EDWARD 895 But Margaret of Anjou, the ambitious and indomitable queen of Henry VI., soon raised another army to renew the contest. At Towton, in 1461, the Lancastrians were defeated with great loss, and Margaret escaped to Scot land. In 1464 the Lancastrian army was again defeated, at Hexham, Henry VI. was made prisoner, hostilities were suspended for several years, and the war appeared to be terminated. In 1464 Edward married Elizabeth Woodville, a person of rather obscure condition, by which he gave great offence to the nobility, especially to the Earl of Warwick, "the King-Maker," a great leader of the Yorkist party. This nobleman, conspiring with Queen Margaret, compelled Edward to retire to Holland in 1470, when Henry VI. was released from the Tower to assume again the form of royalty. The next year Edward returned with an army, gained a victory at Barnet, where Warwick was slain, and recovered the throne. At the great battle of Tewkesbury, May, 1471, the Lancastrians were finally defeated, and Margaret, with her She was confined son, fell into the hands of the victor. in the Tower, and her son was murdered in Edward's presence. Such was the tragical end of the War of the Roses, in which the old nobility of England was almost annihilated. The subsequent events of this reign were unimportant. Edward died in 1483, leaving the crown to his son, Edward V. Edward IV. is described by Hume as "a prince more splendid and showy than either prudent or virtuous; brave, though cruel; addicted to pleasure, though capable of activity in great emergencies." He forms a promi nent character in Bulwer's "Last of the Barons." Edward V., King of England, the eldest son of Edward IV. and Elizabeth Woodville, was born in Westminster in 1470, and succeeded his father on the 9th of April, 1483. His uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, by the will of the late king, became regent during the minority. This wicked and crafty usurper, aspiring to wear the crown himself, obtained possession of the young king and his brother, whom he secretly ordered to be put to death. They disappeared in June, 1483; and it is generally reported and believed that they were suffocated with pillows in the Tower of London. See HUME, "History of England," chap. xxiii.; MISS STRICK"Lives of the Bachelor Kings of England," 1861; W. HEP WORTH DIXON, "Her Majesty's Tower," 1869. LAND, Edward VI., King of England, born at Hampton Court, October 12, 1537, was the only surviving son of Henry VIII. and Jane Seymour. He succeeded his father January 28, 1547, the government during his minority being confided, by the will of Henry VIII., to sixteen executors, who elected for their president the young king's uncle, Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford. The latter, who was created Duke of Somerset and as sumed the title of lord protector, led an army against the Scotch in order to compel the fulfilment of a certain treaty by the marriage of Edward VI. with Mary Stuart. The English gained a victory at Pinkie in 1547, but did not effect their purpose. Somerset favoured the Protestant religion, and used effectual measures to establish it. The "Bloody Statute," and other acts, of the former reign were repealed in Parliament, images were removed from the churches, and the Book of Common Prayer was ordered to be used, (1548.) About 1550 the Protector was supplanted by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland, whose son married Lady Jane Grey, a member of the royal family of Tudor. When the death of the young king was evidently at hand, he was induced by Northumberland to settle the succession in favour of Lady Jane Grey. Died in 1553. Edward VII., King of England, was born November 9, 1841, the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. After bearing for nearly sixty years the title of Prince of Wales, he succeeded to the throne on the death of his mother, January 22, 1901. Ed'ward [Port. DUARTE, doo-arʼtå] I., King of Portugal, was a son of John I., whom he succeeded in 1433. His mother was an English princess, Philippa of Lancaster. He is said to have been a moderate, wise, and enlightened prince; but his reign was not prosperous. He died young, in 1438, leaving the throne to his son, Alfonzo EDWARDS Edward, Prince of Wales, surnamed THE BLACK Edward [Port. DUARTE] OF BRAGANZA, a Por- Edward, (CHARLES,) the PRETENDER. See CHARLES EDWARD. Ed'ward, (THOMAS,) a British scientist, born of Scottish parents at Gosport, England, in 1814. He became a cobbler at Banff, at the same time studying the habits He made of animals of all classes with great attention. crustaceans. In 1876 he became a royal pensioner. (See many valuable discoveries, especially in the study of his "Life," by Samuel Smiles, 1876.) Died in 1886. Ed'ward Plan-tag'e-net, born in 1475, was a son of George, Duke of Clarence, and was styled Earl of Warwick. He was confined in the Tower by Henry VII. in 1485, and executed, as an accomplice of Perkin Warbeck, in 1499. Ed/wardes, (ANNIE,) an English novelist, the author of more than a score of novels, of which the Lovell," (1866,) "Ought we to Visit Her?" (1871,) first was issued in 1858. Among them are "Archie and "The Adventuress," (1894.) Edwardes, ¿d'wardz, (Sir HERBERT BENJAMIN,) a distinguished English officer, born in Shropshire in 1819 or 1820. He entered the army of the East India Company in 1840, and fought at Moodkee and Sobraon in 1845. Having obtained the rank of lieutenant, he gained a decisive victory over the Dewan Moolraj, near the Chenab, in 1848. For this service he was made an extra Companion of the Bath. He published in 1851 "A Year on the Punjaub Frontier in 1848-9." He was knighted in 1866. Died December 23, 1868. Ed'wards, (AMELIA BLANDFORD,) an English author and Egyptologist, born in 1831. She wrote numerous popular novels, some popular histories, and other excellent books for children, and a very noteworthy book upon Egypt, entitled "A Thousand Miles up the Nile." She was L.H.D. of Columbia College. Died April 16, 1892. Ed'wards, (BELA BATES,) an American theologian, born in Southampton, Massachusetts, in 1802, graduated at Amherst College in 1824. He founded the "American Quarterly Observer" in 1833, edited the "Biblical ReIn 1837 he became professor of pository" from 1835 to 1838, and the "Bibliotheca Sacra” from 1844 to 1852. Hebrew, and in 1848 professor of biblical literature, at Andover Seminary. Died in 1852. Ed'wards, (BRYAN,) M.P., an English writer, born at Westbury in 1743, removed in 1759 to Jamaica, where he remained many years and became a wealthy planter. He published in 1793 a "History of the British Colonies in the West Indies," an interesting and well-written Returning to England, work, which acquired great popularity. He also wrote a "History of Saint Domingo.' Edwards, (EDWARD,) an English artist, born in he was elected to Parliament in 1796, and died in 1800. became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1773, and London in 1738, was an excellent draughtsman. He See Explanations, p. 23 ) teacher of perspective in that institution in 1788. He wrote a "Treatise on Perspective," (1803,) and “Anecdotes of English Painters," (1808.) Died in 1806. Edwards, (EDWARD,) an English bibliographer, born in London in 1812, published about 1860 a valuable work entitled "Memoirs of Libraries, together with a Practical Hand-Book of Library Economy." He wrote many other works on public libraries. Died in 1886. Edwards, (GEORGE,) an eminent English naturalist and artist, born at Westham or Stratford, Essex, about 1693. Having travelled on the continent, he applied himself after his return to the study of natural history, supporting himself by drawing and colouring figures or animals. In 1743 he began to issue his excellent "Natural History of Birds," with coloured plates, which was received with favour and procured his admission to the Royal Society in 1757. He wrote, also, "Gleanings of Natural History," (1763.) Died in 1773. 66 Edwards, (GEORGE,) M.D., an English writer on politics and political economy, born in 1751, lived in London. Among his numerous productions are Political Interests of Great Britain," and "Means adequate to the Present Crisis." Died in 1823. Edwards, (GUILLAUME FRÉDÉRIC,) M.I., a brother of Milne-Edwards, born in Jamaica in 1777, was a distinguished physiologist and ethnologist. He lived in Bruges and in Paris. His "Physiological Characters of Human Races considered in Relation with History" (1839) placed him in the first rank of French ethnologists. He became a member of the Institute in 1832. He wrote (in French) "On the Influence of Physical Agents on Life," (1824,) and other scientific works. Died 1842. Edwards, (HENRI MILNE.) See MILNE-EDWARDS. Edwards, (HENRY,) actor, born at Ross, England, August 27, 1830. He was manager and actor in Australia and San Francisco and actor in old man characters in Wallack's Theatre, New York. He was an ardent entomologist, and made an unsurpassed collection of lepidoptera. Died June 9, 1891. Edwards, (HENRY SUTHERLAND,) an English author, born at London in 1828. He published "History of the Opera," (1862,) "Private History of the Polish Insurrection," (1864,) "The Prima Donna,' (1888,) "The Romanoffs," (1890,) a few novels, and many plays. Edwards, (JOHN,) D.D., a learned English Calvinistic divine, born at Hertford in 1637, was a son of Thomas Edwards, author of "Gangræna." He became minister of Trinity College Church, Cambridge, in 1664. He wrote numerous works. Died in 1716. year he began to preach to a Presbyterian congregation About the close of 1757 Edwards left his field of labour among the Indians, and reluctantly accepted the position of president of Princeton College, in New Jersey. He died there, of the smallpox, in March, 1758. In person, Edwards was tall (above six feet) and Edwards, (JONATHAN,) the greatest metaphysician slender. He is said to have been, in middle life, much that America has produced, and one of the greatest that emaciated by intense and constant application to study. ever lived, was born at East Windsor, Connecticut, the "He had," says his grandson, "a high, broad, bold 5th of October, 1703. His father, Timothy Edwards, was forehead, and an eye unusually piercing and luminous; the minister at East Windsor, and was a man of rare and on his whole countenance the features of his mind learning for those times. Jonathan was the only son out-perspicacity, sincerity, and benevolence-were so of thirteen children. He began the study of Latin when strongly impressed, that no one could behold it withhe was but six years old. At a very early age he wrote out at once discovering the clearest indications of great essays and other compositions, indicating an inquiring intellectual and moral elevation.” (See “Life,” by Semind and reasoning powers of an uncommon order for reno E. Dwight.) one so young. When he was ten, he wrote a paper ridiculing the idea, which some one had advanced, of the materiality of the soul. While still a child, he was the subject of deep and earnest religious impressions. In a letter written at the age of twelve, he speaks of "a very remarkable outpouring of the Spirit of God" in his rative place, in which event he evidently felt a deep interest. He entered Yale College in 1716, and before leaving that institution as a graduate, in 1720, he is said to have completely reasoned out for himself his great doctrine of the freedom of the will. After his conversion, which, according to his view of the subject, did not take place until his seventeenth year, the whole universe seemed changed in his sight; God's excellency, wisdom, purity, and love were revealed to him "in the sun, moon, and stars, in the clouds and blue sky, and in the grass, flowers, and trees, in the water and in all nature." After taking his degree, he remained two years in New Haven, studying for the ministry; and before he had completed his nineteenth He left a great number of miscellaneous writings. The titles of his principal works are the following: "A Treatise concerning the Religious Affections," (published in 1746;) “An Inquiry into the Qualifications for Full Communion in the Church," (1749;) "An Inquiry into the Modern Prevailing Notions respecting that Freedom of the Will which is supposed to be essential to Moral Agency," etc., (1754 ;) (this is his most celebrated work, of which we have spoken above ;) "The Great Christian Doctrine of Original Sin Defended," (about 1757 ;) "The History of Redemption," (1774;) "A Dissertation concerning the End for which God created the World," (1789;) and "A Dissertation concerning the True Nature of Christian Virtue," (1788.) See SERENO EDWARDS DWIGHT, "Life of Jonathan Edwards," 1830; SAMUEL HOPKINS, "Life of Jonathan Edwards;" SAMUAL Biography," vol. viii.; ALLIBONE, "Dictionary of Authors:" GRISMILLER, "Life of Jonathan Edwards," in SPARKS's "American WOLD, "Prose Writers of America;" DUYCKINCK, "Cyclopædia of American Literature," vol. i. Edwards, (JONATHAN,) an eminent minister, born | at No hampton, Massachusetts, in 1745, was a son of the preceding. He graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1765, and was tutor at Princeton College for two years, (1767-68.) In 1769 he became pastor of the church at White Haven, near New Haven, Connecticut, where he remained until 1795, when he was dismissed on account of his religious opinions. He was appointed president of Union College, Schenectady, in 1799. He was a man of superior talents and great penetration. He published a number of sermons and treatises on theology. Died at Schenectady in August, 1801. Edwards, (JONATHAN W.,) an eminent American lawyer, grandson of the celebrated Jonathan Edwards, was born in New Haven. Connecticut, in 1772. He graduated at Yale, with distinguished honours, in 1789. On taking his second degree, in 1791, he attacked with so much ability the law granting a double portion of an estate to the eldest son (if the father died intestate) as to cause its repeal. He practised at Hartford. Died in 1831. Edwards, (JUSTIN,) D.D., an American divine and author, born in Westhampton, Massachusetts, in 1787. He graduated at Williams College in 1810, and was afterwards for fifteen years pastor at Andover, and two years in Boston, when he resigned his ministerial charge and devoted himself to the cause of temperance, the observance of the Sabbath, and to educational and lite rary labours. He was for six years president of the theological seminary at Andover. As secretary of the American Temperance Society, he prepared the "Temperance Manual," of which about two hundred thousand copies have been printed. He was also one of the founders of the Boston Tract Society. Died in 1853. Edwards, (MATILDA BETHAM-) See BETHAMEDWARDS. Edwards, (NINIAN,) an American judge and Senator, born in Montgomery county, Maryland, in 1775. He became chief justice of Kentucky, and Governor of Illinois in 1809. He represented Illinois in the Senate of the United States from 1818 to 1824, and became Governor of that State in 1826. Died in 1833. Edwards, (RICHARD,) an English dramatic poet, born in Somersetshire in 1523, was a Fellow of one of the Oxford Colleges. He was the principal contributor to the "Paradise of Dainty Devises," and author of "Damon and Pythias," a tragedy, acted in 1566. His poems were once popular. Died about 1566. Edwards, (THOMAS,) an English Presbyterian theologian, was a violent opponent of the Independents, against whom he wrote his "Gangræna," (1646,) a very vituperative work. He also wrote a "Treatise against Toleration," (1647.) He was driven out of the country, and died in Holland in 1647. Edwards, (THOMAS,) an English critic, born in or near London in 1699, was a student of law, but did not practise. He gained distinction by his "Canons of Criticism," (1747; 7th edition, 1765,) in which he amused the public at the expense of Warburton on the subject of an edition of Shakspeare published by the latter. Died in 1757. Edwards, (THOMAS,) an English divine, born at Coventry in 1729, became rector of a church in that place in 1758, and vicar of Nuneaton about 1770. He published, besides other works, a "New English Translation of the Psalms from the Original Hebrew,' (1755,) and "Selecta Theocriti Idyllia," (1779.) Died in 1785. Edwards, (WILLIAM HENRY,) naturalist, was born at Hunter, New York, March 15, 1822. He graduated at Williams College in 1842, was admitted to the New York bar, and in 1846 made a voyage up the Amazon, collecting natural history objects. Published " Voyage up the Amazon," (1847,) "The Butterflies of North America," (three series: 1879; 1884, 1897,) and Shaksper, not Shakespeare,' (1899.) Ed'win, King of Northumbria, was the son of King Ella, who died about 590 A.D. He began to reign in 617, and became one of the most powerful princes of the EFFIAT island. In his reign Christianity became the established religion. He was defeated in battle and slain by Penda, King of the Mercians, in 633 A.D. See HUME'S "History of England,” chap. i. Ed'win, (JOHN,) an excellent English comedian, born in London in 1749, first appeared on the public stage in 1765. He performed many years with success, especially in ludicrous characters. Died in 1794. See J. WILLIAMS, "Eccentricities of John Edwin," London, 1781. Saxons, born about 938 A.D., was the eldest son of EdEd'wy, written also Eadwig, King of the Anglomund I., who died in 946. Edwy became king at the death of his uncle Edred in 955. He appears to have incurred the enmity of Dunstan and the monks by marrying Elgiva, who was rather nearly related to him by blood. Edwy banished Dunstan, and the friends of the latter retaliated by murdering Elgiva and instigating a successful rebellion in favour of the king's brother, Edgar. Died or was killed in 958. See HUME'S "History of England," chap. ii. born in 1629 at Hamburg, where he taught Hebrew Edzardi, et-sar'dee, (ESDRAS,) a German Orientalist, with a high reputation. Died in 1708. professor of Oriental languages at Hamburg. His son GEORG ELEAZAR (1661-1727) was an eminent Edzardi, (SEBASTIAN,) a German theologian, brother of the preceding, born at Hamburg in 1673; died in 1736. Eeckhout, van den, vẫn den akʼhowt, written also Eckhout, (ANTON,) a Flemish painter of flowers and fruit, born at Bruges about 1656. He went with Louis de Deyster to Italy, where he produced many pictures, the figures of which were painted by Deyster. He afterwards worked with success in Lisbon, where he was assassinated in 1695. The author of the deed was never discovered. His works present an immense variety of flowers, and are highly prized. See DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands,” etc. Eeckhout, van den, (GERBRAND,) an excellent Dutch painter, born at Amsterdam in 1621. He was a pupil and successful imitator of Rembrandt, and ex celled both in history and portraits. His compositions, in the opinion of Descamps, are rich and judicious. He had a rare and superior talent for expressing the charac ter in the countenances of his portraits. Among his master-pieces are "Christ in the midst of the Doctors," "Abraham dismissing Hagar," " Haman and Mordecai," Sportsman with Hounds," and a portrait of his own father. Died at Amsterdam, October 22, 1674. 66 See DESCAMPS, "Vies des Peintres Flamands," etc. littérateur, born at Utrecht in 1684 In 1711 he began Effen, van, vin effen, (JUSTUS,) a popular Dutch to issue, weekly, in imitation of Addison's "Spectator," the end of 1712. He was chief editor of the "Literary "The Misanthrope," in French, which was continued to Journal," an able review, published in French at the Hague, (1715-18.) He was employed as secretary of embassy to London in 1715, and again about 1727, and made successful French translations of "Robinson Crusoe" and the "Tale of a Tub." From 1731 to 1735 he issued, in Dutch, the "Hollandsche Spectator," another happy imitation of the model English essayist, which obtained more permanent popularity than his other works. The most of his publications were anonymous. Died in 1735. See MORERI, "Dictionnaire Historique;" "Nouvelle Biographie Générale;" "Fraser's Magazine" for July, 1854 Effiat, (HENRY COIFFIER.) See CINQ-MARS. Efat, d', da'fe-', (ANTOINE Coiffier-kwa'fe-',) MARQUIS, a French general and statesman, born in 1581. After serving several years in the army, he was sent as ambassador to London in 1624, and was appointed superintendent of finances in 1626. As lieutenant-general, marshal of France the next year. He was a friend of he commanded in Piedmont in 1630, and was made Lord Bacon, who left him a legacy. He died in 1632, leaving a high reputation for civil and military talents. He had three sons, one of whom was Henry, Marquis of Cinq-Mars. See SISMONDI, "Histoire des Français," chap. xxiii. e as k; ças s; g hard; ġ as j; G, H, K, guttural; N, nasal; R, trilled; § as ; th as in this. See Explanations, p. 23.) |