in 1758. Among his works are a "Description of Provence," (1787,) and "Elements of Bibliography," (3 vols., 1807.) Died in 1809.

Achard, (FRANZ KARL,) a distinguished German chemist, son of Antoine Achard, born at Berlin in 1753. He was elected, in 1776, a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin. The extraction of sugar from the beet-root appears to have engaged his especial

Acherley, ak'er-le, (ROGER,) an English lawyer and political writer, who lived in the early part of the eighteenth century. He wrote a work on the Britannic Constitution, and one on Free Parliaments. Died in 1740. Acheron. See PLUTO.

Achéry, d', da'sha're', (JEAN LUC,) a learned French Benedictine monk, born at St. Quentin in 1609. His most important work is a collection of rare documents, entitled a "Gleaning [Spicilegium] of certain old Writers who have been buried in the Libraries of France," (13 vols., 1653-77.) Died in 1685.

A-chillas, [Gr. 'Axiñas,] an Egyptian general, who, on the death of Ptolemy Auletes, was appointed regent

• Chaucer writes the name Achate. (See the "House of Fame.")

Ac ́o-ris, [Gr. 'Akopu,] a king of Egypt, who flourished about 380 B.C. He made war, though with little success, against Artaxerxes Mnemon, King of Persia. Acosta, á-kos'tå, (CHRISTOVÃO, or CHRISTOPHER,) a Portuguese naturalist, who visited India to procure drugs, and afterwards practised medicine at Burgos. He wrote a "Treatise on the Drugs and Plants of the East Indies," (1578.) Died about 1580.

Acosta, (GABRIEL,) a professor of theology at Coimbra, Portugal, wrote commentaries on the Scriptures. Died in 1616.

Acosta, (JOAQUIN,) a native of South America, a colonel of engineers in the service of New Granada, published a "Historical Compendium of the Discovery and Settlement of New Granada," (1848,) with a good map of that country. Died about 1862.

Acosta, 3-kos'ta, or d'Acosta, då-kos'tå, (José,) a Spanish Jesuit and writer, born at Medina del Campo about 1539. He went to South America as a missionary in 1571, returned in 1588, and published a work entitled “Natural and Moral History of the Indies," ("Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias," 1590,) which was much esteemed, and translated into several languages. He became rector of the University at Salamanca, where he died in 1600.

of Atri.

Acquaviva, (ANDREA MATTEO,) Duke of Atri, a'tree, a Neapolitan, born about 1460, was a munificent patron of learning. Died in 1528.

Acquino, ak-kwee'no, a Piedmontese chronicler, who lived about the beginning of the sixteenth century. Acquisti, ak-kwès'tee or åk-kwis'tee, (LUIGI,) an Italian sculptor, born at Forlì in 1744; died in 1824. He worked at Rome and Milan. A group of "Venus pacifying Mars" is considered his master-piece. Ac'ra-gas, [Gr. 'Aкpúyas,] a celebrated engraver or chaser in silver, supposed to have lived in the fifth century B.C.

Acrel, a'kкel, (OLOF,) an eminent Swedish surgeon, born near Stockholm in 1717. Having spent some time in Paris in observing the practice of the most distinguished surgeons of that city, he entered the French army in 1743; but, after serving in two campaigns, he retired on account of ill health. He died at Stockholm in 1807, leaving several surgical works.

A-cre'li-us, (Swedish pron. 3-krïï'lę-oos,) (ISRAEL,) a Swedish divine, born at Osteraker, December 25, 1714, was educated at Upsala, and in 1745 was ordained. He was sent out to New Sweden (now Delaware) as pastor in 1749; returned in 1756, and died at Fellingsbro, April 25, 1800. His work, in Swedish, (1759, translated into English, 1874,) descriptive of the Swedish colony and churches, is of high value and interest.

Acrisius, a-krish'e-us, [Gr. 'Aкpiσшs,] a son of Abas, King of Argos, and the father of Danaë, whom he confined, it is said, in a brazen tower or other prison, because an oracle had declared that she would bear a son who should kill her father. He was killed accidentally by Perseus, the son of Danaë by Jupiter. (See DANAE.) A'cron, [Gr. "Aкpwv,] a celebrated physician of Agrigentum, (now Girgenti,) in Sicily, who lived in the fifth century B.C.

A'cron Hel-e'ni-us, a Roman grammarian, who wrote a commentary on Horace. The age in which he lived is unknown.

chancellor (logotheta) at the Byzantine court. He was, moreover, employed on several important embassies. His greatest work is a history of the Byzantine Empire from the capture of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204 down to 1260, when Michael Palæologus again took possession of the city. Died in 1282.

See GIBBON, "History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," chap. lxii.

A-crot'a-tus, ['Akpóratos,] King of Sparta, was the son of Areus, whom he succeeded about 265 B.C. Be fore his accession he distinguished himself by the deence of Sparta against Pyrrhus in 272. After a reign of one year, he was killed in battle against Aristodemus of Megalopolis.

Acs or Aacs, atch, (MICHAEL,) a Hungarian philosopher, born at St. Martin in 1631. Died in 1708. Acs or Aacs, (MICHAEL,) a theologian, born at Raab in 1672, was a son of the preceding. Died in 1711. Acteon, ak-tee'on, [Gr. 'AкTaiwν; Fr. ÁCTÉON, ak'ta'on',] in the Greek mythology, a hunter, who was a son of Aristaus and Autonoë, a daughter of Cadmus. He was changed into a stag by Diana and torn to pieces by his own hounds, because he had seen that goddess bathing.

Ac-tis'a-nēs, [Gr. 'Aktioúvns,] an ancient king of Ethiopia, who is said to have conquered Egypt before the time of the Trojan war.

Ac'ton, [Fr. pron. ¿k ́tòn',] (Sir JOHN,) an officer of Irish descent, born at Besançon, France, in 1737. He entered the navy of Tuscany, became a captain, and afterwards passed into the service of the King of Naples. The favour of the queen, and his own intrigues, procured his promotion to the office of minister of the marine. He was prime minister from 1784 to 1798. His policy was implacably hostile to the French. Died August 12, 1811.

See COLLETTA, "Storia del Regno di Napoli."

Acton, (THOMAS COXAN,) was born in New York City, February 23, 1823, and as police commissioner there commanded the police force during the draft riots of 1863. The paid fire department was created largely through his efforts. He was superintendent of the United States Assay Office in New York 1876– 83, and assistant treasurer of the United States 188387. Was an organizer of the societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals and to children. He died May 1, 1898.

Ac'tor, [Gr. 'AкTwp,] a son of Deion, (or, as some say, of Myrmidon,) was the husband of Ægina, and grandfather of Patroclus, who was called Actor'ides.

Ac-tu-ā'ri-us, ['AKTOVάpios,] (JOHN,) a Greek physician and medical writer, who flourished about the end of the thirteenth century.

A-cu'me-nus, ['Akovμevós,] an Athenian physician, and friend of Socrates, lived in the fifth century B.C.

Acuña, de, då å-koon'ya, (ANTONIO,) Bishop of Zamora, Spain, distinguished for his martial exploits in the insurrection of Castile in 1520. He was strangled in prison in 1526.

Acuña, de, (CRISTOVAL,) a Spanish Jesuit, born at Burgos in 1597, wrote an interesting narrative of the voyage of exploration of the river Amazon in 1639–41. His work is entitled "New Discovery of the Great River of the Amazons," ("Nuevo Descubrimiento del gran Rio de las Amazonas.") Died about 1680.

Acuña, de, (HERNANDO,) a distinguished Spanish soldier and poet, born about 1500, was a friend of Garcilasso de la Vega. His sonnets and eclogues were much admired. Died in 1580.

Acropolita, (GEORGE,) a celebrated Byzantine historian, born at Constantinople in 1220. He was highly esteemed by the emperors Ducas (to whom he was related) and Michael Palæologus, and held the office of

the reconquest of the Moluccas from the Dutch in 1606. He died the same year, at Manilla.

A-cu-si-la'us, ['AKоvoiλaos,] a Greek historian, supposed to have flourished about 530 B.C.

A'da, a Carian princess, who succeeded her husband on the throne of Caria in 344 B.C. When Alexander conquered Asia Minor, he appointed her to the satrapy of Caria.