(b) To the appropriate one of the six geographical divisions under the Undersecretary, for political or economic inquiries as to the relations of the United States with any foreign country; e. g., as to Cuba and the Platt Amendment, consult the Division of Latin-American Affairs; as to recognition of Russia, the Division of Eastern European Affairs.

(c) Division of Foreign Service Administration.

(cl) Whereabouts and welfare of Americans abroad.

(c2) Consular protection of American interests.

(c3) Settlement of estates of deceased Americans abroad.

(d) Division of Passport Control.

(d1) By and to Whom Issued.-Passports are issued only by the Secretary of State, except in emergency abroad a temporary passport may also be obtained from such diplomatic or consular officers, and from such chief executive officers of the insular possessions of the United States, as the President shall designate.19 They are obtainable by persons owing allegiance to the United States.20 (d2) Application.-A blank form of application should be obtained from

21

a clerk of court, passport agency, or from the Department of State. Ask for the form applicable to (1) native citizen; or (2) naturalized citizen; 22 or (3) person claiming citizenship through naturalization of parent or husband.

Affidavit of Applicant.-A person who is entitled to receive a passport, if within the United States, must submit a written application in the form of an affidavit, to the Secretary of State. The application should be made by the person to whom the passport is to be issued, and signed in full by him, as it is not proper for one person to apply for another.23 If the applicant signs by mark, two attesting witnesses to his signature are required.

The affidavit must be made before a clerk of a federal court or a state court authorized by the Act of Congress of June 29, 1906, to naturalize aliens, within the jurisdiction of which the applicant or his witness resides, and the seal of the court must be affixed, unless there is in such place an agent of the Department of State, in which case the application must be made before such agent.

assport agents have offices at the custom houses in New York, San Francisco, and Boston; in Post Office Building, New Orleans, Transportation Building, Chicago, and White Building, Seattle. It is al

19 R. S. §§ 4075, 4078, amended by Act June 14, 1902, c. 10SS (32 Stat. 386 [Comp. St. §§ 7623, 7628]).

20 R. S. § 4076, amended by Act June 14, 1902, c. 1088 (32 Stat. 386 [Comp. St. § 7624]). See. also, Act March 2, 1907, § 2 (34 Stat. 1228 [Comp. St. § 3959]), and Act May 9, 1918, § 1, subd. 12 (40 Stat. 545 [Comp. St. 1918, Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, § 4352]).

21 Const. U. S. Amend. art. 14, § 1; R. S. § 1992, 1 Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1268, Comp. St. § 3946; R. S. § 1993, 1 Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1268, Comp. St. § 3947; Act March 2, 1907, § 6 (34 Stat. 1229 [Comp. St. § 3963]).

22 See Act March 2, 1907, § 2 (34 Stat. 1228 [Comp. St. § 3959]).

23 Act June 15, 1917, title 9, § 1 (40 Stat. 227 [Comp. St. 1918, Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, 7628a]).

ways preferable that the application be made at or near the place where the applicant resides. Where the application is not made near applicant's residence, the applicant must give the name and address of a reputable person residing in the place where the applicant resides, so that the clerk of court, or the department's agent, or the department itself may make the necessary inquiries of such person. Where it is necessary to make such inquiries by telegraph, the applicant will be required to bear the expense thereof. (d3) Women's Application.24-A married woman should sign her own christian name or names, with her husband's family name. If she is unmarried, she should state, if a fact, that she never has been married. If she is the wife or widow of a native citizen of the United States, the fact should be made to appear in her application, which should be made according to the form prescribed for a native citizen, whether she was born in this country or abroad. If she is the wife or widow of a naturalized citizen, she must transmit for inspection her husband's certificate of naturalization or a certified copy of the court record thereof, must state that she is the wife (or widow) of the person described therein, and must set forth the facts of his birth, emigration, naturalization, and residence, as required in the rules governing the application of a naturalized citizen.

It is essential that a married woman's marital relation be indicated in her application for a passport, because her citizenship follows that of her husband, except where the marriage is contracted after September 22, 1922, or the husband is naturalized after that date; therefore her husband's citizenship must be established. (d4) The Child of a Naturalized Citizen Claiming Citizenship through the Naturalization of the Parent.25 The applicant must state that he or she is the son or daughter, as the case may be, of the person described in the certificate of naturalization, which must be submitted for inspection, and must set forth the facts of emigration, naturalization, and residence, as required in the rules governing the application of naturalized citizen.

(d5) A Resident of an Insular Possession of the United States Who Owes Allegiance to the United States.26-In addition to the statements required under (d2), supra, the applicant must state that he owes allegiance to the United States, and that he does not acknowledge allegiance to any other government, and must sub

24 Sec. R. S. § 1994, 1 Comp. St. 1901, p. 1268, Comp. St. § 3948; Act March 2, 1907, §§ 3-4 (34 Stat. 1228, 1229 [Comp. St. §§ 3960, 3961]); Act Sept. 22, 1922 (42 Stat. 1021).

25 R. S. § 1993 (Comp. St. § 3947) and Act March 2, 1907, § 6 (34 Stat. 1229 [Comp. St. § 3963]).

26 See Treaty with Spain, ratified April 11, 1899, art. 9 (30 Stat. 1759); Act April 12, 1900, §7 (31 Stat. 79 [Comp. St. § 3754]); Act July 1, 1902, § 4 (32 Stat. 692); Act March 2, 1917, § 5 (39 Stat. 953 [Comp. St. § 3803bb]); Treaty ratified with Denmark Jan. 17, 1917 (39 Stat. 1712).

mit affidavits from at least two credible witnesses who are able to corroborate his statements as to birth, residence, and loyalty. (d6) Witnesses.-The application must be supported by an affidavit of at least one credible witness in which the witness must swear for what length of time he has known the applicant; that the applicant is the person he represents himself to be; and that the facts stated in the application are true to the best of the witness' knowledge and belief. This affidavit must be made before the clerk of court or the department's agent before whom the application is executed, and the witness must accompany the applicant when he makes his application. The witness should, where possible, be an American citizen residing within the jurisdiction of the court or the department's agent, and established in a recognized profession, business, or employment. The witness should have known the applicant for at least two years, but exception may be made in exceptional cases, where the applicant is otherwise identified. The witness, in signing the application, should state the nature of his profession, business, or employment and his professional or business address or place of employment. The applicant or his witness must be known to the clerk of court or the department's agent before whom the application is executed, or must be able to satisfy such officer as to his identity and the bona fides of the application.

(d7) Photographs.-The application must also be accompanied by duplicate photographs of the applicant, on thin paper, unmounted, and not larger than 3 by 3 inches. One must be attached to the back of the application by the clerk of the court or the department's agent before whom the application is made, with an impression of such officer's seal so placed as to cover part of the photograph but not the features, and the other sent loose, to be attached to the passport by the department. The loose photograph must be signed by the applicant across its face so as not to obscure the features, and the signature thereon must correspond to the applicant's signature affixed to the application. (18) Family Passport-Wife, Minor Children, and Servants.-When the applicant is accompanied by his wife, minor children, and maidservant, who owes allegiance to the United States, one passport will suffice for all, if the facts are clearly stated in the application, except in the following countries; while the husband and wife may be included in one passport, separate passports are required for other persons above the ages indicated: Australia (16 years for males only); Sweden (16 years); Finland (15 years); Brazil (14 years for males only); Denmark and Poland (14 years); Peru (12 years). The full name of each person, the dates and places of their births and the allegiance of the servant should be given. The allegiance of the servant should be proven

by following the directions in d2, d3, d4, and d5, as the case may be.

When the applicant's wife, minor children, or maidservant are to be included, two photographs of each person should accompany the passport application. (A group photograph is preferable, if the features of the persons to be included in the passport are distinct.) For a manservant or any other person in the party a separate passport will be required.

The term "maidservant" does not include a governess, tutor, pupil, companion, or person holding like relation to the applicant for a passport.

A woman's passport may include her minor children and maidservant under the above-named conditions.

A minor brother or sister may be included in an older brother's or sister's passport, if it is shown that the person to whom the passport is to be issued will be the natural guardian during the trip covered by the passport and that neither parent will accompany the children.

A grandchild, niece, or nephew of tender years may be included in relative's passport, when the application is accompanied by a request therefor by the parent or guardian.

(19) Countries Requiring Passports.-Passports are required in visiting. all foreign countries except: Bahamas, Bermuda, Canada, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti (a landing permit must be obtained, however, from the Haitian consul in the United States), Honduras, Newfoundland, the Republic of Panama, Paraguay (though the countries through which one must pass in order to reach Paraguay require passports), Mexico by direct travel from the United States (though passports are required of Americans who enter Mexico via a third country), and Jamaica, unless the travelers hold round-trip tickets, or unless the steamship companies render satisfactory assurances to the Collector Genera' that the persons intending to sojourn in Jamaica will depart therefrom at a definite date.

(d10) Amendment of Passport.-Passports may be amended to include additional countries, upon the written requests of the holders. The Secretary of State may in his discretion require satisfactory documentary evidence that the objects of the amendments and reasons for the extensions are legitimate and reasonable. A person abroad holding a passport issued by the Department of State may have it renewed by a diplomatic or principal consular officer of the United States, or by the chief executive of Hawaii, Porto Rico, or the Philippine Islands, when it is about to expire, under such regulations as the Secretary of State may prescribe in accordance with section 3 of the Act of June 4, 1920.

(d11) Expiration and Renewal of Passport.-The validity of a passport is limited to two years, unless the Secretary of State by regula

tion limits its validity to a shorter period. Acting under the authority conferred by section 3 of the Act of June 4, 1920,27 the Secretary of State issues passports valid for one year, but such passports may be renewed one or more times under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of State, so that their final expiration may be not more than two years from the date of their issuance. A new passport will be issued upon a new application. If the applicant is a naturalized citizen, the old passport will be accepted in lieu of a certificate of naturalization, provided the application upon which a previous passport was issued is found to contain sufficient information as to the naturalization of the applicant. If the applicant is a native citizen, a reference to a previous application with which the required evidence of birth was submitted will be sufficient, provided the application upon which the previous passport was issued is found to contain the necessary record of the evidence submitted.

(d12) Address.-Communications should be addressed to the Department of State, Division of Passport Control, Washington, D. C., and each communication should give the post office address of person to whom the answer is to be directed.

(d13) Fees.-By Act of Congress approved June 4, 1920,26 a fee of $9 is required to be collected for every passport issued on and after July 1, 1920, and that amount in currency or postal money order must accompany each application made by a citizen or person owing allegiance or entitled to the protection of the United States, with the exceptions provided by law. Postal money orders should be made payable to the disbursing clerk of the Department of State. Drafts or checks will not be accepted.

(e) Visé Office.-Visé applications for aliens seeking admission to the United States.

(f) Solicitor.

(f1) Claims of Americans against foreign governments.11

(f2) Claims of foreign nationals against the United States.

(f3) International extradition.

11 State Department pamphlet, “Outline of Organization and Work of Department of State," 1911.

Department of State, its history and functions (by Gaillard Hunt), Washington, Department of State, 1893.

Department of State, how it was formed, what are its duties, and how it is run, exhibit of Department of State, Transmississippi and International Exposition at Omaha, 1898.

History of Department of State, its formation and duties, with biographies of its present officers, and Secretaries from beginning, 1901.

26 See Treaty with Spain, ratified April 11, 1899, art. 9 (30 Stat. 1759); Act April 12, 1900, § 7 (31 Stat. 79 [Comp. St. § 3754]); Act July 1, 1902, § 4 (32 Stat. 692); Act March 2, 1917, § 5 (39 Stat. 953 [Comp. St. § 3803bb]); Treaty ratified with Denmark Jan. 17, 1917 (39 Stat. 1712).

27 Act June 4, 1920, § 3 (41 Stat. 751).