Ferreira, (CHRISTOVÃO,) a Portuguese Jesuit, born about 1580 at Torres-Vedras, went as a missionary to Japan, where he remained twenty-four years, and suffered martyrdom at Nagasaki about 1652. Ferrel, (WILLIAM,) a self-taught meteorologist, born at Fulton, New York, January 29, 1817. While a teacher he wrote important papers on the winds and currents of the ocean, which attracted attention and gained him a position on the Coast Survey. In 1882 he was made professor of meteorology in the signal office in Washington. His papers were_numerous and valuable. He published "A Popular Treatise on the Winds," (1889.) Died September 18, 1891. Ferrer, fer-raiR', (BARTOLOME,) a Spanish navigator, was chief pilot of an expedition which, under Cabrillo, explored the coast of California in 1542. He succeeded to the command on the death of Cabrillo, January, 1543. Ferrer, (JAYME,) a Spanish cosmographer, was summoned to court in 1496, and employed to fix a line of demarcation which should separate the Spanish from the Portuguese possessions in the New World. was born at Perugia, December 9, 1610. He sang in Italy, Poland, Germany, and Sweden, and was everywhere greeted with enthusiasm. Died at Perugia in 1680. Ferri, (CIRO,) a distinguished Italian painter and architect, born in Rome in 1634, was a pupil of Pietro da Cortona, whose style he imitated successfully. He excelled as a fresco-painter, and assisted Pietro da Cor. tona in many of his great works. He is said to have been an almost universal artist. Died in 1689. Ferri, (GERONIMO,) a learned Italian writer, born in Romagna in 1713. He was appointed professor of rhetoric in the University of Ferrara by Pope Clement XIV. He was the author of various works. Died in 1766. Ferri, (PAUL.) See FERRY. Fer'ri-ar, (JOHN,) an English physician, born at Chester in 1764, wrote "Medical Histories and Reflections," (3 vols., 1792-98,) and "Illustrations of Sterne," (1798.) Died in 1815. Ferrier, (DAVID,) a Scotch physician, was born at Aberdeen in 1843, and graduated in the University Ferrer, fer-RaiR', (VINCENZO,) in Latin, Vincentius of Edinburgh in 1870. He accepted a professorship Ferrerius, known as SAINT VINCENT FERRER, a Span- in King's College, London, in 1873, and was elected ish Dominican, born at Valencia, January 23, 1357. He a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1876. He is published a "Tractatus de Moderno Ecclesiæ Schismate," and was famous throughout Christendom for his miracles, his preaching, and his success in converting Jews and Saracens. Died at Vannes, in France, April 5, 1419. Ferreri, fer-raʼree, (ANDREA,) an Italian sculptor and painter, born at Milan in 1673; died in 1744 Ferreri, (ZACCARIA,) a Latin poet, born in 1479 in Vicenza, Italy, was appointed by Pope Leo X., in 1519, Bishop of Guardia, in the kingdom of Naples. Died about 1530. Ferreras, de, då fer-rā'rås, (JUAN,) a learned Spanish ecclesiastic and historian, born near Astorga in 1652. He assisted in compiling the great Spanish Dictionary; but his principal work is his "Historical and Chronological Synopsis of Spain," (16 vols. 4to.) It comes down to 1588, and is highly esteemed for its accuracy. Died in 1735. Ferrers, (GEORGE) See FErrars. Fer'rers, (NORMAN MACLEOD,) D.D., an English mathematician, born at Prinknash Park, Gloucestershire, August 11, 1829. He studied at Eton, and graduated from Caius College, Cambridge, as senior wrangler, in 1847. He became a don of the university and a member of the senate, and in 1880 was made master of Caius College. He has published various works on the higher mathematics. Ferreti, fer-ra'tee, or Ferreto, fer-ra'to, [Lat. FERRE'TUS,] an Italian historian and poet, born at Vicenza about 1296, wrote a History of Italy from 1230 to 1318. Ferreti, (EMILIO,) a distinguished Italian jurist and egal writer, born in Tuscany in 1489, was secretary to Pope Leo X. He afterwards became counsellor to the Parliament of Paris, and French ambassador to Charles V. of Germany, whom he afterwards accompanied on his African expedition. Died in 1552. Ferreti, (GIOVANNI BATTISTA,) an Italian antiquary, born at Vicenza in 1639. He wrote "Musa Lapidaria Antiquorum in Marmoribus Carmina," (1672.) Died in 1682. Ferreti, (GIOVANNI DOMENICO,) a skilful Italian painter, born at Florence in 1692. His design is correct, and his colouring vivid. Died after 1750. Fer'rey, (BENJAMIN,) an English architect, born at Christ Church, in Hampshire, in 1810, was a pupil of A. Pugin. Among his principal structures are churches at Taunton and Eton, and Saint Stephen's Church, West minster. He is the author of a treatise "On the Antiquities of the Priory of Christ Church," (1834) His works are mostly in the Gothic style. Died in 1880. Ferri, fer'ree, or Ferro, fer'ro, [Lat. FERʼRIUS, (ALPHONSO,) an Italian physician, was first surgeon to Pope Paul III., and the author of several medical and surgical works. Died about 1580. Ferri, fer'Ree, (BALDASSARE,) an Italian soprano singer, one of the most famous of the evirati vocalists, specially known by his researches upon the brain, and his success in localizing its functions. His results are given in "The Functions of the Brain," (1876,) and The Localization of Cerebral Disease," (1879.) Our knowledge of the conditions of brain-disease, epilepsy, etc., is very largely due to his researches. Förʼri-er, (JAMES F.,) a British writer on moral philosophy, born in Edinburgh about 1808, was a sonin-law of Professor John Wilson. He was appointed professor of moral philosophy and political economy in the University of Saint Andrew's in 1845. His most important work is "Institutes of Metaphyics, the Theory of Knowing and Being," (1854) which was favourably received. Died in 1864. Ferrier, (JEAN,) a French Jesuit, born at Rodez in 1619, wrote against the Jansenists. He became con. fessor to Louis XIV. in 1670. Died in 1670 or 1674. (LOUIS,) a French poet, born in Arles in 1652; died in Ferrier, sometimes called erroneously Ferrière, 1721. Ferrier, (SUSAN E.,) a Scottish novelist, born in Edinburgh about 1782. She produced a number of successful novels, among which are "Marriage," (1818,) The Inheritance," (1824,) and "Destiny, or the Chief's Daughter," (1831.) Died in 1854. Ferrier, du, dü fa're-à', (ARNAUD,) a French jurist, born at Toulouse about 1506. He represented Henry II. of France at the Council of Trent, where he gave offence by his liberal sentiments. He afterwards avowed himself a Protestant, and became chancellor of Henry of Navarre. Died in 1585. See DE THOU, "Historia sui Temporis;" BAYLE, “Historica. and Critical Dictionary." Ferrière. See LA FERRIÈRE. Ferrières or Ferrière, de, deh fa're-air', (CLAUDE,) a distinguished French lawyer, born in Paris in 1639, was the author of numerous legal works. Died in 1714 Ferrieri, feR-Re-a'ree, (INNOCENZO,) an Italian cardinal, born at Fano, September 14, 1810. In 1861 he was created a cardinal-priest. He became prefect of the congregation of bishops and regular clergy, and of that of the discipline of the regular clergy, and a head of the examination of bishops in the sacred canons. D. 1887. Fer'ris, (GEORGE W.,) an American engineer, was born at Galesburg, Illinois, February 14, 1859. He studied engineering, and after being employed on important works he designed the gigantic revolving wheel which was a leading feature of the Columbian Exposition of 1893, and attracted attention by the engineering difficulties involved. Died in 1896. Ferro, del, (SCIPIONE,) an Italian mathematician, born at Bologna about 1465. He discovered a method to resolve equations of the third degree. Died about 1525, or after that date. Ferron, Le, lẹh fa’ròn', (ARNOUL,) a French jurist | Férussac, noticed below, was born in 1786 or 1784. He and historian, born at Bordeaux in 1515. He wrote, in published an important work, entitled "Natural History elegant Latin, a continuation of Paolo Emilio's "History of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca,” (1817,) and other of France," (1554-) Died in 1563. treatises on natural history. He founded and edited a valuable scientific journal, called "Bulletin universel des Sciences," (1823-30.) Died in Paris in 1836. Ferroni, fer-ro'nee, (GIROLAMO,) an Italian painter and engraver, born at Milan in 1687. Ferrucci, fer-root'chee, (ANDREA,) an Italian sculptor, born at Fiesole. He died at an advanced age in 1522. Ferrucci, (FRANCESCO,) surnamed DEL TADDA, a Florentine sculptor, who worked in porphyry. Died in 1585. Ferrucci, (NICODEMO,) a skilful painter of the Florentine school, born at Fiesole; died in 1650. Ferrucci, (POMPEO,) an Italian sculptor, born at Fiesole, lived at Rome. Died about 1625. Ferry, fa'Ree', (Jules François CAMILLE,) a French statesman, born at Saint-Dié, April 5, 1832. He became an advocate in Paris in 1854, and early won notice by his opposition to the empire. He was also active as a jour. nalist. In 1869 he attained a seat in the Corps Législatif. In the republic of 1870 he was government secretary, and took an active part against the communists. He was minister to Athens from 1872 to 1873, and minister of public instruction from 1879 to 1880. He was premier from 1880 to 1881, and in 1883 assumed the offices of premier and minister of public instruction. In 1890 he was made a senator. Died March 17, 1893. Férussac, de, (JEAN BAPTISTE LOUIS D'AUDEbard,) BARON, a French naturalist, born at Clérac, in Languedoc, in 1745. He was a captain in the navy before the Revolution. He wrote a work on fresh-water mollusca, (1807.) Died in 1815. Fesca, fès'kå, (Alexander ERNST,) a German musical composer, a son of F. E. Fesca, was born at Carls ruhe, May 22, 1820. He possessed superior and original talents. Died at Brunswick, February 22, 1849. Fesca, fès'kå, (FRIEDRICH ERNST,) a German musician and composer, born at Magdeburg in 1789. He produced a number of symphonies, overtures, etc., and two operas, entitled "Cantemira," and "Omar and Leila." Died in 1826. Fesch, fesh, (JOSEPH,) born in Corsica in 1763, was half-brother to the mother of Napoleon. Soon after the concordat concluded by Bonaparte with Pius VII. in 1801, Fesch was created Archbishop of Lyons, and in 1803 was made a cardinal. In 1805 he was appointed grand almoner, and senator of the empire. When offered Fěr'rý, (Orris S.,) an American Senator, born at the archbishopric of Paris, in 1809, Cardinal Fesch, Bethel, Connecticut, in 1823, became a lawyer, and set-offended by Bonaparte's unkindness to the pope, refused tled at Norwalk. He was elected a member of Congress the promotion, and in the Council of Paris, in 1810, boldly for the fourth district of Connecticut in 1859. Having condemned the conduct of the emperor. For this he entered the army as colonel in 1861, he was appointed a was banished to Lyons, where he remained until 1814 brigadier-general about March, 1862. He was elected After the battle of Waterloo he took refuge at Rome, to the Senate of the United States by the legislature of and died there in 1839. His celebrated collection of Connecticut for six years, March, 1867-73. Died 1875. pictures, medals, etc. was sold at auction. Ferry or Ferri, [Lat. FER'RIUS,] (PAUL,) an eloquent French Protestant minister, born at Metz in 1591. He preached in his native place more than fifty years, and acquired great influence. He wrote many theological works, among which is "Scholastici Orthodoxi Specimen," (1616.) Died in 1669. Fer'ry, (THOMAS WHITE,) an American legislator, was born at Mackinaw, Michigan, June 1, 1827. He was a member of the Michigan State legislature 1850, of the Senate 1856, of Congress 1864-71, and United States Senator 1871-83. He was several times president pro tem. of the Senate, and became acting vicepresident of the United States on the death of Henry Wilson in 1875. Died October 14, 1896. Fersen, von, (AXEL,) a Swedish general and senator, born about 1715. He was an active and prominent member of the Diet, and opposed the policy of Gustavus III. Died in 1794. Fersen, von, (AXEL,) COUNT, marshal of Sweden, a son of the preceding, born at Stockholm in 1750. He entered the French service, and fought for the United States, 1778-82. In the disguise of a coachman, he conducted Louis XVI. and his family out of Paris in his flight to Varennes, 1791. He returned to Sweden, and was appointed marshal of the kingdom about 1801. He was murdered in 1810 by a mob, who suspected him of complicity in the death of Prince Christian. See "Le Cardinal Fesch, Fragments biographiques," Lyons, 1841; THIERS, "Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire. Fessard, fa'str', (PIERRE ALPHONSE,) a French statuary, born in Paris in 1798; died in 1844. Fes'sen-den, (THOMAS GREEN,) an American satirical poet, born in Walpole, New Hampshire, in 1771, gradu. He produced a poem called "The Country Lovers,' ated at Dartmouth College in 1796, and studied law. which was very popular, went to England in 1801, and there published, in 1803, his humorous poem "Terrible Tractoration," (on the Metallic Tractors of Dr. Perkins.) He settled in Boston about 1804, and became the editor of the "New England Farmer." Died in 1837. See DUYCKINCK's "Cyclopædia of American Literature," vol. i. Fessenden, (WILLIAM PITT,) an American Senator, a son of the Hon. Samuel Fessenden, was born at Bos. cawen, New Hampshire, on the 16th of October, 1806. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1823, studied law, and began to practise at Portland, Maine, about 1828. In 1840 he was elected a member of Congress by the Whigs of Maine. He served in the legislature of that State in 1845 and 1846, after which he passed several years in the practice of his profession. He was elected a Senator of the United States by the legislature of Maine in 1853 or 1854, and about that time joined the Republican party. He acquired a high reputation as a debater, was re-elected a member of the United States Senate in 1859, and was appointed chairman of the comBio-mittee on finance. In July, 1864, he was appointed to the office of secretary of the treasury, rendered vacant by the resignation of Mr. Chase. He resigned this post about February, 1865, and in March of that year resumed his seat in the Senate, to which he had again been elected for a term of six years. He was one of the seven Republican Senators who decided that President Johnson was not guilty of high crimes or misdemeanours, May 16, 1868 Died in September, 1869. See LAMARTINE, "History of the Girondists;" "Nouvelle Ferté-Imbaut, de la, deh la fêr'tà' on bo', MAR- Ferté, La. See LA FERTÉ. Fertiault, fer'te'o', (FRANÇOIs,) a French poet and littérateur, born at Verdun in 1814. Ferus, fa'rus, (JOHANN,) a learned German ecclesiastic, whose original name was WILD, (Wilt,) born at Metz in 1494. He wrote commentaries on the books of the Old and New Testaments, which are commended by Dupin and Bayle. Died in 1554 Fess'ler, (IGNAZ AURELIUS,) a historian and novelist, born in Lower Hungary in 1756, was professor of Ori ental languages at Lemberg about 1784. His principal work is a "History of Hungary," (10 vols., 1812-25.) He also wrote several historical romances, and an interesting autobiography, (1826.) Died at Saint Petersburg in 1839. Férussac, de, dçh fa’rü’sāk', (ANDRÉ ÉTIENNE JUST Fessler, (JOSEPH,) a Tyrolese theologian, born at PASCAL JOSEPH FRANÇOIS d'Audebard-dōd'bar',) Lochau, December 2, 1813. He was ordained a Catholic BARON, a French naturalist, the son of Jean Baptiste priest in 1837, held professorships of history and canon ་ law at Brixen and in Vienna, and was called to Rome in 1861 as a consultor regarding the Oriental rites. In 1862 he was named Bishop of Nyssa, and in 1865 was translated to the see of Sanct Pölten in Austria. In 1869 he was made secretary of the Vatican Council. He made important contributions to the literature of the Vatican Council and the controversies which followed it. Died April 25, 1872. in 1775. His first important work was entitled “AntiHobbes, or on the Limits of Civil Power, and the Compulsory Right of Subjects against their Sovereigns," (1798;) and the same year he published his "Examination of the Crime of High Treason." In his "Review of the Fundamental Principles and Ideas of Penal Law," (2 vols., 1799,) and the “Library of Penal Law," he entirely remodelled the science of criminal jurisprudence, Festa, fes'ta, (CONSTANTINO,) an Italian musician and introduced into it most important and salutary and composer of madrigals, became a singer in the pon-reforms. In 1804 he brought out his “Critique of ■ tifical chapel at Rome in 1517. Died in 1545. Project of a Penal Code for Bavaria," in consequence Fes'tus, (PORCIUS,) a Roman officer, who in 62 A.D. of which he was soon after commissioned to draw up a succeeded Felix as Governor of Judea. He gained an criminal code for that kingdom, which also formed the honourable and durable distinction by his conduct in the basis of a reform in the penal codes of other German case of the Apostle Paul, who was arraigned before him states. In 1812 he published "Considerations on the by the Jews. (See Acts xxiv. 27, xxv. and xxvi.) Jury," in which he censures the defects of French legisFestus, (SEXTUS POMPEIUS,) a Latin grammarian, |lation, and in 1828 his "Exposition of Remarkable supposed to have lived in the third or fourth century. Crimes," one of his most celebrated works. Feuerbach His name is attached to a glossary entitled "De Significatione Verborum," ("On the Signification of Words,") which, though not preserved entire, is very important for the explanation of Latin grammar and Roman antiquities. It is an epitome of a work by M. Verrius Flaccus, which is lost. The epitome, however, contains valuable notes and criticisms added by Festus. Fétis, fa'tèss', (FRANÇOIS JOSEPH,) a Belgian composer, critic, and biographer, born at Mons in 1784. He became professor of composition in Paris in 1821, and founded in 1827 the "Revue Musicale," which was regarded as high authority. He composed several operas and pieces of sacred music. In 1833 he was appointed director of the Conservatory of Brussels. He published, besides several treatises on music, a "Universal Biography of Musicians," (8 vols. 8vo, 1834-44,) which is the most complete work on the subject. He also published, in 1869, a "General History of Music from the Earliest Times down to the Present," in 8 vols. Died in 1871. See a notice of M. FÉTIS, in his "Biographie Universelle des Musiciens;" GOLLMICK, "Herr Fétis als Mensch, Kritiker, etc.," 1852. Feuchère, fuh'shaiR', (JEAN JACQUES,) a French sculptor, born in Paris in 1807; died in 1852. was appointed about 1817 first president of the court of appeal at Anspach. In 1832 appeared his treatise entitled "Kaspar Hauser: an Instance of a Crime against a Soul," (Verbrechens am Seelenleben,) in which he gives the result of his investigations in that remarkable case. He was a firm opposer of all civil and ecclesiastical aggressions, and especially deserves the gratitude of man kind for the humanity he has infused into legislation. Died at Frankfort in 1833. See "Leben und Wirken Anselm von Feuerbach," by his son, 1852; "Nouvelle Biographie Générale." Feuerlein, foi'er-lin', (GEORG CHRISTOPH,) a German physician and writer, born at Nuremberg in 1694 or 1695; died in 1756. Feuerlein, (JAKOB WILHELM,) a German theologian, born at Nuremberg in 1689; died in 1776. Feuerlein, (JOHANN CONRAD,) a German jurist, born at Wöhrd in 1725; died at Nuremberg in 1788. Feugère, fuh'zhair', (LÉON JACQUES,) a French litté rateur, born at Villeneuve-sur-Yonne in 1810; died in 1858. Feuillade, de la, deh la fuh'yad', (FRANÇOIS d'Aubusson-do'bü'sON',) VICOMTE, chevalier of the order of Saint Louis, distinguished himself in the wars agains: the Spaniards and the Turks, and in 1675 was creates by Louis XIV. marshal of France. Died in 1691. Feuillade, de la, (LOUIS,) Duc, son of the preceding was created marshal of France in 1724 Died in 1725. Feuillet, fuh'ya', sometimes written Feuillée,(LOUIS,) a French botanist and astronomer, born near Forcalquier, in Provence, in 1660. He was the companion of J. Cassini in a geographical and hydrographical voyage to the Levant. Between 1703 and 1712 he travelled in South America. He published a "History of the Medicinal Feuchères, de, deh fuh'shair', (SOPHIE,) BARONNE, Plants of Peru and Chili," (3 vols., 1714,) and a "Journal born in the Isle of Wight in 1795. Her maiden name of Observations, Mathematical and Botanical, made on was DAWES. She was the mistress of the Duc de Bour- the Eastern Coasts of South America and in the West bon, who was found dead in his chamber in 1830. She Indies," (2 vols., 1714) Died at Marseilles in 1732. was suspected of being accessory to his death, but after trial was acquitted. Died in 1841. See "Nouvelle Biographie Générale." Feuchtersleben, von, fon foik'ters-lā bẹn, (EDUARD or ERNST,) a German philosopher and physician, born in Vienna in 1806. He published, besides other works, "Zur Diätetik der Seele," (1838.) Died in 1849. Feuillet, (OCTAVE,) a French littérateur, born at Saint-Lo (Manche) in 1821, wrote many popular novels, the best-known of which are "The Romance of a Poor Young Man," (1858,) "The Story of Sybille," (1862) "M. de Camors," (1867,) and "Julia de Trécœur," (1872,) and a number of plays, most of which are dramatizations of his novels. He was elected to the French Academy in 1862. Died December 29, 1890. Feuerbach, foi'er-båk', (ANSELM,) eldest son of the eminent jurist Paul Johann Alselm, noticed below, was Feuquières, de, deh fuh'ke-air', (ANTOINE de Pas born in 1798. He was the author of a work entitled-deh på,) MARQUIS, a distinguished French general, "The Apollo of the Vatican," and other archeological treatises. Died in 1851. Feuerbach, (FRIEDRICH HEINRICH,) an Orientalist, brother of the preceding, was born in 1806. He wrote Religion of the Future," (1843-47.) Died Jan. 24, 1880. Feuerbach, (Ludwig AndreaS,) a speculative philosopher and skeptic, a son of the celebrated jurist, was born at Anspach in 1804. He published, besides other works, a 46 History of Modern Philosophy from Lord Bacon to Spinoza," (1833,) and "The Essence of Christianity," ("Das Wesen des Christenthums," 1841.) He was a disciple of Hegel. Died September 13, 1872. See BROCKHAUS, "Conversations-Lexikon." Feuerbach, (PAUL JOHANN ANSELM,) an eminent German jurist and reformer of criminal law, born at Jena grandson of the following, was born in Paris in 1648. He served with eminent ability from 1667 until 1697. He wrote an able work on military tactics, entitled "Mémoires sur la Guerre," (4 vols., 1731.) Died in 1711. Feuquières, de, or Feuquière, (Manasses de Pas,) MARQUIS, a French general and diplomatist, born at Saumur in 1590. Having been sent on a mission to Germany after the death of Gustavus Adolphus, he formed an alliance with that country against Austria. He was killed at the siege of Thionville in 1640. His son ISAAC, also a general and ambassador, was appointed Viceroy of America in 1660. Died in 1688. Feutry, fuh'tRe', (AIMÉ AMBROISE JOSEPH,) a French littérateur, born at Lille in 1720; died in 1789. Féval, fa'vil', (PAUL,) a popular French novelist, FEVERSHAM 987 FICHTE See TICKNOR, "History of Spanish Literature;" CAMPOMANES "Vida de Feyjoo," prefixed to an edition of the works of Feyjoo, 33 vols., 1780. Feynes, de, deh fan, (HENRI,) a French traveller, born in Provence in the sixteenth century. He spent nearly eighteen years in Asia, and on his return published an account of his travels. born at Rennes in November, 1817. In 1844 he_pro- | much to the diffusion of science and good morals. Died duced, under the assumed name of Sir Francis Trolopp, at Oviedo in 1764. "The Mysteries of London," (II vols.,) followed by Captain Spartacus," (1845,) "The Iron Man," (1856) "The Duke's Motto," (1863,) "The Woman of Mystery,' (1864) "Thrice Dead," (1869,) "Château - Pauvre," (1877,) "Stepping-Stones and Conversions," (1877,) and "The Wonders of Mont St.-Michel," (1879.) D. 1887. Feversham, EARL OF. See DURFORT, (LOUIS.) Fèvre. See LE FEBVRE and LE FÈVRE Fèvre, Le, (ANNE) See DACIER, MADAME. Fèvre, Le, leh favR or leh fevR, (CLAUDE,) a French portrait-painter and engraver, born at Fontainebleau in 1633, was patronized by Louis XIV. He painted some subjects of sacred history. Died in London in 1675. Fèvre, Le, (JACQUES,) a French polemical writer on theology, born at Lisieux. He wrote against the Protestant doctrines. Died in 1716. Fèvre, Le, (JEAN BAPTISTE,) or Lefebvre de Ville. brune, a French philologist, born at Senlis in 1732 He was master of many ancient and modern languages. Among his chief works is a translation of Athenæus. He became professor of Hebrew and Syriac in the College of France in 1792. Died in 1809. Fèvre, Le, (NICOLAS,) [Lat. NICOLA'US FA'BER,] a French scholar, born in Paris in 1544, published a valuable edition of Seneca, with notes. As a critic he is highly commended by Lipsius and Scaliger. Died in 1611. Fèvre, Le, (ROLAND,) a French portrait-painter, born about 1605, worked in England, where he died in 1677. Fevret, feh-vR', (CHARLES,) a learned and distinguished French jurist, born in 1583 at Semur-en-Auxois. He wrote several works on canon law, one of which is entitled "Traité de l'Abus,” (1653.) Died in 1661. His son PIERRE, born in 1625, founded the public library of Dijon. Died in 1706. Fevret de Fontette, feh-vra' dẹh fōn'têt”, (CHARLES MARIE,) a learned French lawyer, a great-grandson of Charles Fevret, noticed above, was born at Dijon in 1710. He commenced a new edition of Lelong's "Bibliothèque historique de la France," and published one volume of that important work. Died in 1772. See Barbeau de la Bruyère, "Vie de Fevret de Fontette," 2 vols., 1775. Few, (WILLIAM,) COLONEL, an American patriot, born in Maryland in 1748, removed to Georgia about 1776. He was elected a member of Congress in 1780, and was a member of the Convention which framed the Federal Constitution in 1787. He served with distinction in several battles with the British and Indians. He was United States Senator from 1789 to 1793. Died in 1828. Feydeau, fa'do', (ERNEST AIMÉ,) a French author, born at Paris, March 16, 1821. He became a son-in-law of the economist Blanqui. Among his writings are "Sylvie," a work of much merit, "Fanny," (1858,) a clever novel, many licentious tales, and several plays, a "Histoire générale des Usages funèbres," (3 vols., 1857-61,) "Le Secret du Bonheur," (2 vols., 1864,) and “L'Allemagne en 1871," (1872.) His tone is generally morbid and unwholesome. He was of the realistic school. Died in Paris, October 28, 1873. Feydeau, fa'do', (MATHIEU,) a zealous French Jansenist, born in Paris in 1616, was one of the ecclesiastics expelled by the faculty of the Sorbonne for refusing to condemn Arnauld. He was the author of "Reflections on the History and Harmony of the Gospels," (2 vols., 1673.) Died at Annonay in 1694 Feyerabend, fi'er-a'bent, (SIGISMOND,) a German painter, engraver, and bookseller, born at Frankfort about 1526; died after 1585. Fezensac, de, dẹh fẹh-zỏn′zak', (Raymond ÉmERY PHILIPPE JOSEPH de Montesquiou-dẹh mòn'tes' ke-oo',) Duc, a French general of division, born in 1784, wrote "Souvenirs militaires de 1804 à 1814," (Paris, 1863,) which has a high reputation. Died in 1867. See VAPEREAU, "Dictionnaire universel des Contemporains,' 1858; "Edinburgh Review" for January, 1868. Ffoulkes, fōks, (EDMUND SALUSBURY,) an English divine, born at Eriviatt, in Denbighshire, January 12, 1819. He was educated at Oxford, became a tutor of Jesus College, and took orders. In 1855 he entered the Roman Catholic Church, but in 1870 again became a clergyman of the English Church. He published a "Manual of Ecclesiastical History," "Difficulties of the Day," and other works, including several controversial brochures. Died in 1894. Fiacchi, fe-åk'kee, (LUIGI,) an able Italian critic and poet, born at Scarperi, in Tuscany, in 1754, was sometimes called CLASIO. Died in 1825. See TIPALDO, "Biografia degli Italiani illustri." Fiacco, fe-åk'ko, or Flacco, flåk'ko, (ORLANDO,) a painter of the Venetian school, born at Verona, lived about 1550. Fialetti, fe-2-let'tee, (ODOARDO,) an Italian painter and engraver, born at Bologna in 1573, was a pupil of the celebrated Tintoretto. Died in 1638. Fialho, fe-al'yo, (MANOEL,) a Portuguese historian, born at Evora in 1659. He wrote a history of Evora, entitled "Evora gloriosa," (1728.) Died in 1718. See BARBOSA MACHADO, "Bibliotheca Lusitana." Fialho-Ferreira, fe-al'yo fer-ra'e-rå, (ANTONIO,) a Portuguese traveller and captain, was born at Macao. He commanded a fleet in 1633, after which he travelled by land from India to Lisbon, and returned by sea. He published a narrative of his travels in 1643. Fiamma, fe-åm'må, (GALVANEO,) an Italian historian, born at Milan in 1283, wrote a "History of Milan from the Origin of the City until the Year 1336." Died in 1344. Fiammingo, fe-åm-min'go, (ARRIGO,) a Flemish painter, whose name is not known. He worked in Rome for Pope Gregory XIII. Died about 1600. Fiammingo, fl,èl fe-âm-minʼgo, (or Fiamingo,) (“the Fleming,") the name given by the Italians to several artists of the Netherlands. See Calvart, (DenIS,) and DUQUESNOY, (FRANÇOIS.) Fiard, fè'R', (Jean Baptiste,) ABBÉ, a French priest, born at Dijon, November 28, 1736. He wrote much to prove the agency of evil spirits in influencing the course of history and of individual lives. Among his books are "Lettres philosophiques sur la Magie," (1803,) and "La France trompée par les Magiciens," (1803.) Died at Dijon, September 30, 1818. Fiasella, fe-å-sel'lå, (DOMENICO,) a painter of the Genoese school, born at Sarzana in 1589; died in 1669. Fibonacci. See LEONARDO DA PISA. Fichard, fe'shaR' or fikʼaRt, (JOHANN,) a German jurist, born at Frankfort in 1512; died in 1591. Ficherelli, fe-kå-rel'lee, or Ficarelli, fe-kå-rel'lec, (FELICE,) a skilful Florentine painter, born at San Gemigiano about 1605, was surnamed RIPOSO. Died in 1660. Fichet, fe'sha, (ALEXANDRE,) a French Jesuit and scholar, born in Savoy in 1588; died in 1659. Fichet, (GUILLAUME,) a French theologian and rhet. orician, born at Aunay, near Paris. He became rector of the University of Paris in 1467, and was employed in diplomacy by Louis XI. About 1470 he established in the Sorbonne a printing-press,-probably the first used in Paris. Feyjoo (or Feijoo) y Montenegro, fa-e-Ho' e monta-ngRo, (FRANCISCO BENITO JERONIMO,) a learned Spanish moralist and critic, sometimes called "the Spanish Addison," was born at Cardamiro in 1676, or, as others say, in 1701. He became a Benedictine monk, and abbot of the monastery of Oviedo. He attacked prevailing errors and prejudices in a series of essays, entitled "Teatro critico sobre los Errores comunes," (16 Fichte, fix'teh, (IMMANUEL HERMANN,) son of the vols. 8vo, 1738-46.) He also published "Cartas eruditas eminent philosopher Johann Gottlieb, was born at Jena y curiosas," (8 vols. 8vo, 1746-48.) His works contributed in 1797. He studied at Berlin, and became in 1842 See GIOVANNI CORSI, "Vita Ficini," written in 1506, published in 1772; SCHELHORN, "Commentarius de Vita et Scriptis M. Ficini :" NICERON, "Mémoires:" ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgemeine Ency klopaedie;" "BRUCKER, "History of Philosophy;" A. M. BANDINI, "Commentarius de Vita M. Ficini," 1771. professor of philosophy in the University of Tübingen. | MARSIL'IUS FICI'NUS; Fr. MARSILE FICIN, mår'sèl' fe'He is the chief of a school which affects, it has been said, såN',] a celebrated Italian philosopher and scholar, born a juste milieu between mysticism and materialism. He at Florence on the 19th of October, 1433. He was eduwrote numerous works relating to metaphysics, theology, cated by Cosimo de' Medici, studied Greek, and became etc., in some of which he sought to defend and explain an admirer of the Platonic philosophy. He was the the views of his father. His "Speculative Theology," president of the Platonic Academy founded at Florence in 3 vols., appeared in 1847. Died August 8, 1879. by Cosimo de' Medici about 1450, and produced a Latin Fichte, (JOHANN GOTTLIEB,) the second in order of translation of the works of Plato about 1484 "This the four great teachers of intellectual and moral phi- version," says Hallam, "has the rare merit of being at losophy in Germany, was born near Bischofswerda, in once literal, perspicuous, and in good Latin.” (“IntroUpper Lusatia, in 1762. He studied at the Universities duction to the Literature of Europe.") He wrote, of Jena, Leipsic, and Wittenberg. He afterwards spent besides other works, a "Life of Plato," "Theologia several years as private teacher in Zurich, where he Platonica de Immortalitate," (1488,) and "On the Chrisformed a friendship with the celebrated Pestalozzi. tian Religion," ("De Religione Christiana,” 1510.) Died Leaving Switzerland, he visited Leipsic, Warsaw, and in 1499. lastly Königsberg, where he became acquainted with Kant, and published anonymously his first important work, entitled an "Attempt at a Criticism of all Revelation," ("Versuch einer Kritik aller Offenbarung,") which attracted much attention and was at first generally attributed to Kant himself. The fame of this work procured Fichte a call to the chair of philosophy at Jena, where he developed his system of metaphysics, to which he gave the name of "Wissenschaftslehre," ("Doctrine or Principles of Science.") Having been accused of holding atheistical opinions, he resigned his professorship about 1799, and soon after made to the public an "Appeal against the Charge of Atheism," ("Appellation gegen die Anklage des Atheismus.") This, however, was considered by many not to be a successful refutation of the objections which had been made to his doctrines. He appears to have held that God was not a Being, properly so called, but a supreme Law, or rather a system of laws, intellectual, moral, and spiritual, without what we call "personality," or personal consciousness; although there are passages in his works which seem to indicate that sometimes, at least, his views approximated those of the Theists. He was afterwards for a few months professor of philosophy at Erlangen; but when Germany became the theatre of war he withdrew for a time to Königsberg. In 1810 he was made professor of philosophy in the new University at Berlin. Fichte took a deep interest in the cause of German independence, and employed all his influence and eloquence to stir up the patriotism of his countrymen against the domination of the French, during the contest which terminated in the fall of Napoleon in 1813. He died in January, 1814 Besides the different publications expounding his peculiar system of philosophy, his most important works are "On the Destination of Man,' ("Ueber die Bestimmung des Menschen,") "Foundatior of Natural Right," ("Grundlage des Naturrechts,") ane his "System of Ethics," ("System der Sittenlehre." His "Addresses to the German Nation" ("Reden an die Deutsche Nation") are replete with eloquence and fervid patriotism. His collected works were published in 8 vols., (Berlin, 1845-46.) "Among the illustrious four whose names are most intimately associated with the recent movement in German philosophy," says Professor Hedge, "his [Fichte's] function is that of moralist; a preacher of righteousness. ... Few philosophers have so honoured their theories with personal illustrations. He carried his philosophy into life and his life into philosophy, acting as he spoke, from an eminence above the level of the world." ("Prose Writers of Germany.") See, also, IMMANUEL HERMANN FICHTE, "J. G. Fichte's Leben," etc., a vols., 1830; CARL BEYER, "Zu Fichte's Gedächtniss," 1835; WILLIAM SMITH, "Memoir of J. G. Fichte," 1846; WILHELM BUSSE J. G. Fichte und seine Beziehung zur Gegenwart des Deutschen Volkes," a vols., 1848-49; "Leben des Philosophen und Professors J. G. Fichte," Bautzen, 1851: ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie;" RITTER, "History of Philosophy:" G. H. LEWES, "Biographical History of Philosophy:" DE RÉMUSAT, "De la Philosophie Allemande :" "Nouvelle Biographie Générale:" "Foreign Quarterly Review" for October, 1845. Fick, (ADOLF,) a German biologist, born at Cassel, September 3, 1829. He graduated in 1852 as M.D. at Zurich, where he was professor of physiology from 1856 to 1868, and afterwards held a professorship at Würzburg. His writings relate chiefly to anatomical and physiological subjects. Fick, (AUGUST,) a German philologist, born at Petershagen, May 5, 1833. In 1876 he was appointed to a professorship of comparative philology at Göttingen, and at Breslau in 1887. Retired in 1891. He published a valuable Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-European languages, and other important works. Ficoroni, fe-ko-ro'nee, (FRANCESCO,) an Italian scholar and antiquary, born near Rome in 1664 He was the author of numerous works, chiefly on Roman antiquities. Died in 1747. Ficquelmont, fe'kél'mòn', (Karl Ludwig,) a distinguished general and diplomatist, born in Lorraine in 1777. He served in the Austrian army in the principal campaigns against the French, and became lieutenantfield-marshal in 1830. Died in 1859. Ficquet, fe'ka, (ETIENNE,) a distinguished French engraver, born in Paris in 1731; died in 1794Fidani, fe-da'nee, (ORAZIO,) a Florentine painter, born about 1610; died after 1642. Fidanza, fe-dán'ză, (FRANCESCO,) a skilful painter of landscapes and marine views, born in 1747, belonged tc the Roman school. Died in Milan in 1819. His brother GREGORIO was also a landscape-painter. Died about 1821. Fiddes, fidz or fid'des, (RICHARD,) an English writer, and a priest of the Anglican Church, born near Scar borough in 1671. He became rector of Halsham about 1694. He published a "System of Divinity," (2 vols., 1718-20,) and a "Life of Cardinal Wolsey," (1724,) in which he showed himself so unjust to the Reformers that he was suspected of being a Roman Catholic. Died in 1725. Fidelis, fe-da'lèss, (FORTUNIO,) an Italian physician, born in Sicily about 1550, wrote a work on legal medicine, (1602.) Died in 1630. Fidelis of Sigmaringen, SAINT, a German monk, originally named MARCUS ROY. He was born at Sigmaringen in 1577, became a lawyer at Ensisheim in 1611, and in the same year took the vows of a Capuchin. He preached with zeal in Switzerland and the Tyrol. He was murdered by peasant insurgents, April 22, 1622. Fidenza or Fidanza, (JOHN.) See BONAVENTURA SAINT. Field, (BARRON,) an English lawyer and botanist, born probably in London about 1786. He published "An Analysis of Blackstone's Commentaries," (1811,) and "Memoirs of New South Wales," (1826.) Died in 1846. Field, (CYRUS W.,) an American merchant, distinFichtel, fik'tel, (JOHANN EHRENREICH,) a distinguished by his successful efforts to open telegraphic guished mineralogist, born at Presburg, in Hungary, in communication between Europe and America, was born 1732. He wrote, besides other works, "Memoirs upon at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, in 1819. He acquired a the Mineralogy of Transylvania." Died in 1795. fortune by trade in the city of New York, whither he had Ficino, fe-chee'no, (MARSILIO, maR-see'le-o,) [Lat. removed before he was of age. About 1854 he procured a charter for a telegraph from the American continent to Newfoundland, designing to connect it with a submarine • Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. |