THE HOUSE I LIVE IN. No. VI.

and they put the royal crown upon his head in the city of London, in the royal palace, which was without the city. And there gathered themselves together in that place, much people from Yzarphat and from the isles of the sea. And also the Jews, the heads of the people, were among those who came to bring gifts unto the king. And the people murmured against them, saying, 'The thing is not right, that the Jews should look at the crown wherewith the priests crowned him;' and they pursued them and reviled them. But the king knew nothing of it. And a report was heard in the city, saying, 'The word came forth from the mouth of the king to destroy the Jews.' And they arose suddenly against them, and pulled down their houses and their towers, and killed of them about thirty men. And some of them slaughtered their children and themselves, that they might not abide that bitter day: there fell slain, Rabbi Jacob from Orleans, for the sake of the holiness of his Creator, on that fearful day. But of all this King Richard knew nothing, till he heard the voice of the multitude; and he said,What is this today?' and the doorkeeper said, 'Nothing; only that the boys rejoice, and are merry in heart.' And it came to pass, when he heard this great evil, his anger was much kindled, and his wrath burned within him. And he commanded, and they tied the doorkeeper to the tails of the horses, and dragged him, and cast him about in the markets, and in the streets, until his spirit departed, and he died. Blessed be He who giveth vengeance! Amen."

After his return from captivity, Richard had the ceremony of his coronation repeated, at the request of his nobles, who thought such a form necessary to remove the disgrace of imprisonment.

JOHN.

John ascended the throne, to the prejudice of the hereditary rights of his nephew Arthur, by virtue of a form of election. The archbishops, bishops, earls, barons, and other the estates of the realm, being assembled in the church of Westminster, May 27th, 1199, Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, addressed them in

these memorable words:

"Hear all men! It is well known to your wisdom, that no man hath any right of succession to this crown, unless he be elected for his own merits by the unanimous consent of the kingdom, with invocation of the Holy Ghost; after the manner and similitude of Saul, whom God set over his chosen people, though he was neither the son of a king, nor sprung of a royal line; and in like manner after him, David, the son of Jesse, the former because he was brave, and suited to the royal dignity, the latter because he was humble and pious. So that he who surpasses all within the realm in fitness for royalty, should preside over all in dignity and power. But if any one of the family of the deceased sovereign should excel others, his election should be the more readily and cheerfully conceded. Wherefore, as our late sovereign Richard died without issue of his body, and as his brother, Earl John, now present, is wise, brave, and manifestly noble, we, having respect both to his merits and his royal blood, unanimously and with one accord elect him to be our sovereign."

This was the most decisive form of election since the Conquest, and it is so commemorated in Langtoft:

The arsbishop Hubert of Canterbirie the se
Com with gode hert to do the solempnitie
At Westmynster thorgh assent of erle & baroun
To that I ore ment Hubert gaf the coroun.

The people responded with shouts of "Long live the king!"

a To him I before mentioned.

NUMBER OF BONES AND JOINTS IN THE HUMAN FRAME.

There

THE cranium, or that part of the head which contains are fourteen bones of the face, besides thirty-two the brain, consists of eight different bones. teeth. Then there are four very small bones in each ear, and one at the root of the tongue. Thus the whole head above the neck contains sixty-three. The neck has seven; but as these form the upper part of the spine, they are usually reckoned with those of the body.

Here let us stop to comment on the simple, yet effectual, contrivance for increasing the security of the brain. Had the cranium, or brain-case, been composed of one entire bone, instead of several, fractures would have followed almost every injury on its surface, and such fractures as do occasionally take place, would probably be of greater extent and of corresponding danger.

The spine, or back-bone, contains twenty-four pieces, called vertebra; and between these and the lower extremities are four bones more. There are breast-bone, or sternum, down the middle of the twenty-four ribs; that is, twelve on each side, and a front. Thus, that which is commonly called the body, contains fifty-three bones.

The upper extremity, including the hand, arm, clavicle, or collar-bone, and scapula, or shoulder-blade, consists of thirty-two pieces, or sixty-four on both sides. Each lower extremity includes thirty bones; and thus both together make sixty, besides the small sesamoid* bones.

Now, if we add together these several numbers, we shall find that a complete human skeleton contains no less than two hundred and forty bones! Who would suppose this, from a mere view of the human motion! We now see that it has a great many joints figure, either while standing, or with the limbs in within it, and of course a great many bones. At every part of the body where the bones meet, there is more or less of motion (excepting at the junction of the several portions forming the head, face, teeth, and hips), and these may all be moved, nearly at the same instant. Thus there are in the human frame about a hundred and eighty joints.

We may, indeed, add to this number the small sesamoid bones, which are found in the thumbs and great toes of older persons, and somewhat resembling the knee-pan in shape, though very diminutive in size. Of these there are often two in each large joint of the great toe, and as many in the large joint of each thumb. Adding these, then, to the two hundred and forty, we shall have for the whole number of bones in the human frame, two hundred and forty eight.

Some make the number about two hundred and sixty; but in this fourteen sesamoid bones are included. It should be remembered that the numindividuals, though nearly all adult persons hav ber of sesamoid bones greatly varies in differen some of them, and some individuals have them in other parts of the body besides those already mentioned. They are hardly ever larger than half a pea. In addition, it may be mentioned, that some individuals have two or more supplementary bones in the skull, called ossa wormiana; these, when they occur, are of an irregular shape, and seldom larger than small Windsor bean.

Besides all these, the breast-bone, the ossa innoSee Saturday Magazine, Vol. XI., p. 115,

minata, and many other bones of the body, are in young persons composed of several pieces, and some of them are often not very strongly united even when they become older.

Some few individuals are occasionally met with, who have a still greater number of bones; but these may generally be considered as diseased persons. A bony or chalky substance is often formed in the flesh of those who have the gout, and some of the gristly parts of the body-I mean the cartilages and ligaments-occasionally become ossified, that is, converted into a substance resembling bone, as do also small portions of the great arteries, or tubes which convey the blood. In some diseases, also, the bones become soft, and readily bend, owing to a deficiency of the earthy matter of which they are composed.

Occasionally persons are met with who have six fingers on each hand, or six toes on each foot, and sometimes both; but these supernumerary fingers and toes do not always have bones in them.

SKELETONS.

WHEN all the bones of a human being, or of any other animal, are put together, and fastened to each other by pieces of wire, the whole is called a skeleton. There is, too, another kind of skeleton, but it is not so commonly met with; nor is it so convenient for use. It is made by stripping off all the soft parts of the body, excepting the ligaments; these are suffered to remain, and the whole is thoroughly dried. This is called a natural skeleton, in contradistinction to the former, which is called an artificial skeleton.

ANATOMY.

THE study of the nature and structure of the bones

&c.

alone, is called osteology; that of the muscles, myology, But as most people who study these, go farther, and learn also the shape and structure of the heart, the lungs, the brain, the blood-vessels, and, in fact, all parts of the body, some more general name seems necessary for what they do. Therefore we say of those who study all parts of the human body, just as it appears when the soul leaves it in death, the bones, muscles, tendons, brain, nerves, heart, bloodvessels, lungs, skin, &c., that they are studying

ANATOMY.

PHYSIOLOGY,

PHYSIOLOGY is something more than all this. It is the study of the living animal ;-how the heart, the brain, the eye, the ear, the muscles, the bones, and every other part, acts. David, the inspired psalmist, felt this, when, meditating on the curious structure of his own body, he exclaimed, "I am fearfully and wonderfully made." King David, however, had probably never seen a complete human skeleton, or even had much insight into the interior of the human frame; for in those days it was deemed improper to employ the bodies of men for the purposes of anatomical research, instead of which, the remains of the brute creation, particularly dogs, and other domesticated animals, were used. Hence many of the technical terms by which the various parts of our complicated structure are designated, though now appearing fanciful and erroneous, were at the time of their invention more correct, and the analogy much more obvious.

For many years past, we have been accustomed to consider it not only as allowable, but highly proper, and even necessary, to examine and dissect the human body after death, as it is by such means alone that the true structure of the human machine can be understood and explained, and the knowledge of its various derangements acquired. That the most inti

mate acquaintance with the different branches of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology, is highly requisite for those to possess who undertake to cure or to relieve the various " ills which flesh is heir to," is admitted by all who are competent to form an opinion on the subject,

I will here take the opportunity of defining the three words above-mentioned. By the word Anatomy, is meant a knowledge of the structure and proportions of the human, or of any other animal body; by Physiology, is meant a knowledge of the functions. which the various parts of the body perform during health; and by Pathology, is understood an acquaintance with all those changes and alterations in the structure or functions which are effected by disease.

In these papers, it is my intention to describe a little both of anatomy and physiology, but into pathology I shall not enter, as that will be unnecessary for the general reader, Heretofore I have treated principally of anatomy; the remaining chapters will embrace a large proportion of physiology, combining, as we proceed, the two subjects together, showing the structure of a part, and at the same time pointing out its uses, by which method, after what has before been explained, a tolerably correct idea of the subject will be acquired.

BONES AND SHELLS.

BEFORE closing this chapter, I would observe that, although, except in very extraordinary cases indeed, the bones of deceased human beings are left to decay in the grave, the bony parts of the inferior animals are turned to great account in the domestic and useful arts. The handles of common knives, and innumerable little articles in every-day use, are made

of bone; from which, also, some valuable products make excellent manure for certain descriptions of are obtained by the aid of chemistry. Ground bones land, and thus not only become valuable to the farmer,

but furnish a beautiful illustration of the laws of

nature, by which the constituent elements of the animal frame are made to contribute to the growth of vegetables, upon which human existence so greatly depends.

of the elephant; as is also that useful substance, Ivory is another kind of bone, for it is the tooth whalebone, which is part of the structure of the enormous jaws of the whale. From the horns of animals, combs, lanterns, whip-handles, and many other articles, are made, while the covering of the tortoise, and the shell of a certain species of oyster, furnish us with those beautiful substances, tortoiseshell and mother-of-pearl.

The shells and bones of animals not only serve as a support to the softer parts, but also as a firm defence. What would become of the tender frame of the poor tortoise, the lobster, the crab, the oyster, and many other living things, if they were not covered over, and protected, as with a shield, by a hard buckler of shell? The soft parts of the human body, which are most essential to life, are in many instances well defended in the same manner by the solid, unyielding materials which envelope them. As, for instance, the brain, the spinal marrow, the lungs, the heart, and the liver.

Now a portion of the shell of every animal is formed of lime. There is not so much difference between the bones of man and the shell of the tortoise, or the lobster, as may be supposed, though the colour is very different. A very large proportion of the lobster-shell is lime; in the tortoise-shell the quantity is much less; and horn contains but very little. Bones, as I have before observed, contain a large proportion of this earth.

RUNJEET SINGH,

CHIEF OF LAHORE. No. II.

RUNJEET SINGH knows nothing of reading, nor do his sons. He is nevertheless the chief administrator of justice in his kingdom, and General Allard states that his judgments are on all occasions just and prompt. The civil state is thus organized: each village has a chief or judge, who is empowered to decide minor questions: affairs of greater importance are decided by a judge whose jurisdiction is more extensive than that of the former. The next officer in rank is the king himself: the king is easily accessible, and any one of his subjects can plead his own cause before him. There is a guard at the gate of his majesty's palace, who announces the suitors. If the king cannot receive them, he says, "Come to-morrow." A child without a home, or a man without bread, can prefer his request to the rajah, and never fail of his application, if he should appear to be a worthy object of the king's bounty. He exercises wonderful judgment and sagacity in deciding between man and man, and he is rarely, if ever, deceived in his judgment.

According to the laws of the country the punishment of death is never inflicted. A criminal sometimes has his nose or his ears cut off, but never his head. It is also not uncommon to cut off the criminal's hands. In serious cases, and where the culprit has again committed the crime for which he has been already once punished, the tendon of Achilles is cut through. General Allard saw an unhappy wretch who was condemned to this punishment. This was a robber, who had had his two hands cut off for highway robbery. Thus mutilated, this man did not the less continue the exercise of a propensity which was irresistible with him. To his right arm a lance was firmly tied, and the bridle of his horse to the left arm: thus he went on the highway, and robbed almost as successfully as before. He was at length arrested and conducted before the king, who inflicted the punishment upon him which we have already noticed. Thus doubly mutilated, the robber was compelled to rest satisfied with the pension which Runjeet Singh allows to all the unhappy wretches whom justice has put out of a condition of gaining their livelihood except at the expense of others.

Runjeet Singh has not abolished the frightful custom whereby the women burn themselves after the death of their husbands. Runjeet Singh is a very courageous man; but he has not the courage to oppose himself to this shocking superstition of his subjects. In Lahore the women allow themselves to be burnt upon the funeral pile of their husbands, as was a few years ago the custom throughout Hindcostan; until, to the immortal honour of the English, this custom was abolished. In Lahore the women think it an honour thus to be immolated. This is a superstition which we fear will long resist all attempts to abolish it; since it renders of no avail the most powerful instinct of human nature, that of self-preservation and the love of life.

General Allard has in vain attempted the abrogation of this custom. Hearing one day that the widow of one of his officers had resolved to burn herself with the body of her husband, he sent for her and tried to shake her resolution; but in vain. He then threatened to oppose with an armed force this wicked and senseless suicide. The next day all his officers met in a body at his house, and represented to him The sinew which connects the heel of the foot with the leg.

firmly, but most respectfully, that they were ready to obey him in every thing that related to the military service put that they could not and would not accept his law and decision in a matter of conscience concerning their religion. This, of course, was not to be resisted, and the widow was burnt.

General Allard was present at one of these sacrifices. The victim was a young and beautiful woman. She approached the pile, tranquil in appearance; but her countenance betrayed the internal struggle between nature and mistaken duty. She spoke a few words which were greedily listened to by those around, and received as infallible oracles; being her last words, norissima verba! She was splendidly dressed and covered with jewels. She mounted the pile and stretched herself upon it in the midst of the joyous shouts of the assistants, and the noise of loud instruments of music: but one of the pieces of wood which formed part of the pile, stood higher up than the others; this incommoded her; she got up again, removed the carpet upon which she had been stretched, put the wood in its place, and again extended herself on the pile. A large mass of fagots was placed upon her, oil was poured upon them, and thus they were ignited. General Allard contemplated this horrible and strange scene from the back of his elephant. He saw this unhappy woman perish, and she did not utter a cry. The spectators appeared highly edified with the scene.

Another object of superstitious regard in this country is the Fakirs; who, in order to preserve during their whole lives the attitude of prayer, tie their arms to the branches of a tree, and remain in this posture during six months, until the muscles become so hardened and dried, that they can no longer change the position of their arms. Such men are esteemed holy, and are respected and fed by every one, so that they soon become fat. Some of the Fakirs preserve the use of their arms, and carry about with them a matchlock, whereby they plunder the travellers. The French traveller Jacquemont (many of whose relations have been confirmed by Allard), complains bitterly of these Fakirs, by whom it seems he was more than once robbed.

It is an extraordinary fact that General Allard has made the army of Lahore almost entirely French. Its uniform, weapons, military schools, and even its flag, are almost precisely those of the French army in the time of Napoleon. It has also its grenadiers, hussars, dragoons, and infantry; and even the words of command are given. in French †.

Every recruit enters the army freely, and of his own accord but the people being warlike, and the occupation of soldier being the best of all оссираtions, recruits abound. The only difficulty the recruiting oflicers have, is to know when and how to refuse the numerous offers made to them. So that, when the king of Lahore wishes to augment his army, he has only, we may almost say, to clap his hands, or to strike his foot upon the earth, and, thanks to his general, there come out battalions ready for the field.

The system of victualling the army is extremely simple the government has nothing to do with it. The soldiers are paid so much per month, with which they are obliged to provide their own food, and forage for their horses. If they are at war, they are fol

f Jacquemont visited General Allard at Lahore. The latter entertained the traveller in a sumptuous manner. Jacquemont speaks particularly of the surprise and delight which he experienced one day, when seated at dinner with his host, at the sight of what appeared to be a French regiment, which surrounded their dininghall, and performed a variety of evolutions at words of command spoken by the native officers of Lahore in the language of France.

lowed by a band of merchants and of dealers of every description, who travel at their own cost, and sell on their own account, without being responsible to the officers of the army; except that the latter exert a sufficient authority to preserve order in these travelling caravansaries. The horse-soldiers have servants mounted like themselves, who provide forage for the horses. The facility with which an army of many thousands of men arriving in a country, which appears to offer no resources, and where human creatures would appear likely to perish for want of provisions, finds itself well victualled in a few hours, is, according to the recital of General Allard, an astonishing thing to behold; but, this it is, that has enabled the troops of the king of Lahore to undertake such extraordinary excursions, and to march into lands almost entirely unknown to the geographer, without ever experiencing those privations, which in other countries, so completely destroy military discipline.

The only essential difference between the costume of the troops of Runjeet-Singh and those of France is, that the former still wear the turban, with their long hair interlaced with folds of cachmire. The men pride themselves upon their hair; they connect with it the idea of strength and power. They also greatly respect the beard; a man is not thought to be such without it: young or old the beard must descend in streams of ebony, or of silver, upon the breast. General Allard has a long beard, which, when he was in France, he turned back behind his ears during meals. His uniform is that of a French general; his head-dress, a light helmet with loops of gold, of an elegant and commodious form.

Duelling is not known in the army of RunjeetSingh; the soldiers settle their disputes with their fists, a brutal, and equally unchristian, method of adjusting differences.

After a few months' stay in France, General Allard set out on his voyage back to Lahore, taking his wife with him, and leaving his children to be educated in the land of his fathers.

Before concluding, we should do well to observe, that the foregoing account does not contain the first instance of European skill and science, effecting great changes in the condition of any particular part of the world. The sovereign of Cochin-China, who had been dethroned by a party of his own subjects, in the year 1747, was enabled, by the assistance of Adran, a French missionary, to form, in the European style, a fine army and fleet, with which he not only recovered his own kingdom, but subdued those of his neighbours, southward of the empire of China.

THE ESCULENT SWALLOW,
(Hirundo Esculenta.)

THE esculent swallow is found in China, where it builds its singular nest in the rocky caverns on the sea coast; its nest has the appearance of hardened jelly or isinglass, and is esteemed by the natives of China, and other parts of Asia, as a great luxury; it is employed by them in the preparation of soups and other made-dishes. Marsden, in his History of Sumatra, says there are two sorts of nests; the white, which are less common, and the black or darkcoloured, which are more frequently met with. Some persons, however, believe that the difference in colour arises from accidental causes, such as the mixture of the dark-coloured feathers of the bird with the substance of which the nest is composed; and this belief is partly borne out by the fact, that if the dark

In the small island called the Cap, near Sumatra, two caverns were discovered by the embassy of Earl Macartney, which contained an immense quantity of these nests; they were composed of very delicate filaments, united by a transparent viscous substance, much resembling the remains of those jelly-like animals, the medusa, which are frequently found on the sea shore. The nests adhered to each other as well as to the sides of the caverns, and were placed in uninterrupted ranks. An esculent swallow, apparently of another species, is also found in great abundance in deep caverns at the foot of the highest mountains in the interior of Java. This swallow is said to occupy two months in the preparation of its nest. The inhabitants of Java, who employ themselves in collecting these nests, (which, on account of the situations in which they are found, is rather a dangerous employment,) never begin their work without having in the first instance sacrificed a buffalo, and repeated a number of prayers; they then anoint their bodies with a sweet-scented oil, and after performing other superstitious ceremonies at the entrance to the cavern, they prepare for their descent. The fact of these caverns being situated in the centre of the island of Java, and not on the sea-coasts, seems to militate against the opinion that the birds collect the substances of which they form their nests on the shore; their nests are placed in these caverns in horizontal rows, from 50 to 500 feet in length.

Near some of these caverns a tutelar goddess is worshipped, whose priest burns incense and lays his protecting hands on every person prepared to descend into the cavern. A flambeau is carefully lighted at the same time, with a gum which exudes from a tree in the vicinity, and is not easily extinguished by the subterranean vapours.

THE HONGS OR FACTORIES. THE Word Hong is used by the Chinese to designate a commercial establishment or warehouse; and by this name the European factories at Canton have been designated. The hongs extend along the bank of the river between seven and eight hundred feet; they extend backwards in depth a hundred and thirty yards, into a long narrow lane, on each side of which are confined the abodes of foreigners. To the eastward, the line of factories is bounded by a narrow ditch or inlet from the river, serving to surround a portion of the city-wall, and to drain that portion of the town. All the factories communicate with the river by wooden stairs, from which the tea and other commodities are embarked; and the space which they occupy is traversed by three thoroughfares, leading direct from the river,-namely, China Street, New China Street, and Hog Lane, the latter being a narrow filthy passage, inhabited by low Chinese, who keep spirit-shops, into which they entice the sailors, and rob

them.

"The range of factories or hongs belonging to different nations," says Mr. Bennett, "having flag-staffs, on which the national colours are hoisted, from sun-rise to sun-set, are fine buildings, more particularly those belonging to the East India Company, which are of greater extent than the whole of the others. Several weeping willows are planted about the open space near the river, in front of the factories. The English and Dutch hongs have neat gardens laid out for a promenade, in front of them; but the VOL. XII.

open space before most of the others forms the " 'quarterdeck,' where, every evening, the European residents take their limited walk."

Mr. Abeel gives a very entertaining description of the appearance which the open space in front of the factories presents, at different hours of the day. He says, that it "is the rendezvous of multitudes of the natives, who assemble daily, to transact business, gratify curiosity, or murder time. It is level for a short distance, beyond which it stretches over a large pile of rubbish, deposited here after the desolating fire of 1822, and retained, notwithstanding numerous applications for its removal, as a lasting and growing nuisance to foreigners.

"As the morning opens upon this scene silence retires, and the ears of the stranger are assailed by a new and peculiar combination of sounds. Human voices of harsh, drawling tones, cries of confined dogs and cats, screams of roughly-handled poultry, notes of feathered songsters, some of them admirably gifted and trained, with, at times, an accompaniment of very unmusical instruments, all unite in this inharmonious concert. The occupations of the tradesmen are varied. Meat, fish, vegetables, fruit, drugs, manufactures; everything saleable is brought to this general market. A number convey their portable kitchens hither, and prepare such dishes as suit the palates and purses of this promiscuous concourse. Others plant their barber's shop, or its necessary apparatus, in a convenient place, and spend their leisure hours in lolling about and conversation. Those who frequent the place for trade are

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PRICE ONE PENNY.