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Genovesi. Italian; that Genovesi should be the first professor; and that, after his death, no ecclesiastic should succeed him.

Genovesi opened his first course of lectures on the 5th of November 1754, with great success. The novelty and the interest of the subject, the eloquent style and agreeable manner of the professor, attracted a crowd of auditors, and made a deep and lively impression. Nothing was talked of but agriculture and commerce. To gratify the taste of the public for these new inquiries, he afterwards published his Lectures on Commerce, and Carey's Account of the Trade of England, translated into Italian by his brother, and enriched with Notes by himself. His Lectures on Commerce was indisput ably the most interesting work he had hitherto published. There are some errors, indeed, in his method, and even in his doctrines; but the work contains many important truths relative to every department of public administration, and a good application of analysis to subjects which had not hitherto been sufficiently investigated. Finally, it had the merit of being the first work which introduced into Italy, and particularly into the kingdom of Naples, a taste for the study of political economy.

The great success of these lectures, which were delivered in Italian, induced Genovesi to draw up a complete code of philosophy in that language. It was at this time the custom in Italy, and particularly at Naples, to teach every thing in Latin; a practice which prevented knowledge from spreading among those classes to whom that language was not familiar; and the Neapolitans, at that period, wanted education perhaps more than any other people. He had published, in Italian, his Meditazioni Filosofiche, on religion and morals, and his Lettere Accademiche, on the utility of the arts and sciences; a treatise written in opposition to the well known work of Rousseau on that subject. Following out his plan, he began to recast all his Latin works, to improve their form, and to give them a more interesting character. The first which he published was his treatise on Logic; a work which went through several editions. He afterwards published his Metaphysics, divided into three parts; the first containing an essay on cosmology, the second on theology, and the third on anthropology. In 1767, he published part of a work on the Science of the Rights and Duties of Man; but this work was never completed. In all his writings, and particularly in his Meditations and Letters, the style is somewhat affect

ed; at the same time, they present us with a good ex- Genovesi. position of the ideas and systems of the most celebrated philosophers.

After the suppression of the order of the Jesuits, when it became à question with the government, whether they ought to be reinstated in their superintendence of public instruction, Genovesi was consulted, and his advice was, to replace the scholastic chairs, by schools of mathematics, physics, and history; and he proposed one chair for the illustration of Cicero's Offices.

From the commencement of the year 1763, Genovesi had felt the symptoms of a dangerous malady; but he continued to teach and to write to the last day of his life; and before his death, he had the satisfaction of witnessing the great success of his labours. Since the days of Telesius and Campanella, no School had more credit and celebrity at Naples than that of Genovesi. Pupils, some of them men of the most illustrious rank, flocked to his lectures; and those who heard him generally adopted his ideas and followed his maxims. He handled the most abstruse subjects in the most agreeable manner, and in a style almost poetical; a circumstance which gave him a great command over the attention, as well as over the judgment, of his pupils. Indeed, all that Italy has since produced in philosophical and economical science may be said to have originated in the School which he founded. He died of an attack of dropsy, on the 22d of September 1769, aged about fifty-seven.

Such is the account of Genovesi given in the Biographie Universelle. (Tome XVII. p. 86.) The following list of his works is taken from Fabroni:* 1. Disciplinarum metaphysicarum Elementa mathemati cum in morem adornata, 1744-1751, 4 vols. 8vo. 2. Elementorum artis logico-criticæ libri quinque, Naples, 1745. 3. Discorso sopra alcuni trattati d'Agricoltura, Ibid. 1753. 4. Lettere Accademiche, Ibid. 1764. 5. Storia del Commercio della Gran Brettagna, &c. 1757. 6. Delle Lezioni di Commercio. 7. Discorso sopra l'Agricoltura, with a translation of Tull's Husbandry. 8. Discorso sul volgarizzamento del Saggio Francese sull' Economia de' grain, Naples, 1765. 9. Meditazioni Filosofiche sulla religione e sulla morale, Ibid. 1766. 10. Della Diceosina, o sia della filosofia del giusto e dell' onesto, 1766-1776, 3 vols. 11. Universæ Christianæ Theologia elementa dogmatica, historica, critica, a posthumous work, Venice, 1771, 2 vols. 4to. (H.)

* Fabroni, Vita Italorum doctrina excellentium qui sæculis 17 et 18 floruerunt.

GERMANY.

Germany. WHEN the Encyclopædia was published, this great portion of Europe was involved in the confusion created by the French Revolution; its general boundaries, as well as those of each particular state, were undefined; its policy, laws, and systems of government depended on the persons who ruled in France; and neither its forces, revenues, or constitutions, could be considered as other than ephemeral.

Boundaries.

Surface.

The general peace that now prevails has at length rendered the limits of each state certain. The contingents of troops which each is to furnish, and the degree of weight each is to have in the assembly that is to unite them into one political body, depending on the amount of the population, a census has almost universally been taken, of the accuracy of which there seems no reason to doubt.

Within the limits of Germany are portions of kingdoms, parts of whose territory are not within the sphere of the confederation; thus Austria, Prussia, the Netherlands, and Denmark, have parts only of Germany within their dominions, and, therefore, will here receive such notice as is merely necessary to give a view of the whole of Germany. Austria and Denmark have already been noticed in this Supplement, and the kingdoms of the Netherlands and of Prussia will occur in their alphabetical order.

The four kingdoms of Bavaria, Hanover, Saxony, and Wirtemberg, are too important to be wholly included in a general article. Bavaria has been already treated of separately, and the other three will be noticed in their proper places.

According to its present boundaries, Germany extends from 45° to 54° 20′ north latitude, and from 5o 43" to 20" 50" east longitude from London. It is bounded on the north by the German Ocean, by Denmark and the Baltic Sea; on the east, by West Prussia, Poland, Cracow, Gallicia, and Illyria; on the south, by the Adriatic Sea, Italy, and the Helvetic provinces; on the east, by France, and the kingdom of the Netherlands. Its whole extent, including rivers and lakes, is 248,832 square English miles.

The southern part of Germany is either covered or penetrated with steep mountains, one part of which extends from the Alps and the other from the Carpathian hills. These mountains gradually lose themselves in advancing northward; and from the last of them, the Hartz, upon the confines of Hanover, begins that vast plain, which extends over the north of Germany, through Prussia, and Poland, and a considerable part of Russia. This plain was probably covered by the water long after the more southern parts had emerged from the ocean, the evidences of which are apparent in the turf moors of the sandy districts, where expensive embankments and dikes are necessary to preserve the land from inundation.

The soil is generally productive. The plains in

the north have indeed much arid sandy land, but Germany. nature has provided along the borders of the rivers some rich and fruitful soils, where the most abundant harvests are gathered. The south has also on its mountains much barren or slightly productive land; but the beautiful vallies and small plains between the hills rival in fertility the best alluvial lands on the banks of the northern rivers. In general, the Soil. soil in the north is heavy, and in the south light, the former most adapted for corn, and the latter for vines. The best soil is in the middle between the mountains and the sandy plains. In Bohemia, Silesia, Franconia, Saxony, and on the Rhine, the proportion of good soil is very much greater than in the north or the south.

Some of the loftiest mountains of Germany are Mountains. those springing from the great mass of the Alps, and divided into the Rhetian and the Noric; and several of the peaks of those reach the line of perpetual snow. The eastern branch of the Noric chain runs through the Austrian dominions, and loses one part of that chain in Silesia, whilst another enters Hungary. The other branch runs through Bavaria and Wirtemberg, to the west of the Black Forest; and is connected with the Odenwald, the Fichtelberge, and the mountains of Thuringia. It stretches to the Hartz, and the mountains through which the Weser forces its passage; soon after which it is lost. Several other chains branch from these greater ones; and some of their peaks attain a considerable elevation. The principal mountains, and their height above the level of the sea, are as follows: but, in their progress to the north, their gradual declension in height is remarkable :

The Ortel, in the Rhetian Alps,
The Grossglockner, in the same,
The Vichbachhorn, in the Noric Alps,
The Terklon, in the Carnic Alps,
The Hochvogel, in the Alguer Alps,
The Grosenberg, in the Styrian Alps,
The Eisenhuth, in the Julian Alps,
The Schneeberg (near Vienna), in the Noric
Alps,

Feet.

14,416

11,982

10,826

9,744

9,000

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8,380

7,680

6,858

6,062

5,365

4,950

4,610

4,282

4,280

3,731

3,640

3,621

3,489

3,326

2,985

2,791

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The Olscher, in the Noric Alps,
The Traunstein, in the same,
The Schneekuppe, in the Reisenberg,
The Feldberg, in the Schwartzen wald,
The Rachel, in the Bohemian forest,
The Speiglitzer, in the Macher mountains,
The Fichtelberg, in the Erzebirge,
The Dammersfeld, in the same,
The Schneeberg, in the Fichtelgebirge,
The Brocken, in the Hartz,
The Hohe-Eule, in the Glatzgerbirge,
The Beerberg, in Thuringia,
The Inselberg, in the same,

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