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national park in the technical sense, but merely had been withdrawn from settlement or sale. The ideal status of the Hot Springs National Park was more merely that of a monument than that of a park.

Prior to 1917 all the parks were administered in the office of the Secretary of the Interior.

In 1906 an "act for the preservation of American antiquities" authorized the President to set aside any lands owned or controlled by the government containing "historic landmarks, historic or prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest," as "national monuments.” 5

In 1913 the Secretary of the Interior assigned the Assistant to the Secretary to the administration of the parks. On June 5, 1914, a General Superintendent and Landscape Engineer was appointed, to reside at San Francisco, to have general supervision over all the park superintendents. Two years later there was statutory authority for the Secretary to employ a General Superintendent in the District of Columbia, and the office of the General Superintendent was moved from San Francisco to Washington.

In 1919 the Grand Canyon National Park was created, and provision made for letting privileges, leases, etc., at public auction "to the best and most responsible bidder." In 1920, the government accepted the cession of Sequoia, Yosemite, and General Grant Parks from California, and provided for a change of penalties for violation of rules and regulations established by the Secretary of the Interior. When the National Park Service was organized, there were 17 national parks and 21 national monuments. Since then Casa Grande ruin has been reclassified as a national monument, instead of a national park, thus reducing the number of parks, with those that have been added, to 19, and, 10 other monuments having been added, the number of monuments increased to 30. The area of proposed addition to Yellowstone was set aside by Executive Orders No. 2905, of July 8, 1918, and No. 3394, of January 28, 1921, under congressional authority.

4. Organization

(a) Washington Administration.

(1) The Director.-The Director, in addition to supervising the National Park Service, is a member of the New National Capital Park Commission, having to do with the enlargement and development of the park system of the District of Columbia. The Act approved June 6, 1924, in creating this new commission, prescribed that the Chief of Engineers of the Army, the Engineer Commissioner for the District, the Director of the National Park Service, the Chief of the Forest Service, the Officer in Charge of Public Buildings and Grounds, and the Chairman of the Senate and House Committees on the District of Columbia shall constitute its

5 Act June 8, 1906 (34 Stat. 225 [Comp. St. §§ 5278-5281]).

6 Act Feb. 28, 1916 (39 Stat. 23); Act July 1, 1916 (39 Stat. 309).

7 Act Feb. 26, 1919 (40 Stat. 1175 [Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, §§ 5249vv-5249zz]).

8 Act June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. 731).

Act June 25, 1910 (36 Stat. 847); Act Aug. 24, 1912 (37 Stat. 497 [Comp. St. § 4524]).

membership. The commission, or a majority thereof, is authorized and directed to acquire such land as in its judgment is necessary and desirable in the District of Columbia and adjacent areas in Maryland and Virginia, within the limits of the appropriations made for such purposes, for suitable development of the national capital park, parkway, and playground system, the land to be acquired either by purchase or condemnation proceedings. An annual appropriation for park extension in and about Washington of not to exceed 1 cent for each inhabitant of continental United States is authorized, and this would now total something over $1,000,000.

(2) Assistant Director.

(3) Assistant in Operations and Public Relations.

(4) Chief Clerk.

(b) Field Service.-General office at Yellowstone Park, Wyoming.

(1) Field Assistant to the Director.

(c) Civil Engineering Division.-General office at 811 Couch Building, Portland, Or.

(1) Chief Civil Engineer.

(d) Landscape Engineering Division.-General office at Yosemite, Cal.

(e) Educational Division.-General office at Berkeley, Cal.

(1) Chief Park Naturalist.

(f) The National Parks.

Crater Lake, Superintendent, Medford, Or.

Glacier, Superintendent, Belton, Mont.

Grand Canyon, Superintendent, Grand Canyon, Ariz.

Hawaii, Superintendent, Volcano House, Hawaii.

Hot Springs, Hot Springs, Ark.

Lafayette, Bar Harbor, Me.

Lassen Volcanic, Cal.

Mesa Verde, Superintendent, Mancos, Colo.

Mt. McKinley, Superintendent, McKinley Park, Alaska.

Mt. Ranier, Superintendent, Ashford, Wash.

Platt, Superintendent, Sulphur, Okl.

Rocky Mountain, Superintendent, Estes Park, Colo.

Sequoia, Superintendent, Three Rivers, Cal.

General Grant, Acting Superintendent, Three Rivers, Cal.
Sully's Hills, Acting Superintendent, Fort Totten, N. D.

Wind Cave, Superintendent, Hot Springs, S. D.
Yellowstone, Superintendent, Yellowstone Park, Wyo.
Yosemite, Superintendent, Yosemite National Park, Cal.
Zion, Acting Superintendent, Springdale, Utah.

(g) The National Monuments.10

Aztec Ruin, Custodian, Aztec, N. M.

Capulin Mountain, Custodian, Capulin, N. M.

10 Where no custodian is indicated, there is no incumbent, or none is provided for.

Carlsbad Cave, Custodian, Carlsbad, N. M.
Casa Grande, Custodian, Blackwater, Ariz.
Chaco Canyon, Custodian, Crown Point, N. M.
Colorado, Custodian, Grand Junction, Colo.
Craters of The Moon, Arco, Idaho.
Devil's Tower, Custodian, Hulett, Wyo.
Dinosaur, Utah.

El Morro, Custodian, Ramah, N. M.

Fossil Cycad, Custodian, Minnekahta, S. D.

Gran Quivira, Custodian, Gran Quivira, N. M.
Hovenweep, Custodian, Mancos, Colo.

Katmai, Alaska.

Lewis and Clark, Mont.

Montezuma Castle, Custodian, Camp Verde, Ariz.

Muir Woods, Custodian, Mill Valley, Cal.

Natural Bridges, Custodian, Blanding, Utah.

Navajo, Custodian, Kayenta, Ariz.

Papago Saguaro, Custodian, Tempe, Ariz.

Petrified Forest, Custodian, Holbrook, Ariz.

Pinnacles, Custodian, Pinnacles, San Benito County, Cal.

Pipe Spring, Cedar City, Ariz.

Rainbow Bridge, Utah.

Scotts Bluff, Gering, Neb.

Shoshone Cavern, Wyo.

Sitka, Custodian, Sitka, Alaska.

Tumacacori, Acting Custodian, Blackwater, Ariz.

Verendrye, Custodian, Sanish, N. D.

Yucca House, Colorado.

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CHAPTER 33

ALASKA RAILROAD

1. Origin and Mission

The official origin of the Alaska Railroad was the creation of an Alaskan Engineering Commission in 1914.1 That legislation authorized the President to locate, construct, operate or lease a railroad or railroads, to connect the interior of Alaska with one or more of the open navigable ports on the coast; to purchase existing railroads, to construct, maintain, and operate telegraph and telephone lines, and to reserve public lands in Alaska necessary for the purposes in that connection.

2. History

The President appointed a commission of three engineers to make the necessary surveys.

The President placed the general administration of the work under the Secretary of the Interior, and the engineers were directed to report to the Secretary. When the preliminary surveys were complete the President, by executive order, selected the route for the railway from the coast to the interior and construction was begun in 1915, still under the general direction of the Secretary of the Interior. The road was completed in July 1923 and on the fifteenth of that month the event was commemorated by the late President Harding who drove a golden spike at North Nenana, in the presence of members of the President's Cabinet.

On August 15, 1923, the Secretary of the Interior directed the designation of the Alaskan Engineering Commission be charged to Alaska Railroad to signalize the operating status of the road.

On October 1, 1923, a general manager was appointed to take charge of all activities of construction, maintenance and operation.

4.

Organization

(a) The General Manager has his office at Anchorage, Alaska.

(b) The Purchasing Agent is at Seattle, Wash.

(c) The Chief Clerk in the Department of the Interior.

Publications

(a) Alaska Railroad Commission. Railway Routes in Alaska. Report of Alaska Railroad Commission, with maps and profiles. 1913, 2 parts, 172 pages, with separate case of maps and profiles. Obtainable from Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., $1.25 per set.

(b) Hearings on bill to construct railroad and telegraph line in Alaska, and bill to aid in construction of railroad and telegraph and telephone line in Alaska.

1 Act March 12, 1914 (38 Stat. 305 [Comp. St. §§ 3593a-3593d]).

69 pages. Obtainable from Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., 5 cents.

(c) Railway routes from Pacific Seaboard to Fairbanks. Includes description of government publications and records relating to railway routes. Obtainable from Superintendent of Documents, 50 cents.

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